Adfreeze Strength Research Articles

Transfer of Heaving Forces by Adfreezing to Columns and Foundation Walls in Frost-Susceptible Soils

The paper gives results of field studies on uplift forces on small-diameter columns of steel, concrete, and wood caused by adfreezing in frost-susceptible Leda clay. Adfreeze strength values would appear to be highest for steel and concrete, followed closely by wood. The heaving pattern and the heaving force transmitted are shown to be different for long foundation walls than for isolated columns. This compares favorably with the deformation pattern induced in an ice cover around offshore structures, during a change in water level. Attention is also given to the relative movement of the heaving soil with respect to the structure and the influence of the heave pattern on the transmission of forces.

ADFREEZING OF LEDA CLAY TO ANCHORED FOOTING COLUMNS

The heaving force transmitted to [Formula: see text] (7.6-cm) diameter steel pipes by adfreezing in Leda clay was measured in the field for two consecutive winters. The maximum uplift force was approximately 6000 lb (2700 kg), which corresponds to an apparent adfreeze strength of about 12.5 p.s.i. (≈ 0.9 kg/cm2). It developed gradually during prolonged periods of cold weather, but dropped off rapidly during warming trends, although the whole soil profile remained below 0 °C. Adfreezing did not retard frost heave in the soil in the vicinity of the steel pipes.Agreement between experimental values for maximum uplift forces by adfreezing and values predicted by Dalmotov's equation suggests that such predictions can be used as a guide for design purposes if no other information is available.