Adequate Protein Research Articles

The Role of Fueling Nutrition in Athletic Performance

Abstract Physical activity, athletic performance and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. This paper couples a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training and competition, the use of supplements , nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes and the roles and responsibilities of sports dietitians. Energy and macronutrients need especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as contribute energy for weight maintenance. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease the risk of dehydration and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density, may require supplements. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced, they should be used with caution, and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy, potency, and legality.

Agro-ecological aspects of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivation in Ukraine

The article highlights the role and significance of soybeans in Ukraine as the main legume crop of today. The analysis of literature sources proves that soybean cultivation not only ensures food security of the state, but also acts as an environmental component while maintaining soil fertility. Soybean plants contribute to the nitrogen balance of soils, serving as a good precursor for many crops. They also have a positive impact on the physical, agronomic and physicochemical properties of soils, improving water and nutrient regimes. Soybeans can be grown in main crops, post-harvest crops and post-mowing crops. In addition, soybeans quickly adapt to organic production schemes. The authors characterise the soybean belt in Ukraine and describe the main three soybean growing zones. It is established that the most favourable for soybean cultivation are Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Khmelnytsky, Poltava, Kirovohrad, Ternopil, Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi and Kyiv regions. Here, soybeans consistently provide stable high productivity of this crop. The analysis of literature publications has confirmed that the problem of sufficient production of adequate vegetable protein can be solved by continuously increasing the production of food resources, primarily protein and oilseeds, the main source of which is soybeans, one of the world's leading crops. Soybean cultivation in Ukraine has undergone global changes over the past 30 years. It has rapidly moved from being a niche crop to a key agricultural commodity. Thanks to soybeans, Ukraine has rapidly increased its production of protein and oilseeds and significantly strengthened its position on the global market. Over the past few years, the area under soybean cultivation in Ukraine has been ranging from 1.5–2.0 million hectares, with the main growing areas being the Forest-Steppe and Polissya. Significantly smaller areas are located in the northern and central Steppe. In the southern Steppe, soybean cultivation is possible only under irrigated conditions. Soybeans are very versatile in their use, and stand out among other crops due to the large number of products made from their raw materials. Soybean seeds are used to make various analogues of meat and dairy products, egg powder substitutes, confectionery, cheeses, canned food, sauces, etc. Scientists have noted that the most favourable meteorological conditions for soybeans are characterised by an annual rainfall of 500–600 mm, of which 250–400 mm should be received during the growing season, and 180–200 mm during the most critical period of flowering — full bean filling. Organic farming is one of the most promising areas of soybean cultivation. Currently, around 80% of soybean seeds are produced using genetically modified material. Therefore, it is important to use the latest zoned varieties of local breeding to green soybean production, as this will help to build up our own organic seed base and improve the environmental component of soybean cultivation. Thus, soybeans and their products are extremely important for Ukraine's economy as they consistently provide a significant portion of foreign exchange earnings. However, further increase in soybean production requires a reduction in the use of chemical protection products, namely, their maximum possible approximation to natural growing conditions, i.e., organic cultivation.

The Baking Quality of Wheat Flour (Triticum aestivum L.) Obtained from Wheat Grains Cultivated in Various Farming Systems (Organic vs. Integrated vs. Conventional)

The quality of flour is influenced by various factors including genotype, environmental and agronomic conditions, post-harvest grain storage, and milling technology. Currently, the EU focuses on reducing mineral fertilization and promoting less intensive agrotechnology (organic and integrated farming). This research aimed to assess the baking value of flour obtained from four spring wheat cultivars cultivated in three farming systems: organic (ORG), integrated (INT), and conventional (CONV). The wheat grains were sourced from a three-year field experiment (2019–2021) conducted at IUNG-PIB in Pulawy, Poland. Results indicate that the CONV generally yielded more favourable qualitative parameters for the flour, including significantly higher protein content, wet gluten, falling number, and farinographic characteristics such as dough development, stability time, and quality number. Nevertheless, most flours from the ORG system met the quality requirements for the baking industry, showing adequate protein content, wet gluten, and falling number. However, flours from the INT system stood out due to significantly higher water absorption, resulting in increased dough and bread yield. Additionally, bread baked from these flours exhibited a significantly higher bread volume. In sensory evaluation, bread from CONV flours received the highest scores, although the differences in the overall acceptability were not significant.

Ketogenic therapy towards precision medicine for brain diseases.

Precision nutrition and nutrigenomics are emerging in the development of therapies for multiple diseases. The ketogenic diet (KD) is the most widely used clinical diet, providing high fat, low carbohydrate, and adequate protein. KD produces ketones and alters the metabolism of patients. Growing evidence suggests that KD has therapeutic effects in a wide range of neuronal diseases including epilepsy, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Although KD is considered to be a low-side-effect diet treatment, its therapeutic mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Also, its induced keto-response among different populations has not been elucidated. Understanding the ketone metabolism in health and disease is critical for the development of KD-associated therapeutics and synergistic therapy under any physiological background. Here, we review the current advances and known heterogeneity of the KD response and discuss the prospects for KD therapy from a precision nutrition perspective.

Association of Dietary Protein Sources and Their Adequacy, Body Composition and Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity in South Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dietary protein sources and protein adequacy are crucial modulators of muscle quality and body composition. We investigated the association between dietary protein sources (and their adequacy) and body composition and the risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in South Korean populations. The participants (n = 1967) were classified into SO, obese, sarcopenia, and normal groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the KS-15 questionnaire, short-form food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of body fat (male: 35.36 ± 0.51%; female: 44.14 ± 0.36%) was significantly high, while appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM; male: 36.39 ± 0.30%, female: 30.32 ± 0.19%) was low in the SO group. Beef and pork consumption was negatively associated with ASM (%) but positively associated with body fat (%) in the normal group and positively associated with ASM (kg/m2: beta = 0.002, p = 0.02) and BFM (kg: beta = 0.012, p = 0.03) in the SO group, respectively. The highest quintile (Q5: 173.6 g/day) showed a decreased risk of SO prevalence (AORs: 0.46, CI: 0.22-0.94) compared with that in the lowest quintile (Q1: 21.6 g/day) among the people with inadequacy protein intake. Daily poultry and egg intake was positively linked with body composition in the participants with SO, while red meat showed a negative effect on imbalanced body composition in participants in the normal and SO groups. Furthermore, a lower intake of poultry and eggs was strongly associated with SO prevalence in people who consumed inadequate amounts of daily dietary protein.

Early postnatal nutrition and renal consequences in preterm infants.

Perinatal nutritional factors may lead to decreased nephron endowment, decreased kidney function, and long-term development of chronic kidney disease and non-communicable diseases. At the same time, optimal postnatal nutrition and catch-up growth are associated with better neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Therefore, nutritional management of preterm infants is a major challenge for neonatologists. In this context, the Section of Nutrition, Gastroenterology and Metabolism reviewed the current knowledge on nutritional issues related to kidney function. This narrative review discusses the clinical impact of early postnatal nutrition on long-term kidney function. In preterm infants, data are largely lacking to determine the extent to which early nutrition contributes to nephrogenesis and nephron endowment. However, some nutritional principles may help clinicians better protect the developing kidney in preterm infants. IMPACT: Clinical data show that preterm infants are an emerging population at high risk for chronic kidney disease. Both undernutrition and overnutrition can alter long-term kidney function. In preterm infants, data are largely lacking to determine the extent to which early postnatal nutrition contributes to nephrogenesis, nephron endowment and increased risk for chronic kidney disease. Some nutritional principles may help clinicians better protect the developing kidney in preterm infants: avoiding extrauterine growth restriction; providing adequate protein and caloric intakes; limiting exposure to high and prolonged hyperglycaemia; avoiding micronutrient deficiencies and maintaining acid-base and electrolyte balance.

Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, gut morphometrics, and gene expression of peptide and amino acid transporters in broiler chickens fed low-crude-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids with soybean meal, canola meal, or corn DDGS as protein feedstuffs.

We investigated the impact of using canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grain soluble (cDDGS) in place of soybean meal (SBM) in low-crude-protein diets supplemented with amino acids (AA) on AA digestibility, gut morphometrics, and AA transporter genes in broiler chicken. On day 0, 540 Cobb 500 male broilers were allocated to six diets in 36-floor pens. The positive control (PC) was a corn-SBM diet with adequate crude protein (CP). The CP level of negative control (NC) was decreased by 45 and 40 g kg-1 relative to PC for grower and finisher phases, respectively. The subsequent two diets had the same CP levels as NC but with cDDGS added at 50 or 125 g kg-1. The last two diets had the same CP as NC but with CM added at 50 or 100 g kg-1. Dietary CP reduction in corn-SBM diets increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Lys (88.5%), Met (90.7%), Thr (77.4%), Cys (80.7%), and Gly (84.7%). Increasing levels of cDDGS linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser, whereas increasing CM level linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Cys, Pro, and Ser. The CP reduction in corn-SBM diets produced downward expression of peptide transporter1 and decreased (P < 0.05) absolute pancreas and ileum weight and length of jejunum and ileum. Partial replacement of SBM with alternative protein feedstuffs (cDDGS or CM) in low-CP diets had minimal effects on AA digestibility and mRNA levels of peptides and AA transporters. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Protein intake affects erythrocyte glutathione synthesis in healthy adults aged ≥60 years in a repeated-measures trial

BackgroundProtein recommendations for older adults are based on nitrogen balance data from young adults. Physiological studies using the indicator amino acid oxidation method suggest they need 30% to 50% more protein than current recommendations. We herein present glutathione (GSH) as a physiological estimate of protein adequacy in older adults. ObjectivesThe objective was to measure GSH kinetics in response to varying protein intakes in a repeated-measures design in healthy adults aged ≥60 y using the precursor-product method. MethodsSixteen healthy older adults (n = 8 male and n = 8 female; body mass index ≤30 kg/m2) were studied. Each received 4 of 6 protein intakes in random order (0.66, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1). At each intake level, participants underwent isotope infusion studies of 7 h duration following a 3-d adaptation to the test level of protein. On the fourth day, GSH fractional (FSR) and absolute synthesis (ASR) rates were quantified by measuring the incorporation of U-[13C2-15N]glycine into GSH at isotopic steady state. A mixed-effect change-point regression model was used to determine a breakpoint in FSR and ASR. Secondary outcomes included plasma concentrations of oxidative stress markers, homocysteine, 5-L-oxoproline (5-OP), and urinary sulfate. The effect of secondary outcomes on GSH kinetics was analyzed using a joint linear mixed-effect model and Tukey’s post hoc test. ResultsA protein intake of 1.08 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83, 1.32; Rm2 = 0.207; Rc2 = 0.671; P < 0.001) maximized GSH FSR. There was no effect of protein intake on concentrations of erythrocyte GSH, plasma homocysteine, oxidative stress markers, or 5-OP (P > 0.05). Protein intake had a positive effect on urinary sulfate excretion (P < 0.0001). ConclusionA protein intake of 1.08 g⋅kg−1⋅d−1 from a high-quality protein maximized GSH synthesis in adults ≥60 y. This lends support to data suggesting a requirement higher than the current recommendation.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02971046.

ASPECTS OF SARCOPENIA SYNDROME IN ONCOLOGICAL PRACTICE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Sarcopenia is diagnosed in 20-70% of patients with advanced neoplasms and is associated with a number of negative consequences. At the same time, this condition rarely comes to the attention of practicing oncologists, including due to diagnostic difficulties. Correcting sarcopenia requires a multidisciplinary approach, including optimal nutrition with adequate protein intake, micronutrients, and aerobic and strength-training exercise.

Enhancing cognitive function in older adults: dietary approaches and implications.

Natural aging encompasses physiological and psychological changes that impact overall health and quality of life. Mitigating these effects requires physical and mental exercise, coupled with proper nutrition. Notably, protein malnutrition emerges as a potential risk factor for senile dementia, with insufficient intake correlating with premature cognitive decline. Adequate protein intake in the elderly positively associates with memory function and lowers cognitive impairment risk. Considering diet as a modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline, extensive research has explored diverse dietary strategies to prevent dementia onset in older adults. However, conclusive results remain limited. This review aims to synthesize recent evidence on effective dietary approaches to enhance cognitive function and prognosis in older individuals. Specifically, the study evaluates complex multicomponent programs, protein-rich diets, and branched-chain amino acid supplementation. By addressing the nexus of nutrition and cognitive health, this review contributes to understanding viable interventions for promoting cognitive well-being in aging populations.

Selection and chemical composition of plant species consumed by goats under drought conditions in three microregions of the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico

Objective: To evaluate the plant selection of the diet of goats during the dry season and the chemical composition of the said plants in three microregions of the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach: Three microregions were identified within the Comarca Lagunera: 1) mountain slope, 2) plain, and 3) cultivation areas. The selection of the goat diet, the availability of forage, and the nutritional composition (CP, EE, DNF, AFD, NFC, TDN, and NEl) of plant species and strata were evaluated in the three microregions.&#x0D; Results: The shrubs and herbaceous in the Comarca Lagunera had the highest forage availability and a better nutritional profile during winter. On the one hand, these plant strata had an adequate protein content. On the other hand, the overall energy content reached &lt;1 Mcal kg-1 DM.&#x0D; Study Limitations/Implications: The plant strata have an adequate protein content; however, the energy content is not enough and limits growth. Consequently, supplementation programs for grazing dairy goats in the Comarca Lagunera must include sources of energy.&#x0D; Findings/Conclusions: Regardless of the microregion, the energy content of the species consumed by grazing dairy goats in the Comarca Lagunera is low.

Recycling air conditioner-generated condensate water for microalgal biomass production and carbon dioxide sequestration

Air conditioners alleviate the discomfort of human beings from heat waves that are consequences of climate change caused by anthropogenic activities. With each passing year, the effects of global warming worsen, increasing the growth of air conditioning industry. Air conditioning units produce substantial amounts of non-nutritive and (generally) neglected condensate water and greenhouse gases. Considering this, the study explored the potential of using air conditioner condensate water (ACW) to cultivate Chlorella sorokiniana, producing biomass, and sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). The maximum biomass production was obtained in the BG11 medium (1.45 g L−1), followed by ACW-50 (1.3 g L−1). Similarly, the highest chlorophyll-a content was observed in the BG11 medium (11 μg mL−1), followed by ACW-50 (9.11 μg mL−1). The ACW-50 cultures proved to be better adapted to physiological stress (Fv/Fm > 0.5) and can be suitable for achieving maximum biomass with adequate lipid, protein, and carbohydrate production. Moreover, C. sorokiniana demonstrated higher lipid and carbohydrate yields in the ACW-50 medium, while biomass production and protein yields were comparable to the BG11 medium. The lipid, protein, and carbohydrate productivity were 23.43, 32.9, and 23.19 mg L−1 d−1, respectively for ACW-50. Estimation of carbon capture potential through this approach equals to 9.5% of the total emissions which is an added advantage The results indicated that ACW could be effectively utilized for microalgae cultivation, reducing the reliance on freshwater for large-scale microalgal biomass production and reduce the carbon footprints of the air conditioning industry.

Nutritional Delivery and Adequacy during Bile Reinfusion in Post-Surgical Patients

Background: Bile acid and salts depletion from high output bile in post- gastrointestinal surgical patients can lead to fat malabsorption causing malnutrition, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, dehydration, acute kidney injury and electrolyte abnormalities. Bile reinfusion is a method for restoration of bile salts in the gut. However, there are no studies which describe feeding delivery and nutritional adequacy during bile reinfusion. Methods: Patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery and who have high bile output &gt;500ml were included. Patients were started on oral, tube feeding and/or parenteral nutrition. Results: Twenty post- gastrointestinal surgical patients with a mean age of 48±13.5years and body mass index of 23.94±4.0kg/m2 had high output bile and in whom reinfusion was initiated. An average volume of 531±438ml/day of bile was reinfused for 9±4.99days along with oral diet or tube feeding and/or parenteral nutrition. Of the 20patients, 2 were exclusively on tube feeding, 5 on tube feeding and oral, 7 on oral and supplemental parenteral nutrition, and 6 on tube feeding with supplemental parenteral nutrition. Adequacy of energy and protein were categorized as ≥70% and &lt;70%. Adequacy of protein and energy of ≥70% was achieved among 13patients (p=0.004, p=0.012). Although the adequacy was not statistically significant due to the small sample size, 18patients were discharged in clinically good condition and 2patients did not survive. Conclusions: The improvement in the patient’s nutrition, as in this study, is probably a significant contributing factor towards a positive postoperative outcome. Clinical benefits of this technique include fluid and electrolyte balance and optimal utilization of remaining absorptive capacity for enteral and/or oral nutrition.

Attitudinal factors associated with protein sufficiency in Chilean vegan university students - A pilot study.

Introduction: vegan diets are currently an essential topic of discussion because they are recognized as a prototype of a healthy diet but are also associated with deficits in the intake of critical nutrients such as protein. Evaluating the factors that influence the deficit in their intake in vulnerable populations such as university students represents an important topic of interest, considering that this is one of the groups where veganism is most popular. Given this, the present study aimed to determine the degree of protein sufficiency and its associated factors in a sample of Chilean vegan university students. Materials and methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted on 114 vegan university students who responded to an online survey on academic, attitudinal, clinical, dietary, and sociodemographic variables. Protein intake was calculated, and based on self-reported weight, daily protein adequacy was calculated according to the recommendation of 0.9 g/kg/day. Finally, the association between protein adequacy and previously consulted variables was calculated by determining the odds ratios. Results: only 53.5 % had adequate daily protein intake, which was associated with the length of time respondents had been vegan (OR, 2.86; 95 % CI, 1.07 to 7.34; p < 0.05), use of supplements (OR, 5.24; 95 % CI, 1.17 to 25.2; p < 0.05), and the frequency with which they ate lunch at home (OR, 87.7; 95 % CI, 24.1 to 304; p = 0.000). Conclusion: there needs to be more protein adequacy in the assessed sample. Protein adequacy is associated with the length of time on the vegan diet, frequency of eating lunch away from home, and use of supplements regularly.

Adequate Vegetable Intake Improves Metabolic Indices in Healthy Japanese Participants: A Randomized Crossover Study.

We aimed to elucidate the effect of a healthy diet containing adequate amounts of protein and vegetables on metabolic indices. In this randomized crossover study, twenty-two healthy Japanese participants ingested two different test meals: fish diet (F) or fish diet with adequate vegetable content (FV). Each 5-day diet load test was separated by a washout period of at least seven days. Metabolic indices were measured in fasting blood and 24-h urine samples. The delta (Δ) plasma glucose and Δserum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were significantly larger in the participants in group FV than in group F (p=0.042, p=0.013, respectively). The urinary pH in participants in group F on day 6 was significantly lower than on day 1 (p=0.008), and the Δurinary pH and Δnet gastrointestinal absorption of alkali of participants in group FV tended to be smaller than in group F (p=0.070, p=0.075, respectively). This study showed that a healthy diet containing adequate protein and vegetables reduced the dietary acid load and improved plasma glucose and serum LDL concentrations in healthy Japanese participants.

Factors associated with dietary patterns (DPS) and nutritional status among pregnant women in AM-HDSS, South Ethiopia.

Malnutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of chronic illness later in life and adverse birth outcomes in subsequent generations. In this regard, consumption of diets rich in adequate energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals from a variety of foods is essential. Evidence on the status of maternal dietary pattern is very crucial. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess factors associated with dietary patterns and nutritional status of pregnant women in South Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 638 randomly selected pregnant women using a validated, a pre-tested, contextualized food frequency questionnaire using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire by digital open-source toolkit. Principal component factor analysis was employed to determine dietary patterns. Bivariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with dietary patterns and nutritional status, using STATA version 16. The dietary habits of pregnant women were best explained by three distinct dietary patterns. Urban dwellers (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.33, 3.59), from high socio-economic status (AOR = 2.43; 95% CI: 1.68, 3.51), from middle socio-economic status (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.48), primigravida mothers (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.78), and multigravida mothers (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.39, 3.10) were high likelihood to consume the highest tercile of "Cereals-Pulses and Dairy" compared to rural dwellers, from low socio-economic status and grand multigravida, respectively. Attending formal education (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.51), from higher socioeconomic status (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.38), not having food aversion (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.16, 3.39), and had good dietary knowledge (AOR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.32) were associated with a higher tercile consumption of "Nutrient-Dense" food compared to those without formal education, having food aversion and had poor dietary knowledge, respectively. Not attending formal education (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.48, 3.36), had decision-making autonomy (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.26, 2.90), and had good dietary knowledge (AOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.08) were found to consume the highest tercile of "Leafy local food" compared to their counterpart. Consumption of lower terciles "Nutrient-Dense" food (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.47) and "Leafy local food" (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.54, 3.51) were found to be factors associated with under nutrition during pregnancy. Three distinct dietary patterns were identified. Factors associated with these major dietary patterns included place of residence, socio-economic status, educational level, dietary knowledge, food aversion, number of pregnancies, and maternal decision-making autonomy. Under nutrition among pregnant women was found to be high and associated with the consumption of 'Nutrient-Dense' and 'Leafy local' foods. Therefore, concerned health authorities should strengthen dietary counseling during pregnancy, provide family planning services, and promote women's education.

Association between adequate dietary protein and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with selective glomerular hypofiltration syndrome.

Aims: To determine the impact of dietary protein intake and protein sources on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality of selective glomerular hypofiltration syndrome (SGHS) patients. Methods: This study recruited participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1999 and 2004. Cox proportional hazard models and competing risk models were employed to investigate the effects of dietary protein intake and protein sources on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in SGHS patients. Additionally, Cox regression models utilizing restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to explore potential non-linear associations. Results: Over a median follow-up period of 204 months, 20.71% (449/2168) participants died, with 5.40% (117/2168) experiencing cardiovascular mortality. In the fully adjusted model, participants with the highest dietary protein intake (Q4, ≥107.13 g d-1) exhibited a 40% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.94) and an 88% reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.35) compared to those with the lowest dietary protein intake (Q1, < 57.93 g d-1). Notably, non-red meat protein sources were found to reduce the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, whereas no significant association was observed with red meat consumption. Conclusion: Adequate dietary protein intake has been linked to a decreased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with selective glomerular hypofiltration syndromes. This protective effect seems to be primarily associated with protein obtained from non-red meat sources.

The Relationship between Nutritional and Biochemical Markers with Growth Parameters in Adolescents with Chronic Kidney Disease on Maintenance Dialysis

Background: Adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing maintenance dialysis often experience challenges related to nutritional and biochemical markers, which can impact their growth parameters. Understanding the association between these markers and growth outcomes is crucial for optimizing the management of CKD in this population. Objectives of the study: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between nutritional and biochemical markers and growth parameters in adolescents with CKD undergoing maintenance dialysis in a cross-sectional single-center setting. Methodology: Participants recruited for this study were children aged 12–18 years diagnosed with CKD 5 undergoing maintenance dialysis. The assessed nutritional and biochemical markers included dry weight, body mass index (BMI), caloric and protein intake, normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), total body fat percentage, muscle mass, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and C-reactive protein. Results: Twenty-six children were enrolled in the study (male: female – 1:1.6). Thirteen participants were from each treatment group (peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis). Among them, twenty (76.9%) exhibited stunting, defined as a height percentile below the third percentile for the group’s population. Notably, patients with stunting showed a significant decrease in dry weight (37.4 kg vs. 54.7 kg, P &lt; 0.01) and BMI (17.3 kg/m2 vs. 22.3 kg/m2, P = 0.03). Serum creatinine levels were notably lower among patients with stunting compared to those with normal height percentiles (728 μmol/L vs. 969 μmol/L, P &lt; 0.01). Using bioelectrical impedance, muscle mass was noted to be significantly reduced in those with stunting compared to children with normal growth. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between nPCR and protein intake (P = 0.010). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study reveals a high prevalence of stunting in pediatric CKD patients on maintenance dialysis, suggesting compromised nutritional status. CKD patients with stunting exhibit reduced muscle mass and lower serum creatinine levels. Additionally, nPCR appears to be a useful marker for assessing protein adequacy. These findings highlight the need for early and regular monitoring of growth parameters, comprehensive biochemical assessments, and further research to enhance outcomes in pediatric CKD patients.

Predicting feed intake in confined beef cows.

Six existing equations (three for nonlactating and three for lactating; NRC, 1987, Predicting feed intake of food-producing animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, National Academy of Science; doi: 10.17226/950; NRC, 1996, Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 7th Revised Edition: Update 1996. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; doi: 10.17226/9791; Hibberd and Thrift, 1992. Supplementation of forage-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 70:181. [Abstr]) were evaluated for predicting feed intake in beef cows. Each of the previously published equations are sensitive to cow-shrunk BW and feed energy concentration. Adjustments in feed intake prediction are provided for level of milk yield in NRC (1987. Predicting feed intake of food-producing animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, National Academy of Science; doi: 10.17226/950) and NRC (1996 Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 7th Revised Edition: Update 1996. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; doi: 10.17226/9791) equations. The equation published in 1996 used data generated between 1979 and 1993. Our objectives were to validate the accuracy of the published equations using more recent data and to propose alternative prediction models. Criteria for inclusion in the evaluation dataset included projects conducted or published since 2002, direct measurement of feed intake, adequate protein supply, and pen feeding (no metabolism crate data). After removing outliers, the dataset included 53 treatment means for nonlactating cows and 32 treatment means for lactating cows. Means for the nonlactating dataset were dry matter intake (DMI) = 13.2 ± 2.9kg/d, shrunk body weight (SBW) = 578 ± 83.9kg, body condition score = 5.7 ± 0.73, and Mcal net energy for maintenance (NEm)/kg of feed = 1.27 ± 0.15 Mcal/kg. Means for the lactating dataset were DMI = 14.6 ± 2.24kg/d, SBW = 503 ± 73.4kg, body condition score = 4.7 ± 0.58, and Mcal NEm/kg feed = 1.22 ± 0.16. Simple linear regression was used to determine slope, intercept, and bias when observed DMI (y) was regressed against predicted DMI (x). The NRC (1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 7th Revised Edition: Update 1996. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; doi: 10.17226/9791) nonlactating equation underestimated feed intake in diets moderate to high in energy density with intercept differing from 0 and slope differing from one (P ≤ 0.01). Average deviation from observed values was 2.4kg/d. Similarly, when the NRC (1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 7th Revised Edition: Update 1996. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; doi: 10.17226/9791) equation was used to predict DMI in lactating cows, the slope differed from one (P < 0.01) with average deviation from observed values of 3.0kg/d. New models were developed by pooling the two datasets and including a categorical variable for stage of production (0 = nonlactating and 1 = lactating). Continuous variables included study-average SBW0.75 and diet NEm, Mcal/kg. The best-fit empirical model accounted for 68% of the variation in daily feed intake with standard error of the estimate Sy root mean squared error = 1.31. The proposed equation needs to be validated with independent data.

A Short Dietary Assessment Instrument to Evaluate Protein Quality and the Diversity of Protein Sources in Malaysian Diets.

The diversity of protein food sources, animal and plant, may be a proxy measure of protein quality and adequate protein nutrition. A population-based sample of 1604 Malaysians aged ≥18 y completed one 24-h dietary recall and a new 29-item protein diversity indicator (PDI). Socio-demographic data were obtained by self-report. Mean total protein intakes were 75.2 g/d from 24-h recalls and 74.9 g/d from PDI. Protein diversity indicator-estimated protein intakes were 36.2% from meat and poultry, 8.8% from fish, 16.0% from eggs and dairy, and 39.0% from plants. Intakes of animal proteins varied with socioeconomic status and ethnicity and were associated with higher protein quality, defined as the adequacy of essential amino acids (EAAs) relative to protein requirements. Protein intakes and protein quality in Malaysia were generally adequate. Protein diversity indicator metrics can complement current methods of dietary assessment and may be useful for monitoring protein diversity and quality in other countries currently undergoing nutrition transition.