Adequate Amounts Of Vitamin Research Articles

Osteoid mineralization defect in primary hyperparathyroidism.

SUMMARYUsing a quantitative histological technique, four unselected patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were investigated and all were found to have a delayed or defective mineralization of osteoid, although their diet contained an adequate amount of vitamin D. This abnormality was most marked in the one patient with radiological bone disease. Mineralization of osteoid occurred during subsequent vitamin D administration, together with an improvement in 45Ca absorption by the gut; osteoclast numbers and serum acid phosphatase levels also increased.We suggest that (1) endogenous vitamin D deficiency and hyperparathyroidism frequently co‐exist, (2) vitamin D metabolism is abnormal in hyperparathyroidism, and (3) radiological loss of bone density and erosions in hyperparathyroidism are due to impairment of the process of bone repair, i.e. there is defective mineralization of the osteoid which is laid down by osteoblasts to fill the resorption lacunae.

Hypoprothrombinemic bleeding in an infant.

<i>To the Editor</i>.—Thank you for your letter of June 6, 1969, concerning a point raised by Dr. Carolyn Denning. Although cystic fibrosis should have been a diagnostic consideration at the time the child was treated in early infancy, her subsequent course makes this diagnosis most unlikely. Her prompt response to parenterally administered vitamin K and the absence of recurrence on a normal infant diet containing adequate amounts of vitamin K certainly do not suggest chronic disease. This patient has been well for two years since her illness. She has had no respiratory or gastrointestinal complaints. Although a sweat test could easily be done, I do not feel that it is indicated at the present time.

Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements for Maximal Growth and Mineralization of the Rat

This study was conducted to determine calcium and phosphorus requirements for both maximal growth and maximal mineralization under identical dietary conditions including defined levels of other minerals. A diet was fed which contained adequate amounts of vitamin D and all other essential organic nutrients and a 20% excess of the required amounts of other essential minerals. The estimates obtained for the daily calcium and phosphorus requirements of young male rats were: 22 mg calcium and 20 mg phosphorus for maximal growth, and 48 mg calcium and 34 mg phosphorus for maximal mineralization. The mineralization values are lower than the National Research Council estimate based on the same criterion. Relative to the calcium requirement, more phosphorus was required for growth (Ca/P = 1.1) than for mineralization, Ca/P = 1.4. A moderate reduction of the Ca/P ratio caused a slight increase in the estimates of calcium requirements for growth and mineralization.

The Effect of Excessive Amounts of Dietary Vitamin A on Egg Production in White Leghorn Hens

ALTHOUGH adequate amounts of vitamin A are necessary for the normal metabolism of animals, and humans, it is well known that excessive quantities of the vitamin can prove harmful. Giroud and Martinet (1954) reported that large amounts of dietary vitamin A adversely affected the reproductive ability of the rat and a similar conclusion was reached by Friend and Crampton (1961) in their studies with mink. During the course of an investigation in these laboratories on cholesterol metabolism in White Leghorn chickens (Wood, Biely and Topliff, 1961) it was observed that the presence of dogfish liver oil in the diet resulted in a cessation of egg production. Since the oil was rich in vitamin A it was thought that perhaps this was due to the massive doses of vitamin A ingested by the birds. The present investigation was carried out to ascertain whether vitamin A did interfere with egg production, and …

MULTIPLE GENETIC MECHANISMS IN VITAMIN D-RESISTANT RICKETS

VITAMIN D-resistant rickets of the "simple" type is one of the most commonly encountered forms of metabolic bone disease in modern pediatric practice. In this disorder, rickets similar to that due to vitamin D deficiency develops in the face of usually adequate amounts of vitamin D and heals only with massive and sustained doses of the vitamin. Biochemically, the cardinal abnormality is hypophosphatemia, apparently the result of diminished tubular reabsorption of phosphate from the glomerular filtrate. Whether the renal abnormality is based upon a primary defect within the tubule cell or is a secondary effect, as for example from secondary hyperparathyroidism, is not yet known.

Studies on Encephalomalacia in the Chick: 5. The Effect of Fish Oil and Diphenyl-P-Phenylenediamine on the Vitamin E Metabolism of the Chick , ,

THE anti-vitamin E effect of unsaturated fats, particularly fish oils, has been known for some time; and this effect has been demonstrated with many species of animals. In the case of the chick, excessive amounts of unsaturated fats in the diet are the primary cause for the appearance of the nutritional disease known as encephalomalacia. Although adequate amounts of vitamin E in the diet will prevent the occurrence of this disorder, a deficiency of vitamin E alone apparently does not result in the appearance of encephalomalacia. Previous work by investigators in this field would tend to indicate that the cause of encephalomalacia was the peroxidation of the highly unsaturated fatty acids in the tissues in the absence of vitamin E. The metabolism of the unsaturated fats, therefore, appears to play a primary role in the development of the pattern of this disorder, although the exact mechanism is still obscure. In …

Experimental Obesity I. Production of Obesity in Rats by Feeding High-Fat Diets

Obesity has been produced in normal male rats by the ad libitum feeding of a diet containing 63% of fat and adequate amounts of vitamins, minerals and protein. When weanling rats were fed this diet, they gained weight at a higher rate than rats on our “best” low-fat or stock diets. Three strains of rats have shown the same response. The maximum weight attained on the high-fat diet was 1655 gm. Approximately 70% of the weanling rats of the Osborne-Mendel strain randomly secured from the stock colony have attained weights over or close to 1000 gm when fed the high-fat diet. We believe that the obesity does not result from any genetic or hormonal distrubance.

Present concepts concerning the care of the burned patient

The treatment of patients with thermal burns can be divided into four main categories and the essential points can be outlined as follows. 1. 1. The treatment of shock should be instituted as early as possible and accomplished by the judicious use of whole blood and an electrolyte solution. The relief of pain in such subjects is best accomplished by the intravenous administration of morphine sulphate, grains 1 8 to 1 6 . 2. 2. The immediate care of the local wound is best carried out in the following manner: Extensive débridement is not necessary, however, in most patients it is felt that a simple, non-traumatizing irrigation of the area provides some benefit. Following this, either the protein extract advocated by Chase 28 28 Chase, C. H. A new eschar technique for the local treatment of burns. Surgery, (to be published). or the ointment advocated by Howes and Ackermann 29 29 Howes, E. L. and Ackermann, W. The physiological approach to the local treatment of burns. Bull. Am. Coll. Surgeons, 32: 93, 1947. should be applied to the burned area. The systemic administration of penicillin is frequently advantageous for combating infection. 3. 3. The nutritional and metabolic problems can be best summarized as follows: (1) Food is usually omitted (except in those patients with mild burns) for twenty-four to forty-eight hours; (2) a diet containing 1.6 times the patient's basal caloric requirements is then given. Twenty per cent of this diet should consist of a nutritionally adequate protein; (3) after five to fifteen days the diet is gradually increased as it is tolerated so that it will provide adult patients with around 3,000 calories and from 120 to 300 Gm. of protein daily; (4) patients with moderate or severe burns should be given approximately ten times the daily requirements of the water-soluble vitamins and an adequate amount of vitamins A and D for at least two weeks; (5) since water retention occurs, especially between the second and fourteenth day following a burn, and leads to a hemodilution, this is best corrected by restricting the total daily fluid intake to 2,000 to 4,000 cc. and administering a concentrated sterile solution of albumin or plasma intravenously and repeating if necessary. The administration of 250 cc. of a hypertonic electrolyte solution (2 to 5 per cent) can also be administered between the third and twelfth days; (6) during the convalescent period whole blood should be given to correct or preferably to prevent anemia or hypoproteinemia (if the hemoglobin is over 16 Gm. per 100 cc. albumin or plasma may be employed). 4. 4. Since the successful care of such patients is dependent on the early healing of wounds, the removal of sloughing tissue and the grafting of skin should be accomplished at the earliest possible date. If adequate therapy is given as soon as possible, preferably in an attempt to prevent shock, malnutrition, infection and a prolonged convalescence from open wounds instead of overcoming these conditions once they exist, the mortality and morbidity rates show continued improvement.

Inadequacy of Certain Natural Diets for Guinea Pigs.

SummaryGuinea pigs fail to grow on a corn-soybean oil meal-alfalfa ration even when adequate amounts of vitamins A, D, E, and C are supplied. The survival and blood picture of the animals are improved by the addition of a mixture of crystalline water soluble vitamins of which niacin appears to be an important, but not the only, active component. Linseed oil meal, soybean oil meal, and casein supplements promote growth and blood formation approaching that of animals on stock ration. The potency of these substances is proportional to their tryptophane content and may be replaced in part by pure tryptophane.

VITAMIN A STUDIES IN CASES OF ICHTHYOSIS

Recent investigations by Peck and his co-workers 1 on Darier's disease (keratosis follicularis) and by Brunsting and Sheard 2 on pityriasis rubra pilaris seemed to indicate that disturbances in vitamin A metabolism may reflect themselves in cutaneous changes which have been considered specific dermatologic entities. Unlike the changes in the skin due to A avitaminosis, these changes may occur in cases of the two diseases previously mentioned when there are adequate amounts of vitamin A in the diet. A rather ambitious program of investigation was undertaken, comprising studies of vitamin A metabolism in cases of diseases of the skin characterized by disturbances in keratinization. Unfortunately, the work has been interrupted by the war and the entrance of one of us into active service. Studies in 2 cases of ichthyosis are here reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS Determinations of vitamin A were carried out by Dr. Susan Kann according to the

Multivitamin prophylaxis and therapy in respiratory diseases of the aged

1. Vitamin deficiency in the aged is more frequent than is generally supposed. 2. Vitamin deficiency is among the factors which play an important part in the susceptibility of the aged to respiratory infections. 3. Adequate amounts of vitamins afford marked prophylactic benefits, and multivitamin therapy, besides having general beneficial effects upon the aged, provides a useful weapon in our fight to prevent respiratory infections in the old people.

OSTEOCHONDROSIS DEFORMANS TIBIAE

Osteochondrosis of the medial tibial condyle is at the time of writing the most common cause of development of bow leg during childhood in this community. That this condition has not been more widely recognized is undoubtedly on account of the diversity of names by which it has been designated in previous reports. Since Blount 1 called attention to it as a cause of acute bending of the legs in children, I have encountered no less than a dozen cases in which the deformity might rightfully be attributed to osteochondrotic changes in the tibial epiphyses. Although the children had received adequate amounts of vitamin D and although other evidence of rickets was wanting, the parents either had been told or were of the opinion that the deformities of the legs were due to that disease. To have been told or to have believed otherwise would not have been in accord

DIFFERENTIATION OF SURGICAL JAUNDICE FROM SEVERE DAMAGE OF LIVER (SUBACUTE YELLOW ATROPHY) CLINICALLY SIMULATING IT

With the discovery of vitamin K and the development of methods for measuring plasma prothrombin levels, operation on the jaundiced patient lost much of its terror. By simple preoperative and postoperative procedures, abnormal bleeding in most cases of obstruction of the common duct, whether by stone, tumor or stricture, can now be anticipated and prevented. The liver in these cases is usually normal or so little impaired that the prothrombin level is rapidly brought to normal when the body is given an adequate amount of vitamin K and of bile or bile salts. It has been well established that if the prothrombin level remains normal, unusual bleeding in uncomplicated obstruction of the common duct does not occur. The diagnosis of common duct stone may often be fairly clear, particularly when gallbladder colic, chills, fever and jaundice are present. The preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas or

ANESTHESIA AND LIVER INJURY

It is now a well established fact that patients with biliary fistulas or with chronic biliary tract obstruction do not absorb adequate amounts of vitamin K from the ordinary diet. Without absorption of this vitamin, prothrombin cannot be produced in the body and a marked tendency to bleed develops. In many of these cases in which there are depleted reserves the prothrombin level is only slightly reduced prior to operation, but commonly it falls markedly after operation. This dangerous postoperative fall may be due to either of two factors: (1) excessive loss of prothrombin through hemorrhage at operation and through the postoperative formation of fibrin exudate in the margins of the wound and (2) interference with the manufacture of prothrombin by the liver. Such interference might result from decreased consumption of food or from injury to the liver. Such injury might be brought about by mechanical trauma at the time

THE RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN A TO THE HEALTH OF INFANTS

In previous communications 1 we stated that the average diet of artificially fed infants contains an adequate amount of vitamin A. This contention was based on the fact that no improvement in the nutritional status or increase in the immunity to infections was brought about by adding large quantities of vitamin A in the form of cod liver oil, halibut liver oil or carotene (which contains the provitamin) to the diet employed in the Home for Hebrew Infants. The diet used at this institution is similar to that which is generally prescribed in private practice by pediatricians and by general practitioners. For example, from 1 to 2 ounces (30 to 60 cc.) of milk is given per pound (453 Gm.) of body weight, the amount depending on the age of the infant; orange juice is prescribed at the age of 6 weeks, cereal at 4 months, vegetables at 6 months,

Excretion of Vitamin C in Sweat

ON the Witwatersrand gold mines, where the Bantu mine labourers work under hot humid conditions, cases of scurvy and sub-scurvy occur with some frequency, despite the fact that the diet provided has been shown to contain adequate amounts of vitamin C (some 20–30 mgm. daily). The explanation given is that the high energy requirement increases utilization of the vitamin. However, on testing sweat samples collected from recruits undergoing a 'heat tolerance' test under conditions approaching those encountered underground (shovelling gravel at 97° F. dry and 96° F. wet bulb for one hour in a surface chamber), it was found that sweat reduced indophenol dye under conditions regarded as specific for the vitamin1.

A Study of the Magnesium Needs of Preschool Children: Two Figures

In an attempt to determine the amount of magnesium needed by growing children, thirty-three balance studies have been made with children between 4 and 7 years of age receiving various levels of magnesium. Calcium and phosphorus balance studies were made simultaneously in order to determine to what extent these may have influenced the magnesium retentions. In the study, the influence of insufficient vitamin D and vitamin C was seemingly ruled out since the children received a constant and what was believed to be an adequate amount of vitamin D obtained from cod liver oil and viosterol, and vitamin C from canned tomato and orange juice given twice daily. Magnesium retentions, which varied from 0.4 mg. to 3.1 mg. per kilogram, were considered in relation to ingestion, urinary magnesium, and the influence of the calcium: magnesium ingestion ratios. There was no evidence that the magnesium retentions were influenced by the calcium ingestions, nor was there seemingly any relation between the magnesium retentions and calcium retentions. Calcium: magnesium ingestion ratios ranged between 2.8 and 6.7, whereas calcium: magnesium retention ratios were between 3.8 and 30.3. The magnesium of the urine, which tended to parallel the magnesium ingestion suggested that this might be used as a means of determining the sufficiency of the diet in this respect. Low urinary magnesiums when co-existent with low retentions were indicative of too low ingestions. High urinary magnesiums with low retentions were interpreted as indicating that enough had been fed and that previously the individual had been receiving a diet containing a sufficient amount, whereas high urinary magnesiums with high retentions following high ingestions indicated that the individual had been receiving previously less than the optimum amount. Seventy-five per cent of the children studied were in this group. It was concluded tentatively that diets of children of the ages studied should contain not less than 13 mg. per kilogram of body weight. Further studies with different types of diets are needed to confirm these findings.

THE RELATION OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY TO INTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS IN THE GUINEA PIG

1. Seventy-two adult guinea pigs were fed tuberculous sputum daily for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 4 months. 2. Thirty-seven of these were maintained on a diet partially deficient in vitamin C; twenty-six developed ulcerative intestinal tuberculosis. 3. In the remaining thirty-five animals whose diet was supplemented by an adequate amount of vitamin C only two developed tuberculous ulcers in the intestines. 4. From these studies we conclude that the ingestion of tubercle bacilli by the guinea pig is not the sole factor in the production of intestinal tuberculosis. 5. In our opinion, an adequate supply of vitamin C usually protects the guinea pig against ulcerative intestinal tuberculosis.

Further Evidence of Destruction of Vitamin B in Evaporated Milk.

Hartwell's1 method of determining the Vitamin B content of foods differs from that of other workers, in that it consists in measuring the effects of a given ration on the suckling young. Either just before or just following parturition the mother animal is put on a high protein ration containing all the known necessary constituents, with the exception of Vitamin B. In the absence of an adequate amount of Vitamin B the suckling young gain normally for about 13 days, when they suddenly develop convulsions, manifested by general muscular incoordination. This condition is frequently accompanied by unusual outcries, and dragging of the hind legs. The baby animal gasps for breath, and finally dies within a few hours. That these animals do not die of insufficient food is indicated by the fact that milk is very frequently found in the stomachs. When adequate amounts of Vitamin B are added to the ration the young animals develop normally and are weaned at the usual time.By this method,2 comparative studies of fres...

大豆油粕ノ飼料價値ニ就テ畜産試驗場

Soy bean cake was used for the diet of white rats and its vitamine contents, and the nutritive value of its proteins were observed. The results obtained may be summarized as follows.1 The proteins of soy bean cake have a high nutritive value. When the diet contains soy bean cake proteins 10%, this diet is adequate for promoting normal growth of the rat. 2 Soy bean cake contains an adequate amount of vitamin B. When the artificial diet contains 20% of soy bean cake, it supplies sufficient amount of vitamin B.3 Soy bean cake is deficient in vitamine A.