Water Adequacy Research Articles

Kebiasaan minum dan asupan cairan remaja di perkotaan

Background: Human body requires water for the active and healthy life. Water is actually a nutrient, and there is a tendency that some people neglect its important roles for health. Water requirements can vary depends on physical activity, age groups, body weight, climate, and diet (energy intake).Objective: The study aimed to identify drinking habits and to assess water intake and its adequacy of teenagers in urban.Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2009 in high school SMAN 2 Bogor. The samples were healthy student at grade X and XI. The number of sample was 83 students which calculated based on mean estimation. Food and beverages consumption was assessed with 2 x 24 hours recall during a week-day and a week-end. Meanwhile, the last week drinking habits was collected by interviewed. Statistical analysis used here was independent t-test.Results: The average of water intake was 2582 ± 834 ml, whereas 2939 ± 922 ml for boys and 2250 ± 581 ml for girls. The total water intake was from solid foods (656 ± 265 ml) and beverages (1927 ± 704 ml). The contribution of drinking water to the total water intake was 51% for boys (1495 ml) and 58% for girls (1311 ml). The average water adequacy was 132% for boys and 111% for girls.Conclusion: The average of water intake was consider adequate in teenagers, however there was still 24.1% of them consumed less than 90% of water adequacy.

Improving effectiveness and efficiency in the water sector: institutions, infrastructure and indicators

This special edition is devoted to the theme of water institutions, infrastructure and performance indicators and how they matter to the effectiveness and efficiency of the water sector. It explores many questions which have not been adequately addressed in the literature. For example, what do we know about institutional reforms in the water sector? Can regulation improve the performance of government-controlled water utilities? What explains the choices amongst governance mechanisms in the water sector? How do political institutions affect water sector performance? How do we construct an index of drinking water adequacy? Can the media influence the formation of beliefs about the “yuck” factor in water reuse? Empirical examples are drawn from various countries and regions around the world. Contributors include economists, sociologists, political scientists, consultants, water policy professionals and staff of donor agencies. The methodological approaches employed range from meta-analyses, comparative analyses, content analyses, statistical and econometric analyses, as well as single case studies.

Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (IDWA) for the States of India

The Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (IDWA) was first introduced in the Asian Water and Development Outlook 2007, a report issued by the Asian Development Bank. The computation of the index (more recently christened IDWA-I) calls for data on five different parameters—resources, capacity, access, quality and use. For 28 Indian states, we could manage to obtain data on four parameters (resources, access, capacity and quality) and for an additional 15 states on ‘use’ also. All data refer to 2001 or years close to that. Access, however, has two variants—general access that refers to access to water via taps, hand pumps and tube wells; and ‘optimal access’ via taps within residential premises. The two variants provide the basis for computing IDWA-I and IDWA-II. Inter-relationships between the two and between them and a couple of development indicators are also explored and implications noted. It is gratifying to note from the inter-correlations that there is really no second best to a tap in a house when it comes to human development.

Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (IDWA) for the States of India

IDWA was first introduced in the Asian Water and Development Outlook, 2007, a report issued by the Asian Development Bank. The computation of the index (more recently christened IDWA-I) calls for data on 5 different parameters: resources, capacity, access, quality and use. For 28 Indian states, we could manage to obtain data on 4 parameters (resources, access, capacity and quality) and for an additional 15 states on ‘use’ also. All data refer to 2001 or years close to that. Access, however, has two variants: general access that refers to access to water via taps, hand pumps and tube wells, and ‘optimal access’ via taps within residential premises. The two variants provide the basis for computing IDWA-I and IDWA-II. Inter-relationships between the two and between them and a couple of development indicators are also explored and implications noted. It is gratifying to note from the inter-correlations that there is really no second best to a tap in house when it comes to human development.

Index of drinking water adequacy for the Asian economies

An Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (referred to as IDWA-I in this paper) was first proposed in 2007 for 23 member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and formed part of the Asian Water and Development Outlook (AWDO), 2007 brought out by the ADB. IDWA-I was obtained by averaging 5 separate component indicators referring to capacity to buy water, extent of resource availability, amount of water used, water quality (indicated by a proxy variable, namely the death rate due to diarrhoea) and the percentage of people with access. This paper reports the main results of IDWA-I and IDWA-II, in which we replace general access with specific access via home connection, after discovering the relatively weak correlation between the two types of access. Because of the dominating influence of the other common components, IDWA-I and IDWA-II are highly correlated indicators. The two, however, bring out diverse relative ranks for different countries.

Index of Drinking Water Adequacy for the Asian Economies

An Index of Drinking Water Adequacy (referred to as IDWA-I in this paper) was first proposed in 2007 for 23 member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and formed part of the Asian Water and Development Outlook (AWDO), 2007 brought out by the ADB. IDWA-I was obtained by averaging 5 separate component indicators referring to capacity to buy water, extent of resource availability, amount of water used, water quality (indicated by a proxy variable, namely the death rate due to diarrhea) and the percent of people with access. This paper reports the main results of IDWA-I and IDWA-II, in which we replace general access with specific access via home connection, after finding out the relatively weak correlation between the two types of access. Because of the dominating influence of the other common components, IDWA-I and IDWA-II are highly correlated indicators. The two, however, bring out diverse relative ranks of different countries.

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the potable water supply sources in the area of Kozani, Western Macedonia

In the present study, the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the potable water in the prefecture of Kozani are studied, according to the results of the analysis carried out in the Environmental Centre Laboratory, during 2002–2005. According to the Greek Legislation and the EU Directive for potable water, a water quality monitoring program was created for the County of Kozani, and the parameters of the Check and Audit Monitoring were examined for a number of samples from selected samples sites at regular intervals. Conclusions relative to the water adequacy of springs and drills, water tanks and supply network, as well as the possible reasons for water quality problems are presented in the study. Generally, the water quality depends on its chemical and microbiological condition. In the areas with penetrable formations and agricultural activity, the nitrates presence was observed in relatively stable concentrations in time. The water is easily infected during its transportation from the source to the internal water supply network and finally to the consumer. The condition of the water supply networks is a factor which contributes to the water quality.

An assessment of the irrigation management transfer programme: case study in the Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation scheme in Turkey

AbstractIn this study, management transfer of the Bursa‐Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation scheme, located in western Turkey, was assessed. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the irrigation management transfer programme was assessed using two performance indicators for six years before and after the transfer during the period 1992–2004. According to the results, the relative water supply and irrigation ratio were calculated as 1.5–1.6, 58–62% average values for the years before and after transfer, respectively. It means that relative water supply has not shown any important change before and after the transfer and stays within reasonable levels. On the other hand, although it is not a significant change, the irrigation ratio has increased around 4% after the transfer, which is a reasonable improvement. In the second stage, effects of the transfer were tested and assessed by the Logit model taking farmers perceptions concerning pre‐ and post‐transfer. The probability of the changes in adequacy of irrigation water supplied to the farm, in fairness of water distribution within the system, in frequency of water distribution conflicts, in timeliness of water delivery to the farm, in irrigation fee policy, and in maintenance of drainage canals is significant at the 0.01 level. Also, maintenance of irrigation canals and water control and distribution structures has a positive effect on agreement or disagreement, but is not significant statistically. Adequacy, fairness and timeliness of water distribution regarding irrigation services given by the Mustafakemalpaşa Water Users' Association are not sufficient. Therefore, frequency of water distribution conflicts increased after the transfer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stress hydrique et sécurité alimentaire : une vision intégrale des ressources en eau

In a context where the water resources are limited, the traditional water vision which tries to express the water resource balance in term of supply-demand adequacy of the withdrawal water “Blue Water”, is incomplete : it doesn’t take into account the total potential of the resources and it is not based on the real evaluation of the water demand. A global water vision should consider all kind of water resources : the withdrawal water resources “Blue Water”, the Equivalent-Water of the rainfed agriculture “Green Water” and the net contribution in Equivalent-Water of the import-export foodstuffs balance “Virtual Water”. It should confront the totality of the resources to the whole of the water needs including the water involved in food production. This global water vision gives a real evaluation of the possibility of the agricultural production and allows us to express some reservations about the criteria and indicators used to characterize the water stress situations. When applied to the Tunisian water balance, this analysis indicates that, the improvement of food safety will depend, in the future, on the capacity to manage all the available water resources (improvement of the water use efficiency, valorisation of rainfed agriculture, development of alternative water resources, optimisation of the “Virtual Water” fluxes, etc).

Linking Housing Growth to Water Supply: New Planning Frontiers in the American West

Faced with rapid population growth and the increasing difficulty of obtaining new sources of water, many western states now condition the approval of residential development on the adequacy of long-term water supplies. Although planners have generally supported these laws as means of linking water and land use decisions, their implementation is proving challenging. Drawing on the experiences in five western states, we evaluate whether water adequacy laws effectively meet the dual objectives of protecting the resource base and encouraging the development of supplies to support growth.

Performance of Farmer-managed Irrigation Systems for Rice Production in East Java Province, Indonesia

This paper addresses the importance of an institutional mechanism to allocate and distribute irrigation water properly, to reduce conflicts and to mobilize financial support for sustainable rice production. The study reveals that the contributing factors affecting the performance of farmer-managed irrigation systems for rice production are plot size and the application of seed, fertilizer and pesticides, and the influencing factors are water adequacy during the dry season and a fixed schedule of intermittent flow of water distribution. Water inadequacy and dissatisfaction on the timeliness of water distribution are the potential sources of conflicts, whereas the ability of farmers to pay irrigation fees and the acceptance of a fee system are the major concerns about the financial support for irrigation operation and maintenance. The accountability of a water user's association is the main factor influencing the success of an institutional role in the sustainability of rice production.

Effects of nutrient and water stress on vegetative and reproductive growth in Vitis vinifera L.

Two watering and two nutrient regimes were applied to small vines established in pots and grown under greenhouse conditions. With water, a comparison was made between water adequacy (WH) and intermittent water stress (WL); with nutrition, between nutrient sufficiency (NH) using fertiliser‐enhanced potting medium and insufficiency (NL) with one‐fifth fertiliser application. NL reduced major growth parameters ‐ shoot length, stem weight and leaf weight ‐ more than did WL. Both NL and WL reduced node and leaf number, but only NL reduced internode length, leaf area and weight. WL had bigger effects when combined with NH than with NL. WL, especially when combined with NH, advanced maturity by ten days. Effects of W and N on pH, malic acid, tartaric acid and total soluble solids (°Brix) were different. The °Brix values were similar in WH and WL, but were less in NH than in NL. The treatments interacted in pH, malate and tartrate: pH was highest in WL/NH and lowest in WH/NH; malate tended to be less at both WL and NL, while tartrate concentration tended to become smaller from WH to WN but greater from NL to NH. No significant changes in the levels of citric acid, anthocyanin or reducing sugars were observed as a consequence of any treatment. Thus, although levels of stress due to WL or NL may have been different, the differences in the effects on several variables indicate that there is no general response to stress but that responses vary according to the factor inducing the stress. The level of reduction in variables measuring vegetative growth was 2– to 3‐fold greater than induced changes in juice composition. Advancement of maturity would suggest a potential value of intermittent water stress combined with adequate nutrition in areas with short seasons. Low‐nutrient soils might be desirable in areas where other factors are likely to induce strong growth.

Environmental Geology gets a new face

It is not possible to pick up a daily newspaper or weekly news magazine Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Newsweek, or Time without seeing the word or reading about a tangential catastrophic event. We live with this constant reminder of local, statewide, national, and international environmental issues. Earth Summit in Brazil is one such example. 1 June, 1992, Newsweek blazoned headlines, No More Hot Air It's Time to Talk Sense About the Environment. article was about world leaders meeting in Rio the following week, with the mission To save the ship from its passengers. feature article, The Future is Here, emphasized that Antarctica suffers from an ozone hole; North America takes the lion's share of the world's resources; South America is custodian of the world's largest rain forest; Australia is overcultivated; Africa faces population density doubling; and Asia overstresses its resources. On the international scene, the magazine, Our Planet, v. 4, 1992, published by the United Nations Environmental Program, presents a summary of the global environment. In the next two decades, the world population will grow by 1.7 billion. By then Earth's total inhabitants will be 7 billion. article describes the environmental situation with regard to adequacy of water, air, land, and trees, and industry, energy, species risk, and climate changes. A similar journal published by the International GeosphereBiosphere Programme (Global Change: Reducin9 Uncertainties, June 1992) addresses global change and describes the types of science involved. bottom line is that these additional people must have adequate food, clothing, and shelter, and yet have minimum impact on the environment. Again, a broad spectrum of need of expertise in geoscience is apparent. journal Environmental Geology is a child of the environmental age. It has grown over the past ten years with the rapidly expanding activities associated with the environmental movement and the related pollution problems of water quality, ecology, land use reclamation conservation, geologic hazards, and municipal, hazardous, and radioactive waste disposal. Billions of dollars and thousands of scientists are now involved in environmental research and studies. Environmental Geology provides an excellent publication medium for the resulting great variety of environmental research papers and technical reports. Its worldwide distribution is dedicated to the distribution of scientific papers coming from research agencies, many institutes with environmental programs, and from academic programs at universities. In an effort to grow with this worldwide demand, the journal, beginning with its January 1993 issue, has changed its appearance and format and has broadened its contacts around the world to bring to its readers the latest results from scientists working on environmental problems and issues. ///I /// '~v4._-C-a.~ /

MODELING WATER UTILIZATION IN LARGE‐SCALE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: A QUALITATiVE RESPONSE APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Given limited available data and the present state of knowledge on the social aspects of irrigation, there is a need to develop new quantitative methods to measure water management performance in large‐scale systems. A qualitative response framework is adapted to formulate a dynamic logit model of weekly field water adequacy and quantify indirectly farmer water utilization. Model parameters are estimated in a weighted least‐squares regression using four seasons of data from a Philippine canal system. Estimated coefficients and independent model forecasts indicate greater effective use of rainfall than irrigation in sustaining high levels of water adequacy during the rainy season. Irrigation utilization is two times higher in the dry season, while system location has a much smaller but still significant impact. Utilization rates for both rain and irrigation showed considerable responsiveness to the prevailing scarcity of water. The qualitative response approach is well suited to the aggregated data available for large‐scale systems, and allows advances in modeling dynamic water management behavior. Formal evaluation of the model will require further empirical applications.

Impact of Weather Analysis on Agricultural Production and Planning Decisions for the Semiarid Areas of Kenya

Abstract Kenya's current 4% rate of population growth requires cultivation of food crops by smallholder farmers in ever drier zones of semiarid lands. Rainfall is limited, variable and unpredictable, but maize, widely known for susceptibility to drought, remains the staple and favorite food crop. A case study is presented in which “effective rainfall” for Katumani Composite B-type maize, grown at Katumani, Machakos District, is evaluated for each of the 48 wet seasons in the 24-year record. The newly developed analysis takes into account rainfall, evaporation, soil depth and water holding capacity, and growth characteristics of the crop influencing water uptake and yield. Conclusions are: 1) The analysis evaluates suitability of a given crop for production in any location where rainfall and evaporation records are available. 2) Dates of onset of the rains at Katumani are sortable into periods termed “early” (implies expectation of high to medium water adequacy for maize production), “late” (medium to low ...

Black-White Perceptions of Urban Priorities

T Is STUDY is concerned with the identification of the urban problems considered to be by black and white urban residents, and the impact of race, socioeconomic status and location of residence on the assessment of particular problems as priorities. It is generally accepted that we need to know what problems concern urban residents and along what lines they diverge in their rating of priorities. Such inquiry is of great practical as well as theoretical import, given limited public resources and the need for at a minimum level of public acceptance and support of policymakers' attempts to deal with crucial urban problems. Yet there have been few empirical studies of the public priorities of urban residents.' H. George Frederickson's recent study of the Syracuse metropolitan area is the direct attempt to address these kinds of questions.2 Frederickson undertook to determine the impact of social, economic and demographic characteristics of persons on their perceptions of urban priorities. To assess a respondent's set of urban priority preferences, an open selection technique was used, in which respondents assigned a 1, 2 or 3 to a set of problems which they felt were most important, somewhat less important and least important, respectively. Analysis took the form of intergroup comparison (urban-suburban, income, age, etc.) in terms of the percentage of each subgroup considering each problem important. Briefly summarized, Frederickson's findings were: first, that education and police protection clearly ranked at the top of respondent's ordering of priorities. Differences in age, income, education, sex and urban-suburban residence had little influence on this ordering. It was on middle-rank priorities that inter-group differences emerged along lines of education, income and urban-suburban residence. Water pollution and water adequacy were seen as more by persons who were better educated, persons who enjoyed higher family income levels, and persons who lived in suburban areas; while those who had a lower level of education, those with lower family incomes, and those living in the central city considered employment and housing as more important. Thus, once Frederickson looked below the top-ranked priorities of education and police protection, distinct patterns of urban priority

A Comparison of Thermal-Neutron-Activation Measurements and Monte Carlo Calculations in Light-Water-Moderated Uranium Cells

Thermal disadvantage factors and spectral indexes have been measured in a variety of light-water-moderated lattices. One series contained slightly enriched uranium rods in hexagonal geometry and another series used natural-uranium fuel in slab geometry. The detectors used were 164Dy, 176Lu, and 239Pu. Full energy range (0 to 10 MeV) Monte Carlo calculations with explicit cell-geometry representations were performed using the RECAP program. In addition, thermal energy range (0 to 0.625 eV) calculations were obtained with the Monte Carlo program MARC as well as with the integral transport-theory-code THERMOS. The purpose of these investigations was to test the adequacy of the various water scattering kernels—Nelkin, Koppel, and Haywood—for a broad range of thermal-flux characteristics: from a soft moderator spectrum with a steep spatial gradient to a very hard spectrum which was relatively flat as a function of position.The conclusions obtained were as follows. Calculated spectral indexes using the Haywood kernel were 2 to 3% higher than experiment, on the average, in the fuel region of these cells. Use of the Koppel kernel removed most of this disagreement in the case of 176Lu but the comparison for 239Pu remained unchanged. On the basis of these results, the thermal-flux spectrum obtained with the Haywood model appears to be slightly too hard. With regard to the disadvantage factors, good agreement was generally obtained between theory and measurement except for the tightest lattices. The calculated disadvantage factors were found to be insensitive to the kernel model selected. The effects from including thermal-scattering-pattern treatments above P1 as well as a spatially dependent and anisotropic source-to-thermal description were found to be small in these cells, < 2%.

HAND DISINFECTION.

The complete disinfection of the hands preparatory to obstetric or operative work, particularly abdominal surgery, is so essential that the recent observations ofDr. Howard A. Kelly¹are deserving of the widest publicity. The common pus-producing germs, especially the<i>staphylococcus pyogenes albus</i>, are found abundantly on the hands and about the nails of everybody. To remove them and render the hands perfectly aseptic is by no means easy. The most certain method, and therefore the one to be followed, seems to be the plan whichDr. Kellyadvocates. Sixty-five experiments were made to test the adequacy of soap and water alone. The hands were thoroughly scrubbed with strong brown soap and hot water from ten to twenty-five minutes. In nine instances the hands were found to be aseptic, but in these nine instances the hands had been washed in bichloride of mercury solution the day before. Immersion of the