Addition Of Mixture Research Articles

MODIFICATION OF CEMENT-CONCRETE MIXTURES WITH POLYMER ADDITIVES, STRUCTURED CARBON NANOTUBES

The use of complex modifiers for cement-concrete mixtures and concretes is becoming increasingly popular in modern materials science. The paper presents studies of the effect of a polymer additive structured with carbon nanomaterial on the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement-concrete mixtures. IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed that the use of carbon nanomaterial significantly changes the structure of cement-concrete mixtures. As a result of the fact that high-strength nanomaterial is the center of crystallization of cement stone formations, a denser reinforced microstructure is formed, which significantly increases the strength characteristics of cement-concrete mixtures. Inclusion in the composition of cement-concrete mixtures of polymer complex additives leads to higher and longer plasticization, which plays an important role in the production of monolithic products. It is established that in the presence of a complex modifier (polymer additive structured with carbon nanotubes) the crystal structure of calcium hydrosilicates is compacted, which causes high physical and mechanical characteristics of modified cement-concrete mixtures. It is experimentally shown that the additive acts as an accelerator of hardening and hardening of cement paste, as well as increases its strength characteristics. In general, for all cement-concrete mixtures in this study there is a water-reducing effect of the additive. Water consumption decreases by 5 wt. %, while the strength increases by 19%. Formulations of cement-concrete mixtures modified with polymer additives, structured carbon nanotubes, with high performance characteristics have been developed.

Use of Natural Zeolite and Glass Powder Mixture as Partial Replacement of Portland Cement: The Effect on Hydration, Properties and Porosity.

The study investigates effect of the additive consisting of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and soda lime glass powder on the hydration, mechanical properties and porosity of Portland cement concrete. The effect of mineral additive on the technological, physical-mechanical properties and porosity of the mortar was investigated by increasing the content of natural zeolite and glass powder added to the mortar up to 20% by weight of cement in increments of 5% and different particles size of natural zeolite. The mixes with the best technological and mechanical properties were identified and further studies were conducted by replacing 10% and 15% of cement with natural zeolite and soda lime glass with an average grain size of 59.3 μm, 29.0 μm or 3.6 μm of zeolite, and 29.6 μm of glass powder. The hydration process and microstructure of hardened cement paste modified with the aforementioned mineral additives was analysed by microcalorimetry, X-ray diffraction tests and thermogravimetric analysis. The optimal composition of cement paste and particle size distribution of natural zeolite were determined to achieve the higher flexural and compressive strength and lower open porosity. The mixture of mineral additives has the highest effect in terms of flexural and compressive strength and open porosity when added at the proportion 75:15:10 (cement:natural zeolite:soda lime glass) and when zeolite with an average particle size of about 3.6 μm is used

Analisis Penambahan Zat Aditif pada Bio Solar terhadap Opasitas Kendaraan Bermesin Diesel

This study aims to find out the effect of mixing biodiesel and additives with various kinds of mixtures on the exhaust gas opacity of a 4-stroke diesel engine. In this study, two variations of the ratio of the mixture of bio-diesel and additives were used, namely bio-diesel with a mixture ratio of 2.5%: 97.5% and a mixture ratio of 1.25%: 98.75% for additives and bio-diesel. The method used in this study uses an experimental method where the data collection process is carried out through observation and documentation. Data collection was carried out 5 times a repetition using the Opacity Smoke Meter tool. From the results of the study, the variation of the mixture of 2.5%: 97.5% resulted in the lowest average exhaust gas opacity value, where there was a decrease in exhaust gas opacity by 20.8% compared to standard conditions (without the addition of additives). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is an impact of adding additives to biodiesel on exhaust gas opacity where the more additives added to biodiesel will further reduce exhaust gas opacity in vehicles with diesel engines.

ASSESSMENT OF THE TOXIC POTENTIAL OF A MIXTURE OF ASPARTAM AND SORBIC ACID WITH BIOASSAY

The biomarkers of the subchronic toxicity of binary mixtures of food additives sorbic acid and aspartame in concentrations of 50, 100 mg/l and 500, 1000 mg/l, respectively, were studied using plant biotests. A comparative analysis of the indicators such as biomass gain, a level of production of the oxidative stress marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), and dynamics of accumulation of proliferative and cytogenetic disorders was carried out after incubation of Allium cepa roots in the aqueous solutions of these compounds. A significant delay in the root growth (more than 60%) was observed in the combinations of sorbic acid and aspartame of 50/1000 and 100/500 mg/l compared to the control. However, significant differences in the effects on root mass gain were not revealed after analysis of the results of treatment with additives individually and with their mixture. It was found that upon treatment with the mixture of additives, only sorbic acid influenced root mass gain, while the interaction of these compounds was insignificant. An effect of the combined impact of sorbic acid and aspartame on the proliferative activity of meristem cells was more negative than upon treatment in the mono-mode in the similar concentrations. This indicator was affected by both sorbic acid and aspartame; however, the preserving agent again played the leading role. Moreover, the level of proliferation also depended on the effect of the interaction between these additives. The antagonistic effect in regard to the indicator of the oxidative stress was not recorded when treating with the mixture of these additives; although, the MDA level in roots increased more than twice upon individual treatment with sorbic acid, while aspartame, on the contrary, reduced its level by half. The obtained results can be used to monitor and predict early consequences of effects of combinations of sorbic acid and aspartame in the food composition.

Application of Sol-Gels Modified with Natural Plants Extracts as Stationary Phases in Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography.

Ethanol extracts of three widely growing plants were added to silica sol–gel solutions, which were subsequently applied as wall surface modifiers in inner quartz capillaries. Modified capillaries were used for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of nucleotides and amino groups containing biological compounds (neurotransmitters, amino acids and oligopeptides). The experiments were performed at physiological pH 7.40, and eventual changes of effective mobilities were calculated. Specific compounds characteristic for each plant were tested as sol–gel additives as well, and thus-modified capillaries were used for the separations of the same analytes under identical conditions. The aim of this study was to find out possible interactions between physiological compounds and extracts of freely available plants anchorded in the sol-gel stationary phase in the flowing system. Even though the amount of the modifier in each capillary is very small, basic statistical evaluation showed some not negligible changes in effective mobility of tested analytes. These changes were bigger than ±5% for separations of nucleotides in capillaries with curcuma, Moringa or the mixture of synthetic additives as the sol-gel aditive, and for separations of amino compounds where these changes varying by additive, analyte by analyte.

Enhancement of electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of silicone based coating with aluminatrihydrate/silica for ceramic insulators

The present work explores durability enhancement in various properties of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV-SiR) coating with the incorporation of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and silica (SiO2) fillers. Test samples i.e., neat RTV-SiR, RTV-SiR +10% μSiO2, and RTV-SiR filled with micro-ATH/SiO2 (10% each) were chosen for experimentation. Long-term (10,000 h) lab aging of composite coatings is performed under bipolar direct current (DC) voltage with simulated environmental stresses in a test chamber. The effect of fillers against stresses is quantified through characterization results comparison of filled composites with unfilled RTV-SiR samples. Moreover, the polarity effect on degradation is evaluated through the relative performance of each composite under the positive and negative polarity of the voltage. Findings revealed that samples filled with a mixture of additives bring enhanced improvement into the base matrix of RTV-SiR. Amongst unfilled and micro-silica filled specimens aged under positive DC, the samples S-3 with combined silica-ATH fillers offered superior hydrophobic behavior showing hydrophobicity class HC3 and demonstrated a minimum final leakage current of 6.13 μA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed relatively lower variations in the chemical and morphological structure of cross-filed specimens (S-3). Furthermore, results of mechanical properties (tensile strength, elasticity, and weight) show a significant loss, whereas the hardness of composite increased with aging. Hybrid samples (S-3) exhibited the minimum deviation of 29.77% and 43.12% in tensile strength and elongation-at-break (EAB), respectively under positive DC voltage. Similarly, it shows enhanced resistance against weight loss and change in hardness due to aging. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that filled composite gets enabled to offers the least alteration in thermal properties. In the context of the polarity, positive DC voltage incurred more devaluation of desirable properties as compared to negative polarity.

Key knowledge gaps for One Health approach to mitigate nanoplastic risks

There are increasing concerns over the threat of nanoplastics to environmental and human health. However, multidisciplinary barriers persist between the communities assessing the risks to environmental and human health. As a result, the hazards and risks of nanoplastics remain uncertain. Here, we identify key knowledge gaps by evaluating the exposure of nanoplastics in the environment, assessing their bio-nano interactions, and examining their potential risks to humans and the environment. We suggest considering nanoplastics a complex and dynamic mixture of polymers, additives, and contaminants, with interconnected risks to environmental and human health. We call for comprehensive integration of One Health approach to produce robust multidisciplinary evidence to nanoplastics threats at the planetary level. Although there are many challenges, this holistic approach incorporates the relevance of environmental exposure and multi-sectoral responses, which provide the opportunity to identify the risk mitigation strategies of nanoplastics to build resilient health systems. • Nanoplastic is a complex and dynamic mixture of polymer, additive, and contaminant. • Knowledge gaps persist in exposure, bio–nano interactions, and potential risks. • A one health approach is critical to achieve environmental and human health. • Environmental exposure, multi-responses, and mitigation strategies are integrated.

Effect of Additives on Surface Tension, Viscosity, Transparency and Morphology Structure of Aloe vera Gel-Based Coating

Coating is a new trend for extending shelf-life and reducing postharvest damage to fruits currently. Aloe vera gel-based (AVG) coating is made by adding citric acid, ascorbic acid and potassium sorbate. The additive increases the stability of AVG coating. This research aims to determine the effect of additives on the surface tension, viscosity, transparency and morphology structure of AVG coating. The observation used a completely random design one factor with three replicates. Formulation of AVG coating uses additives involving citric acid, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate and the mixture of additives, concentrations of 0.15%. Observations are made periodically on days 0, 5, 10 and 15. The type and concentration of additives affect the surface tension, viscosity, transparency and morphology structure of AVG coating. The best formulation of AVG coating for 15 days of storage is a mixture of additives (citric acid, ascorbic acid and potassium sorbate) with a concentration of 0.15% applied on the surface of the fruits. The best numeric value of AVG coating surface tension is 0.122 N/m, acidity 4.22, viscosity 96.03 mPa.s, color L* 19.51 and point of transparency 84.40. The combination of the three additives produced a clear, transparent white coating appearance and the potential to extend the shelf-life of fruit.

Physical and mechanical properties of mixtures of feed additives for cattle

Protein-mineral-vitamin supplements in the diet of cattle, in particular cows, help to increase the fat and protein content in milk, milk yield and feed conversion, and some types of additives can reduce carbon dioxide and methane emissions. The main problem of the effective use of additives is the uniformity of their distribution, due to the small amount in the total feed mixture, the total weight of additives in the diet is 1.5-2%. One of the directions for solving the problem is the development of a mixer for preliminary mixing of additives, the parameters of which are difficult to justify without studying the physical and mechanical properties of mixtures of additives. Using standard techniques and developed laboratory installations, the physicomechanical properties of mixtures of feed additives for cows used in the diets of two farms in the Leningrad Region were determined. It was revealed that more than 80% of the particles of the mixtures have sizes in the range of 0.75-0.105 mm, the bulk density of the mixtures was 905 and 911.3 kg / m3, the moisture content was 8.14 and 4.44%, the angles of repose of the mixtures were 34, 17° and 34.83°, caving angles - 25.6 ° and 25.9°, internal friction coefficients - 0.76 and 0.7, external friction (on steel) - 0.5 and 0.49. Studies have shown the similarity of the physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures, even under the condition that the proportions and properties of individual additives are different. This allows us to consider the possibility of using the average values of the indicators of physical and mechanical properties when justifying the parameters of technological equipment for mixing, transporting and storing feed additives for cattle.

Amelioratic Effect of Vitamin C against Hazards of Treating Male Albino Rats with Mixture of Food Additives (Sodium Nitrate+ Glycine + Fast Green)

Amelioratic Effect of Vitamin C against Hazards of Treating Male Albino Rats with Mixture of Food Additives (Sodium Nitrate+ Glycine + Fast Green)

Methodology To Reduce Diesel Engine Pollutant Emissions

Due to the climate change and health issues, more restrictive legislations concerning the pollutant emissions of diesel engines take place in the worldwide. A novel approach to reduce the pollutant emissions of CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) in diesel engines is thus proposed. It’s based on fuelling diesel engines by blends of selective additives mixture and the conventional commercial diesel fuel. In order to prove the feasibility of such an approach, blends of additives mixture and a diesel fuel surrogate of n-dodecane and m-xylene are numerically investigated using a homogeneous multi-zones reactor approach and detailed chemistries with covering a wide blending range of air–fuel ratio (AFR) 9.8 – 29.4 and engine speed 1000 - 2000 rpm. The employed mixture of additives reduces considerably the emissions of CO and HC, up to 60%, especially for the rich conditions AFR = 9.8, with generally very slight reduction to NOx emission and decease to the engine produced power for all the blending ratios. The reduction of NOx emission is thus reachable by the accessibility to operate the engine at low compression ratio blending the additives mixture. The proposed approach requests indeed to be validated experimentally and be coupled with other emissions reduction technologies.

Short communication: A milk replacer aversion model in calves to test flavour-masking effects

This study aimed to evaluate the availability of two sensory additives (SAs) to masque non-palatable ingredients commonly present in milk replacers (MRs). Both SAs were based on a synergistic mixture of non-nutritive flavouring substances with four taste categories (sweet, umami, sour, and salty); the only difference between them was the inclusion of polyols, which were not included in SA2. Two experiments were conducted for this purpose. In Experiment 1, an MR aversion model was developed using 24 Holstein male calves (7 ± 0.9 d of age and 43.3 ± 1.39 kg of body weight [BW]). In the first two weeks of the study, calves were fed increasing amounts of MRs until the animals were able to consume 8 L/d at 15% dry matter (DM) concentration for two feedings per day. Thereafter, MR aversion was induced in half of the calves by adding a mixture of bitter taste feed additives (Bittermix) from days 14 to 22 of the study (aversion week). The daily MR intake and eating rate were recorded from the two previous days of the challenge and during the aversion week. In Experiment 2, the same model was used with 37 Holstein male calves (6 ± 0.9 d of age and 40.2 ± 1.40 kg of BW). Owing to health issues in this experiment, the aversion week was postponed at 38.5 ± 1.12 d of age until the animals were able to consume at least 90% of 8 L/d at 12.5% DM concentration. The aversion test was performed as follows: no supplementation (CTRL), Bittermix at 30 g/kg of dry MR (BM), BM plus SA1 at 2 g/kg of dry MR (SA1), and BM plus SA2 at 2 g/kg of dry MR (SA2). Data were analysed with a generalised mixed model that accounts for the fixed effects of MR supplementation, the meals during the aversion week, the interaction of the MR supplementation and meals, and a calf as a random effect. In the aversion test of Experiment 1, calves that were fed Bittermix showed an increase in the incidence and amount of MR refusals (P < 0.05) compared with CTRL calves. In Experiment 2, the incidence of refusal and time devoted to consuming MR were similar in all treatments. However, the eating rates were greater (P < 0.01) in CTRL and SA2 than in BM and SA1. Adding a mixture of bitter tasting feed additives in the MR changed the feed intake parameters of the calves. The addition of a specific sensory additive, namely, SA2, reversed the negative effects caused by the bitter products.

Abraham model solute descriptors: effect of structural features on the calculated numerical descriptor values for vanillin and select derivatives

ABSTRACT Abraham model solute descriptors are determined for vanillin and five select derivatives (o-vanillin, isovanillin, vanillic acid, vanillyl alcohol and ethylvanillin) based on experimental solubility and partition coefficient data that we were able to find in the published literature. The solute descriptor values reported in the current communication back-calculate the observed experimental data to within standard errors of 0.12 log units (or less). The calculated solute descriptors can be used to predict the solubility of the vanillin and the five select derivatives in additional organic mono-solvents and binary aqueous-ethanol solvent mixtures using published Abraham model correlations.

Toxicological effects of active and inert ingredients of imazethapyr formulation Verosil® against Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Chlorophyta)

Imazethapyr, a selective systemic herbicide, is widely used in agriculture and it is frequently detected in water bodies close to application areas. Like other agrochemicals, imazethapyr is commercialized in formulations containing a mixture of additives that increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient. These complex mixtures may cause adverse effects on non-target primary producers, such as microalgae, when they reach freshwater bodies. The aim of this study was to assess the effects, separately, of the formulation Verosil®, the formulation additives, and technical-grade imazethapyr, in the acidic form or as ammonium salt, on the microalga Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Chlorophyta). Verosil®, formulation additives, and acid imazethapyr significantly inhibited the growth of S. vacuolatus (Verosil® > formulation additives > acid imazethapyr) and caused morphological alterations from 2mg L-1, 4mg L-1, and 60mg L-1 onwards, respectively. Verosil® and formulation additives caused the most adverse effect including membrane disorganization, cytoplasm contraction, cell wall thickening, thylakoidal membrane disaggregation, and starch granule accumulation. In addition, Verosil® and formulation additives increased the chl a/chl b ratio, indicating possible alterations in photosystems as a stress response. The carotene/chl a ratio was also increased in microalgae exposed to both Verosil® and formulation additives, suggesting an antioxidant response to these toxic compounds. All these results support the hypothesis that the formulation additives contribute significantly to the toxicity and alterations caused by the commercial formulation Verosil® on S. vacuolatus.

Generating new mixtures of food additives with antimicrobial and cytotoxic potency against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Food additives have been shown to help regulate or prevent the spread of microbes during food manufacturing. Phloxine B, nisin, and sorbic acid were tested to see whether they had a synergistic impact on the inactivation of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The combination of phloxine B and nisin had a synergistic interaction (FICI: 0.25–0.50) against B. cereus, where it demonstrated an additive effect among the three combinations examined (FICI: 0.91). A time‐kill test was used in both cases to verify that a food additive combination has synergistic antibacterial action against B. cereus and S. aureus. B. cereus had a 50% reduction in bacterial colony count after 10 h, whereas S. aureus had a 60% reduction after 6 h of their independent impacts after 48 h. Phloxine B, nisin, and sorbic acid demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action and might be used as a source of safe and potent antibacterial agents in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

IMPACT OF SODIUM NITRITE AND PONСEAU 4R ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: THEORETICAL GROUNDING AND SIGNIFICANCE

Nowadays, food industry is growing quite rapidly. Today food industry uses hundreds of food additives in order to obtain new products and achieve certain technological goals. In most European countries, food industry applies more than 540 known food additives; in the United States their number, including the corresponding mixtures, exceeds 1.500, in Russia – 450 positions, in Ukraine until 2019, 300 food additives were allowed to be applied. At present, a large number of complex food additives are getting more and more in use. They are the mixtures of additives for a single peculiar or different technological purpose. The main requirement for food additives is their safety, non-toxicity, non-carcinogenicity, non-mutagenicity, no teratogenic effects (on the foetus) and no allergic effects. The safety of a food supplement depends on its dose, i.e., the amount of food additive substance that enters the body per day. Dangerous dietary supplements that should be avoided include sodium nitrite, monosodium glutamate, and ponceau 4 R. These supplements are strictly prohibited in many countries because of their potential risks and fatal outcomes for the human health. In recent years, the consumption of food supplements has increased significantly, therefore the study of the effects of sodium nitrite and ponсeau 4R on the respiratory system is one of an urgent clinical and dietary problem. The aim of this study is to highlight the theoretical aspects of the effects of sodium nitrite and ponceau 4 R on the respiratory system, as well as to collect, analyse and synthesise literature data on the issue of food additives and their detrimental effect on human health. Numerous studies show that consumption of sodium nitrite and ponceau 4 R increases the potential risk of cancer, diabetes, lung disease, and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. These supplements increase the hyperactivity of children; they can also provoke allergic reaction and cause anaphylactic shock, or trigger asthma attacks or breathing problems in people with aspirin intolerance, therefore, the study of the effects caused by food additives is appropriate, clinically and socially relevant.

Desirable PVDF hollow fiber membrane engineered with synergism between small molecular weight additives for DCMD treating of a hypersaline brine

Developing membrane for brine waste reclamation via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) requires specially membrane characteristics engineering. Toward practical and scalable hydrophobic micromembrane with desirable properties, attaining energy-efficient and durability during hypersaline treatment remains a great challenge. Herein, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber (HF) membranes were developed for particular use in DCMD for treating hypersaline (100,000 mg/L of NaCl solution) via adopting mixture of small molecular weight (MW) additives, including water, lithium chloride (LiCl), and ethylene glycol (EG). Engineered to suppress the limitation of single small MW additives only possessing a unique enhancement in the tailoring of specific properties for improving the partial DCMD performance, the research emphasis is placed on the synergistic effect between small molecular weight additives, resulting in a much-enhanced performance. The dope solution of PVDF/LiCl/H2O/N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) = 12/2/2/84 (wt%) spun HF membrane, P-L-W2, has been shown to reveal the most desirable membrane characteristics for DCMD, including comparable porosity (ε, 74.2 ± 0.4%), superior liquid entry pressure (LEP, 3.05 bar), and robust mechanical properties. The P-L-W2 membrane also exhibited enhanced water flux, energy efficiency, and anti-wetting ability in comparison with the neat PVDF HF membrane. With advantage of easy implement, the concept of adoption of additives mixture provides a novel platform to customize desirable PVDF HF membranes with enhanced DCMD performance.

Sustainable aquafeed and aquaculture production systems as impacted by challenges of global food security and climate change

Sustainable aquafeed and aquaculture production systems as impacted by challenges of global food security and climate change

Matrix Optimization of Ultra High Performance Concrete for Improving Strength and Durability.

This paper seeks to optimize the mechanical and durability properties of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). To meet this objective, concrete specimens were manufactured by using 1100 kg/m3 of binder, water/binder ratio 0.20, silica sand and last generation of superplasticizer. Silica fume, metakaolin and two types of nano silica were used for improving the performances of the concrete. Additional mixtures included 13 mm long OL steel fibers. Compressive strength, electrical resistivity, mercury intrusion porosimetry tests, and differential and thermogravimetric thermal analysis were carried out. The binary combination of nano silica and metakaolin, and the ternary combination of nano silica with metakaolin and silica fume, led to the best performances of the UHPC, both mechanical and durable performances.

Ionic Strength and pH Effects on Water–Rock Interaction in an Unconventional Siliceous Reservoir: On the Use of Formation Water in Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing employs a mixture of freshwater and chemical additives. Substituting produced formation water for freshwater conserves freshwater resources, but formation water possessing a hi...