Addition Of Rapeseed Oil Research Articles

Effect of oleic acid-rich rapeseed oil on the physicochemical, rheological, and structural characteristics of wheat dough

Some wheat-based foods require different doses of oil to moderate quality of dough during processing and the influence mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the effect of rapeseed oil addition on physicochemical characteristics and fine structure of dough and underlying mechanism were elucidated by rheometer, scanning microscope and molecular spectroscopic method. Results showed that compared with native dough (without exogenous rapeseed oil), the addition of rapeseed oil changed the fine structure, improved extensibility, but reduced viscoelasticity of the dough. Moreover, high addition especially 20 wt% oil (based on wheat flour) significantly changed gelatinization and retrogradation behaviors of the dough, whilst disrupted gluten network and increased random coil content (32.1%) of dough except that decreased its α-helix (21.2%), β-sheet (23.1%), disulfide bond (7.9 μmol/g) compared with native dough which were 16.3%, 29.2%, 33.1%, 11.0 μmol/g, respectively. Results in the study could provide a certain understanding for application of vegetable oils in wheat-based products.

Structure-activity relationship study of anti-wear additives in rapeseed oil based on machine learning and logistic regression.

Anti-wear performance is a crucial quality of lubricants, and it is important to conduct research into the structure-activity relationship of anti-wear additives in bio-based lubricants. These lubricants are eco-friendly and energy-efficient. A literature review resulted in the construction of a dataset comprising 779 anti-wear properties of 79 anti-wear additives in rapeseed oil, at various loadings and additive levels. The anti-wear additives were classified into six groups, including phosphoric acid, formate esters, borate esters, thiazoles, triazine derivatives, and thiophene. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the quantity and kind of anti-wear agents had significant effects on the anti-wear properties of rapeseed oil, with phosphoric acid being the most effective and thiophene being the least effective. To identify the specific structural data that affect the anti-wear capabilities of additives in bio-based lubricants of rapeseed oil, a random forest classification model was developed. The results showed a 0.964 accuracy (ACC) and a 0.931 Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) on the test set. The ranking of importance and characterization of MACCS descriptors in the model confirms that anti-wear additives with chemical structures containing P, O, N, S and heterocyclic groups, along with more than two methyl groups, improve the anti-wear performance of rapeseed oil. The application of data analysis and machine learning to investigate the classifications and structural characteristics of anti-wear additives in rapeseed oil provides data references and guiding principles for designing anti-wear additives in bio-based lubricants.

APPLICATION OF BIO ADDITIVES IN DIESEL FUEL TO REDUCE CO, CH, SMOKE EMISSIONS IN AGRICULTURE

As part of the reduction of environmental emissions of tractors, combines and agricultural machinery when performing work in the agroindustrial complex, including in closed complexes for the cultivation of animals (livestock farms). The article presents proposals to improve the environmental characteristics of the diesel engine used in tractors of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the use of bioadditives from rapeseed oil for diesel engines is considered. The main directions of reducing emissions of toxic components of exhaust gases due to the addition of rapeseed oil to diesel fuel are indicated. The necessity of using bioadditives in diesel fuel to reduce emissions of CO, CH, and exhaust gases from diesel tractors when operating indoors is substantiated. A mixed fuel was used for the research. To get a mixed fuel, we mixed diesel fuel (DT) with rapeseed oil (RM). Based on the performed preliminary studies and these works, mixed fuel was prepared in the following proportions - 25% RM : 75% DT, 50% RM : 50 %DT, 75%RM : 25%DT. Rapeseed oil was obtained at ZAO Zelenogradskoye in the Pushkinsky district of the Moscow Region. The farm produces rapeseed seeds for the production of rapeseed oil, which is later used both for the confectionery industry and for livestock feed. Experimental studies have shown that the lowest content of CO, CH, in exhaust gases from diesel engines running on biofuels (25% RM:75% DT) and (50% RM:50% DT).

THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF OILS ON THE TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT DOUGH AND BREAD

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition (0.5 %, 1 % and 1.5 %) of vegetable oils (pumpkin, rapeseed and sunflower oil) on the technological quality (rheological properties of dough, bakery indicators and bakery experiment) of wheat dough and subsequently wheat bread. The wheat flour type T 650 was used as a base and also control. In this type was determined a dry matter of 86.65 %. By determining the bakery indicators (crude protein content, falling number, starch content, ash content, titratable acidity and Zeleny index) it is possible to summarize that this type of four was strong. The gluten properties of T 650 flour were optimal and suitable for bakery use. The specific volume, volume yield, bulk productivity, bread yield, loss during baking and shape were determined by a baking experiment. The highest specific volume was determined in a bread loaf with the addition of 1.5 % pumpkin oil – 424.2 cm3.100 g-1. The volume of prepared breads increased with oil addition – the highest value was determined in sample with the addition of 1.5 % sunflower oil (volume increase of 24 % with compared to the control variant without addition. The shape of prepared breads was optimal; the bulk productivity increased in direct proportion to the addition of individual oils. The addition of vegetable oils had a beneficial effect on the rheological properties of the dough. The farinograph properties were good, but in the wheat dough with the addition of rapeseed oil, the development time of the dough gradually decreased. After the addition of pumpkin oil, it was determined development time of the dough (the difference between the maximum and minimum) higher by 55 % with compared to the control variant without addition. It was also recorded positive results for the evaluation by the extenzograph properties. By a comprehensive evaluation, it can be stated that the addition of vegetable oils had positive effects on wheat dough and prepared bread.

Phonolite Material as Catalyst Support for the Hydrotreatment of Gas Oil and Vegetable Oil Type Feedstocks.

Phonolite material has shown to be promising catalyst support for the deoxygenation of triglycerides. In this work, we continue with our previous research by synthesising and testing three acid-treated phonolite-supported Co-Mo, Ni-Mo and Ni-W catalysts for the hydrotreating of atmospheric gas oil and co-processing with rapeseed oil at industrial operating conditions (350–370 °C, WHSV 1–2 h−1, 5.5 MPa) in the continuous regime for more than 270 h. The phonolite-supported catalysts showed hydrotreating activity comparable with commercial catalysts, together with a complete conversion of triglycerides into n-alkanes. During co-processing, the Ni-promoted catalyst showed strong stability, with similar activity previous to the rapeseed oil addition. Our results enable us to evaluate the suitability of phonolite as catalyst support for the development of plausible alternatives to conventional hydrotreating catalysts for the co-processing of middle distillates with vegetable oils.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МАСЛА СЕМЯН СУРЕПИЦЫ В КОМБИКОРМАХ ДЛЯ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ НА СОСТАВ ЛИПИДОВ ТУШКИ И ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЖАРЕНОГО МЯСА

In studies on 4 groups of broiler chickens of the “Smena 9” cross aged from 1 to 35 days at the cage raising,the possibility of using oil obtained from the rape variety “Nadezhda” instead of sunflower oil in mixed fodders was studied. It has been noticed that the inclusion of rapeseed oil in the feed in the amount of 1.5 and 3.0% replacing sunflower oil made it possible to increase the live weight of broilers by 5.27 and 6.19%, also it reduces feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain by 1.99 and 3.05% and ensures 100% bird safety. In the experimental groups of broilers that received feed with the addition of rapeseed oil, the amount of linoleic acid in muscle lipids and internal fat decreased statistically significantly by 6.16–20.67% and 6.16–23.64%, respectively. At the same time, the level of oleic acid increased statistically significantly by 6.33–20.24% and 6.12–21.79%. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle homogenate was in the range (6.89:1)–(7.25:1), and in the internal fat — (6.86:1)–(8.13:1). The smallest ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle homogenate and in the internal fat of broilers was noted in the experimental group, the chickens of which received only rapeseed oil in the feed.

Controllable synthesis of 0D, 1D, and 2D nano lanthanum borates and their dispersion stabilities and tribological properties in rapeseed oil

0D, 1 D and 2 D nano lanthanum borates were prepared by changing the reaction conditions of the hydrothermal method. The effect of reaction time, pH value, temperature, and reactant molar ratio on the shapes and sizes were investigated. The as-obtained nano lanthanum borates were demonstrated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FT-IR and water contact angle test. The dispersion stability was then evaluated by a spectrophotometry. Moreover, the tribological properties of the prepared 0 D, 1 D and 2 D nano lanthanum borates as lubricating additives in rapeseed oil were investigated on a four-ball tribo-tester. Furthermore, the contact model and underlying lubricating mechanisms were proposed based on the results of surface analysis. The results indicated that nano lanthanum borates with different shapes and sizes could be obtained by regulating the reaction conditions of a hydrothermal method. Ethanol rapid evaporation ultrasonic dispersion method and stearic acid surface modification could improve the dispersion stability of nano lanthanum borates in rapeseed oil. In addition, the as-obtained 0 D, 1 D and 2 D nano lanthanum borates could significantly facilitate the anti-wear and friction-reducing properties of rapeseed oil, especially for 2 D nanoflakes. The enhanced lubricating performance of 2 D lanthanum borate nanoflakes might be attributed to the combined action of relatively lower loads under planar contact forms, thicker and stronger adsorption film generated by plate-like additives, and the enhanced activity of boron atoms and the increased boron-permeation amount on the friction surface to form tribochemical films containing Fe2O3, B2O3 and La2O3.

The blend fuel composition optimization to apply in tractor diesel engines

Introduction (problem statement and relevance).Today, vegetable oils, in particular, rapeseed oil (RO) are widely used types of fuels for diesel engines. The main physicochemical properties of RO are somewhat similar to diesel fuel (DF). However, one can highlight a large fraction of the oxygen content in it, which affects the fuel combustion intensity in diesel cylinders. In this regard, the addition of rapeseed oil is very important to optimize the composition of mixed fuel (MF) for its use in diesel engines. The purpose of the studywas optimizing the MF composition and obtaining experimental data of diesel engine effective performance by means of regression analysis.Methodology and research methods.To optimize the MF composition studies were carried out to determine the relative fractions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in RO and MF, as well as bench tests of diesel fuel and MF with various RO additives operation, followed by the regression analysis of effective indicators.Scientifi c novelty and results.The effective performance dependences of the diesel engine on the RO content in the MF have been determined. Basing on the obtained load characteristics of the diesel engine, it was concluded that an increase in the average effective pressure from 0.2 to 1.2 MPa, as well as in the share of RO in MF from 0 to 80%, would lead to an increase in the effective specifi c fuel consumption to 383–506 g/kW·h and the decrease in effective effi ciency by 14–28%. On the basis of the regression analysis the maximum values of the optimality criterion indicators D-optimum = 0.98–1.0 with the addition of RO to MF from 45 to 50% were determined.Practical signifi cance. The value of the maximum permissible composition of MF, consisting of 50–55% of diesel fuel and 45–50% of RO and ensuring maximum compliance with the specifi ed conditions of optimality on the diesel engine under consideration has been obtained.

Effect Of Rapeseed Oil and Mineral Additive in Pig Diet on Physicochemical and Sensory Parameters of Cured Ham

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of modifications of pig-feeding by additions of rapeseed oil and the humus-containing mineral additive Humokarbowit® on selected quality parameters of cured ham. Pig hybrids (Polish Landrace × Large White Breed) × Piétrain) were used in the feeding experiments. Humokarbowit® was added up to 4%. Rapeseed oil was added at the dosage of 10 g·kg−1 of complete diet. The physicochemical, technological and sensory qualities of prepared hams were evaluated. Supplementation of pig diet with rapeseed oil and humus-containing mineral additive did not change the technical parameters of the final product, namely, the yield of the production process and weight losses. Cured hams manufactured meat from pigs fed the supplemented diet were brighter and less yellow than cured hams of pigs fed a normal diet. The applied feed modification contributed also to better storage stability of the meat product color. The control and experimental products did not show significant differences in sensory value. Supplementation of pig diets with rapeseed oil and Humokarbowit® increased content of polyenoic—especially n-3-free—fatty acids, comparing to control group, as well as ratio between n-6 and n-3 FFA. Used additives were effective as feed component in prevention of changes in the fatty acids content of cured hams during storage. In summary, the addition of rapeseed oil and humus-containing preparation to pig diets had a positive effect on raw meat quality and may have a beneficial effects on human health by increased polyenoic fatty acids content.

Rapeseed and linseed oil supplementation affects hydrolytic activities in the rumen of sheep

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two sources of dietary oils: rapeseed oil (abundant source of oleic acid) and linseed oil (abundant source of linolenic acid) on the activity of polysaccharidases in sheep rumen. The experiment was carried out on six rumen-fistulated sheep. The animals were divided into three sup-groups of two sheep. Each sup-groups received different sequence of three treatments (control, rapeseed or linseed oils), which resulted in three periods of study. Sheep were fed a diet consisting of meadow hay and moderate amount of concentrates content without or with the addition of rapeseed or linseed oils (50 g/day). The dose of added oils allowed to increase fat content in dietary dry matter from 2 to 7%. After the adaptation period (21 days), rumen digesta was collected for 2 consecutive days before and 2, 4 and 8 h after morning feeding to analyze enzymatic activity. Celulolytic activity decreased 2 and 4 h after feeding when sheep were fed diets with rapeseed or linseed oils in comparison to the control diet. Before feeding, pectinolytic activity was lower in sheep fed oils than in control, but this activity 8 h after feeding was the lowest in animals receiving rapeseed oil. Neither of oil supplements influenced xynalolytic, inulinolytic and amylolytic activity in the rumen of sheep. Irrespective of treatment, xylanolytic activity was the lowest 2 and 4 h after feeding, and the highest at sampling at 0 h. No treatment × time interaction for inulinolytic activity was shown. Comparing sampling time points regardless examined treatment, the amylolytic activity was significantly higher after 2 h after feeding than 0 and 4 h after feeding.Our data suggested that rapeseed or linseed oil administration to sheep rations modified polysaccharidase activities in the rumen. Both oils, rapeseed and linseed, decreased celulolytic activity in sheep rumen. The addition of rapeseed oil to the diets resulted in decreased pectinolytic activity in the rumen.

The study of the performance of a diesel nozzle on mixed fuels with insufficient low-temperature properties

Today, the properties of rapeseed oil, affecting the fuel supply processes in a tractor diesel, are density, kinematic and dynamic viscosity, as well as surface tension. The purpose of this research is to expand the limits of the fuel base of tractor diesel engines by using mixed fuels with insufficient low-temperature properties. In this regard, the determination of the optimal composition of mixed fuel for the operation of the fuel supply equipment of tractor diesels is a very urgent task. To solve this problem, theoretical studies were conducted to determine the effect of rapeseed oil additives on the properties of mixed fuels, as well as testing a diesel fuel injector. As a result of the studies, the dependences of the viscosity of the mixed fuel, the pressure of injection beginning, the tightness of the locking cone, and the hydro-density of the spray nozzle on the addition of rapeseed oil with an additive were determined. Based on theoretical calculations, the value of the viscosity of mixed fuel that meets the requirements of the manufacturer's specifications for fuel injectors is obtained. An analysis of the experimental dependences showed that with an increase in the proportion of rapeseed oil in mixed fuel from 0 to 100 %, there increased: the pressure at the beginning of injection from 20,88 to 21,08 MPa, the time until a drop of fuel comes off from the nozzle of the spray from 18 to 104 s, and pressure reduction time decreased from 5,2 to 11,3 s. Tests shown that for all mixed fuel compositions, the injection start pressure, tightness on the locking cone, spray water density and spray needle mobility meet the requirements of GOST 10579-2017, however, the spray quality corresponds to mixed fuel compositions with rapeseed oil up to 60 %. Thus, the use of the proposed fuel compositions will improve the low-temperature properties of mixed fuels with additives of rapeseed oil, and thus expand the fuel base of tractor diesels.

140 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Effects of different sources of fat in the diet of pigs on the liver transcriptome estimated by 3`RNA-sequencing

Abstract The effect of different fats [rapeseed oil (group I n = 6), beef tallow (group II n = 6), coconut oil (group III n = 5)] in the diet of pigs on the liver transcriptomic profile was analyzed using the 3`quant mRNA-sequencing method (Lexogen, Vienna, Austria). In this method the quantification of gene expression is based only on the 3 ‘UTR fragment of genes in contrast to traditional RNA-seq in which the analysis is based on the entire length of the transcripts. Thus, this method is much cheaper and some sources claim that it is also more sensitive. Using this method, we detected approximately 1000 Differentially Expressed genes (DEGs) between samples from the liver of individuals fed with the addition of rapeseed oil when compared to samples from animals receiving beef tallow in the diet (base mean >10, fold change >1.5, p-adjusted< 0.05). More than 700 DEGs and about 100 DEGs were identified in group I vs group III and group II vs group III comparisons respectively. Functional analysis with STRING software revealed 287, and 233 significant Biological Processes in group I vs group II and group I vs group III comparisons respectively. Among genes with altered expression, there were many genes playing a key role in signalling pathways, autophagy, mitophagy, complement and coagulation cascade, cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress, RNA and protein processing. Significant part of these genes were strongly associated with human diseases: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), cancer, Parkinson`s disease, Alzheimer`s disease and cardiovascular diseases. There were many overlapping genes and biological processes in results of comparisons of rapeseed oil group with beef tallow and coconut oil groups, however pathways connected to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases were only observed in group I vs group II comparisons. These results are preliminary and will be validated by qPCR. Table 1. Top 20 DEGs identified in three comparisons.

Detection of Peanut Oil Adulteration Mixed with Rapeseed Oil Using Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry

In this study, the feasibility of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS) systems for detecting peanut oil (PO) adulterated with rapeseed oil (RO) in different ratios was evaluated. In the GC analysis, the oils were categorized on the basis of fatty acid compositions. In the GC–IMS analysis, the oils were distinguished on the basis of volatile fractions. To demonstrate the high quality of the GC–IMS results, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted. The results showed that fatty acid profiles in PO exhibited higher amounts of palmitic acid (10.70 ± 0.18%), linoleic acid (32.87 ± 0.52%), and arachidic acid (2.30 ± 0.05%). RO had higher levels of linolenic acid (7.49 ± 0.36%) and erucic acid (8.02 ± 0.39%), which were not detected in PO. The linear regression analysis showed that the change in C18:2, C18:3, C20:1, and C22:1 content was highly correlated with the adulteration proportion of RO. However, only significant differences were visible in C18:3 and C20:1 when the adulteration proportion was a minimum of 5%. Satisfactory results of adulteration determination were obtained using the GC–IMS combined with the PCA and CA. Each oil type had unique characteristic compounds, and signals of some volatile compounds changed with the increase in the adulteration proportion especially at run times ranging from 100 to 300 s. For example, the intensity of peak signals of 89–92 increased with the addition of RO while peak intensity of 104 to 107 weakened. These individual signals revealed the volatile compounds responsible for the differences between PO and RO and could help to screen PO adulterated with RO. The established PCA scatter plots and CA could correctly differentiate authentic PO from adulterated samples with at least 1% of RO. Consequently, the GC–IMS shows higher efficiency and feasibility compared with the GC and may serve as a basis for the detection of adulteration of various substances.

Effects of supplementation with different rapeseed oil sources and levels on production performance, egg quality, and serum parameters in laying hens

ABSTRACTThis study was to determine the effects of rapeseed oil on production performance, egg quality, and serum parameters in laying hens. A total of 1,080 hens (33-wk-old) were randomly divided into a 1 plus 4 × 2 factorial design including four different rapeseed oil sources [high erucic acid of Mianyang city (MH); high erucic acid of Deyang city (DH); low erucic acid of Mianyang (ML); low erucic acid of Deyang (DL)] at two levels (2% and 4%) for 12 wk. The egg production and egg weight were decreased (P < 0.05) during 9 to 12 wk and 1 to 12 wk, while the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio were decreased (P < 0.01) in all phases compared to the control group. Adding ML as oil source had higher (P < 0.05) egg weight compared to DH in all periods in spite of levels. Meanwhile, layers fed 4% rapeseed oil decreased (P < 0.01) egg production compared with 2% in all phases except 1 to 4 wk. Regardless of rapeseed oil sources, hens fed 4% oil decreased (P < 0.05) egg weight in contrast to 2% during the whole experiment except 5 to 8 wk. The ADFI was lower (P < 0.01) in 4% oil inclusion groups compared with 2% during overall phase. Rapeseed oil decreased the yolk color (P < 0.01) and yolk ratio (P = 0.02) and increased (P < 0.01) the albumen height and Haugh unit at 12 wk. Dietary rapeseed oil supplementation resulted in a decreased total triglyceride (TG; P < 0.01) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.02). Regardless of rapeseed oil levels, layers fed MH had higher TG (P < 0.01), TC (P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), alanine transaminase (P < 0.01) than those fed other sources. Taken together, the addition of rapeseed oil decreased laying performance, reduced TC and TG in the serum, and increased Haugh unit, with low erucic acid or 2% group showed more pronounced results among all treatments.

Comparison of parameters and composition of exhaust fumes of engine fuelled by rapeseed oil and its mixtures with diesel and gasoline

The paper presents results of testing of fuelling a Farymann 18W engine by diesel oil (ON), rapeseed oil (ORZ) and their mixtures (30%ON + 70%ORZ, 50%ON + 50%ORZ, 85%ORZ + 15%BEN). The tests were carried out in conditions determined for specific speeds of the crankshaft (2000 and 2500 min−1). To allow an ecological review of the engine a presentation was made of test results pertaining to emission of toxic exhaust gas components (THC, CO, NOx), greenhouse gases (CO2), and a comparison was performed of values of unit fuel consumption and exhaust gas smoking. The studies indicate that the use of rapeseed oil causes the increase of exhaust gas smoking and increased fuel consumption. The addition of rapeseed oil or kerosene to diesel oil leads to increasing the emission of THC, CO, CO2 and a decrease of the NOx emission.

Analysis of triglycerides in butter, plant oils, and adulterated butter with LPGC-MS

This work is focused on the detection of butter adulteration by sunflower and rapeseed oils using low pressure gas chromatography mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS). The method is based on simple dissolution of triglycerides from butter samples in chloroform and their direct analysis with LPGC-MS. The method allows the detection of characteristic triglycerides as butter adulteration markers and their quantification in different samples, with the possibility to quantify plant oil addition to butter at 0.45% level (using m/z = 600.4 for rapeseed oil) and 0.15% for sunflower oil (using m/z = 598.4). Ten different commercial butters were tested for the presence of sunflower and rapeseed oil. Interestingly, the addition of rapeseed oil up to 1.2% was recorded in one butter brand.

Detection of Refined Sunflower and Rapeseed Oil Addition in Cold Pressed Rapeseed Oil Using Mid Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

In this study, a new screening technique for the detection of two types of oil adulterants in cold pressed rapeseed oil is investigated. The calibration models built with four different multivariate classifiers (SIMCA, PLS‐DA, LDA‐KNN, and LDA‐SVM) are based on spectral fingerprints from either FT‐IR and Raman instruments from authentic pure oils and in‐house admixtures of the oils involved. When refined sunflower oil is the adulterant, both FT‐IR and Raman produce effective models with high sensitivity of 86% and 93% respectively. When refined rapeseed oil is the adulterant the sensitivity decreases. This is explained by the chemical differences of the two adulterants. PLS‐R quantification analysis estimates minimum detection levels of 15% (Raman) and 9% (FT‐IR) when refined sunflower oil is the adulterant, and 22% (Raman) and 64% (FT‐IR) when refined rapeseed oil is the adulterant. This initial study shows the potential of Raman spectroscopy to be utilized for the screening of cold pressed rapeseed oil authenticity.Practical Applications: It has been well documented in the past that high‐value edible oils can be easily adulterated with lower cost oils for economic gain. Although the cold pressed rapeseed oil industry has not experienced such fraud, it would be prudent to have analytical techniques available to authenticate genuine oils quickly. This would further strengthen cold pressed rapeseed oil's reputation as a product free from substitutional fraud. These calibration models can tool the industry and regulatory bodies with a screening method to detect authenticity in realistic levels.A feasibility study regarding cold pressed rapeseed oil adulteration is investigated. Cold pressed rapeseed oil is adulterated with either refined rapeseed oil or refined sunflower oil and spectra is acquired using either Raman or FT‐IR spectroscopy. A library of spectra is gathered which includes pure cold pressed rapeseed oil and cold pressed rapeseed oil admixtures of varying concentrations. Chemometric analysis is carried out on the dataset with both classification and quantification techniques. The optimum instrument‐chemometric pairings for cold pressed rapeseed oil authentication are discussed.

Supplementation of rapeseed and linseed oils to sheep rations: effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics and protozoal populations

The study was performed on six sheep fitted with a cannula in the rumen and re-entrant cannula in the duodenum; divided into three groups, two sheep in each. The animals were fed meadow hay and the concentrate alone or the same diet supplemented with rapeseed or linseed oils at a dose of 5% of the basal diet. Ruminal degradation of protein and acid detergent fibre were lower when sheep were fed rapeseed compared to linseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The addition of oils to diets caused increased ruminal degradation of fat (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The density of protozoa in the rumen at 2 or 4 h after feeding was lower than before feeding in each experimental group. The inclusion of rapeseed oil in the diet decreased the total number of ciliates and Entodinium spp. compared with control and animals fed linseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Before feeding, the concentration of Diplodinium and Ophryoscolex spp. were lower in sheep fed rapeseed oil compared to control (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and the number of Dasytricha species decreased 2 h after feeding linseed oil compared to animals fed rapeseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Each of the oil supplements decreased the bacterial mass in the rumen compared with control (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The addition of rapeseed oil to the diet decreased total volatile fatty acid and acetate concentrations in the rumen in comparison to control and sheep receiving linseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.01). In both diets, the estimated emission of methane and carbon dioxide (P &amp;lt; 0.01) increased 2 and 4 h after feeding compared to that at 0 h. The oleic acid more strongly reduced protozoa and digestive processes in the rumen than linolenic acid. Nevertheless, the quantity of oils added was still too low to induce detectable changes in methane formation in the rumen.

Effects of operative conditions on products obtained of starch-oil mixtures by single-screw extrusion.

d. The aim of the study was to evaluate the fat binding and physicochemical properties of the products under conditions of potato starch extrusion containing rapeseed or linseed oil and rapeseed oil with glycerol. The study dealt with the extrudates of potato starch produced with the addition of rape seed or linseed oil and rapeseed oil and glycerol at 22% humidity. The extrudates were obtained at two screw speeds: 80 rpm and 100 rpm. Extrudates containing rapeseed oil and glycerol (R6G) were obtained at a temperature distribution of 115/130/150&deg;C, while those with the participation of rapeseed oil and linseed oil were obtained at 120/135/128&deg;C. Water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), specific surface area (SBET) and quantity of fat permanently bound were determined for the products obtained. When oils were added, the solubility of extrudates decreased as compared to the control samples (starch without oil; S). Rapeseed oil added to the starch mixture at the levels of 3 g and 6 g in had no sig- nificant effect on the solubility of the product and amounted to: 80.3&ndash;82.6% and 78&ndash;79.6%. The largest decrease in solubility (WSI, 55.4&ndash;57.1%) was demonstrated for samples with 6% addition of rapeseed oil and 10 g glycerol. For these samples (R6G), a significant increase in the index WAI (376&ndash;397%) was recorded. Extrudates obtained with the addition of 3 g of rapeseed oil absorbed slightly more water than those with 6 g of oil added. The specific surface area (SBET 230&ndash;256 m2/g) determined from the water vapor adsorption isotherm indicates no statistically significant difference at &alpha; = 0.05 for products with rapeseed oil, linseed oil, and controls. A significant increase in the specific surface area (SBET 284&ndash;347 m2/g) was observed for samples with 6g rapeseed oil and 10 g glycerol added. For samples with 3 g of rapeseed oil, the amount of bound fat was 1.9&ndash;2.1 g/100 g of starch and for 6% the starch percentage was 2.96&ndash;3.5 g/100 g. The water solubility of starch extrudates with the addition of oils decreases with an increase&nbsp;&nbsp; in screw speed. Starch extrudates with linseed oil and rapeseed oil plus added glycerol are characterized by an increase in water-absorption capacity with respect to the control extrudates. The products obtained with the addition of rapeseed oil and glycerol exhibit a significant increase in their specific surface area. The quan- tity of fat permanently bound during extrusion depended on: the oil type, its percentage in the mixture and the screw speed. The linseed oil was the least absorbed in the starch structure, but rapeseed oil binding increased with the increase in its level in the mixture.

Synergistic effects between alkylphosphate-ammonium ionic liquid and alkylphenylborate as lubricant additives in rapeseed oil

The tribological properties of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate-di(2-ethylhexyl)ammonium ionic liquid (DOPD) and 2-(4-dodecylphenyl)−6-octadecyl-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborate (DBDB) as lubricant additives in rapeseed oil (RSO) were investigated. The results indicate that DBDB and DOPD have outstanding synergistic effects on extreme pressure, friction-reducing and antiwear properties and the synergistic effects are enhanced with the increase of applied load. SEM-EDS and XPS analysis results reveal that the outstanding synergistic effects between DBDB and DOPD originate from the good collaboration of the triboreaction products generated from DBDB and DOPD to form a stable and compact tribofilm with low shearing strength, which is composed of B2O3, BN, phosphates and/or polyphosphates, organic amine and organic and/or inorganic ammonium, as well as Fe2O3.