Abstract
Phonolite material has shown to be promising catalyst support for the deoxygenation of triglycerides. In this work, we continue with our previous research by synthesising and testing three acid-treated phonolite-supported Co-Mo, Ni-Mo and Ni-W catalysts for the hydrotreating of atmospheric gas oil and co-processing with rapeseed oil at industrial operating conditions (350–370 °C, WHSV 1–2 h−1, 5.5 MPa) in the continuous regime for more than 270 h. The phonolite-supported catalysts showed hydrotreating activity comparable with commercial catalysts, together with a complete conversion of triglycerides into n-alkanes. During co-processing, the Ni-promoted catalyst showed strong stability, with similar activity previous to the rapeseed oil addition. Our results enable us to evaluate the suitability of phonolite as catalyst support for the development of plausible alternatives to conventional hydrotreating catalysts for the co-processing of middle distillates with vegetable oils.
Highlights
Vegetable Oil Type Feedstocks.In December 2019, the European Commission (EC) presented the Green Deal, a challenging commitment to convert the EU into the first climate-neutral continent
The middle distillate used for hydrotreatment and co-processing was commercial atmospheric gas oil (AGO), obtained from the atmospheric distillation of Russian export blend crude oil
These catalytic materials and their main properties were described in detail, including a hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2 -TPR), ammonia and CO2 temperatureprogrammed desorption (NH3 /CO2 -TPD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses
Summary
Vegetable Oil Type Feedstocks.In December 2019, the European Commission (EC) presented the Green Deal, a challenging commitment to convert the EU into the first climate-neutral continent. Deal focused on several key principles related to the energy issues: Ensure a secure and affordable energy supply for the EU and prioritise energy efficiency, developing a power sector based on renewable sources In this context, the production of biofuels and suitable catalysts play a significant role in achieving the highly demanding targets related to the production of renewable energy. HVO production by co-processing is considered the most attractive option, considering the current refinery infrastructure available [5]. This option produces low-carbon hybrid fuels and allows the gradual decarbonisation of fuels [6,7]. The co-processing has already been pointed to by numerous studies as plausible [8,9], even in the case of waste oils (waste cooking oils or animal fats) [10,11], which is in line with the circular economy action plan (CEAP) of the EU, “Less waste, more value”
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