Electrolyte Additives Research Articles

Synchronously Stabilizing the Interphase of Cathode and Anode Enabling Lithium Metal Batteries via Multiple Electrolyte Additives

As the most promising high energy density technology, lithium metal batteries are associated with serious interfacial challenges because the electrolytes employed are unable to meet the requirements of both electrodes simultaneously, namely, the systems that work for Li metal are highly likely to be unsuitable for the cathode, and vice versa. In this study, we investigate the synergistic effects of lithium bis (oxalate) borate (LiBOB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and adiponitrile (ADN) to develop a formula that is compatible with both elements in the battery. The solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) multi-layer generated from LiBOB and FEC successfully protects the electrolyte from the lithium and suppresses the decomposition of ADN on lithium, identified by the tiny amounts of isonitriles on the surface of the anode. Simultaneously, most of the ADN molecules remain and protect the cathode particles via the absorption layer of the nitrile groups, in the same way that this process works in commercial lithium-ion batteries. Benefiting from the stable interfacial films formed synchronously on the anode and cathode, the Li/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells with an area capacity of ~3 mAh cm−2 operate stably beyond 250 cycles and target the accumulated capacity to levels as high as ~653.4 mAh cm−2. Our approach demonstrates that electrolyte engineering with known additives is a practical strategy for addressing the challenges of lithium batteries.

An electron-losing regulation strategy for stripping modulation towards a highly reversible Zn anode.

The practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is hindered by their low coulombic efficiency (CE) and unstable cycle life. Numerous electrolyte-additive-related studies have been performed, but most of the focus has been on the Zn plating process. In fact, practical AZIBs undergo stripping in practice rather than plating in the initial cycle, because the commonly used cathodes in the charged state do not have zinc ions, so a uniform stripping process is crucial for the cell performance of AZIBs. Here, we propose an electron-losing regulation strategy for stripping modulation by adding additives. Oxolane (OL) was chosen as the model additive to verify this assumption. It is found that OL adsorbs onto the uneven initial Zn surface and accelerates the dissolution of the Zn tips, thus providing a uniform Zn anode during the stripping process. The oxygen atoms in OL reduce the surface energy of Zn and promote the exposure of the Zn (002) surface during plating. Consequently, cells with the OL electrolyte additive maintained a long lifespan and showed superior reversibility with a high average CE. The findings of this work lead to a deep understanding of the underlying mechanism of Zn anode stripping and provide new guidance for designing electrolyte additives.

Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation of the synergistic mechanism of short-chain fluorocarbon surfactant and electrolyte on inhibiting coal dust pollution

This paper investigated the synergistic mechanism of short-chain fluorocarbon surfactant and electrolyte on inhibiting coal dust pollution via the experimental and molecular dynamics simulations Findings illustrated that the synergistic application of short-chain fluorocarbon and electrolyte achieves better dust suppression performance when compares with the individual application of FS-50 and FS-3100, the maximum suppression rates for FS-50 and FS-3100 after the addition of electrolytes are 94.48 % and 93.94 %, respectively. The addition of electrolyte reduces the diffusion coefficient of suppressants, and its effect on FS-3100 is much higher than on FS-50. The maximum particle size achieved by FS-50 reaches 304–344 μm, while only 238–269 μm and 269–306 μm are acquired by FS-3100. The smaller negative potential and the larger difference in EPE indicate that the addition of NaCl promotes the adsorption of H2O molecules by surfactants. Compared to FS-3100, FS-50 has a lower negative potential and a larger EPE difference, suggesting that FS-50 exhibits stronger reactivity and better ability of absorb ion hydrates and H2O molecules, and hence has superior agglomeration effect. The addition of NaCl also promotes the generation of more sodium hydrate ions and hydrated chloride ions, which enhances the ability of FS-3100 to absorb H2O. Compares with FS-50, due to special curved spatial configuration and the synergistic effect with electrolytes, FS-3100 could restrict the desorption of large numbers of H2O molecules more effectively, and therefore exhibiting better wettability.

Engineering the structure-directed functional properties of brominated organic additives for high-performance Li-CO2 batteries

In recent years, functional brominated organic additives in electrolytes have been widely studied during the CO2ER (CO2 evolution reaction) and CO2RR (CO2 reduction reaction) processes for Li-CO2 batteries. Due to their different structures, the functions of these additives are always unpredictable, multiple and limited. There seems to be a lot of materials to choose from for an additive, but there is no well-established and effective methodology to guide the selection. Herein, we introduced B3BPE, E4BCT and BPB into electrolytes for Li-CO2 batteries and focused on the structure-directed engineering of additives, including the position of halide substituent groups, the chain length of organic materials, their chain-break product as well as their corresponding difference in electrochemical properties, as additives for comparison. As a result, B3BPE has the longest chain length and strongest polarity. Experiments coupled with density functional theory simulations indicate that this structure exhibits the stronger interaction with Li2CO3, which benefits the CO2ER process, the charging voltage can be maintained at 3.90 V for 120 cycles even with a Super P cathode. In this work, we provided an electrolyte-selection engineering for brominated organic compounds, further inspiring in-depth understanding for bromide additives in future high-performance Li-CO2 batteries.

Achievement of advanced alkaline Ni-Zn batteries with good durability at a high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2 via the synergistic regulation of dual electrolyte additives

Though obvious advantages in terms of safety, cost, environmental compatibility and electrochemical performance (e.g, power and energy density), the commercial application of alkaline Ni-Zn batteries, a number of traditional aqueous batteries, is still under great restrictions owing to the poor durability (commonly less than 100 cycles). In this work, an effective electrolyte modification process using dual additives of hydroxy-rich carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) that can inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and suppress Zn dendrites, and benzyltrimethylammonium bromide (BTMAB) that can mitigate passivation and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is developed. Meanwhile, our home made C coated ZnO (ZnO@C) microspheres were used as initial anode materials without the using of any other expensive composites. With a fixed areal charge capacity of 10 mAh cm−2, the flat type full cell matched with commercial Ni(OH)2 cathode can deliver a high average discharge capacity of ∼9.6 mAh cm−2 (corresponding to an average CE of 96 %) for a long lifespan of over 390 cycles, which drops to 8.2 mAh cm−2 at 400th cycle accompanied by the appearance of a peak in the charge curve. The cumulative discharge capacity of a full cell can reach ∼4,000 mAh cm−2 in 420 cycles’ cycling, much larger than that using commercial Zn/ZnO anode and the ZnO@C anode in unmodified or single additive modified electrolyte (less than 1,500 mAh cm−2).

Influence of Sodium Ions and Carbon Black on the Formation and Structural Color of Photonic Balls by Silica Particles.

In this study, photonic balls─spherical aggregates of submicrometer-sized silica particles with uniform particle size─were investigated as structural colored materials. The structural color of these photonic balls is influenced by the ordered arrangement of the silica particles. The research focused on how the addition of electrolytes, specifically NaCl, affects the formation of photonic balls to achieve the desired structural color. Without NaCl, the photonic balls formed onion-shaped colloidal crystals. At NaCl concentrations above 0.006 mol/L, the particles aggregated into short-range ordered structures. When the concentration exceeded 0.05 mol/L, the aggregates lost their spherical shape. The study also explored the addition of carbon black (CB), a water-dispersible material due to its surface charge. The findings revealed that NaCl induced the phase separation between the charged silica particles and CB, resulting in Janus-shaped photonic balls─one side exhibiting structural color and the other side appearing black due to the presence of CB. Changing the silica particle size altered the hues of these Janus-shaped photonic balls, though they appeared uniformly colored to the naked eye. While this study did not specifically examine the applications of Janus-shaped photonic balls composed of silica particles and CB, CB is known for its ability to absorb near-infrared radiation and convert it into heat as well as its conductive properties. Silica, on the other hand, has a low thermal conductivity and acts as an electrical insulator. The structurally colored Janus-shaped photonic balls created in this study may serve as pigments in applications requiring anisotropic heat generation and electrical conduction. Additionally, the study's findings suggest the potential for creating various types of Janus-shaped photonic balls from materials with differing densities.

Fluorine-Rich Electrolyte Additive for Achieving Dendrite-Free Lithium Anodes at Low Temperatures.

The practical application of lithium metal anodes is significantly impeded by poor interfacial stability and uncontrolled dendrite growth. Herein, we introduce methyl trifluoroacetate (MTFA), a low-melting-point small molecule, as an electrolyte additive in an ether-based electrolyte. This additive facilitates the formation of an in situ composite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that is rich in LiF and features an ester-based flexible matrix. The resulting composite layer exhibits high ionic conductivity and mechanical stability, effectively regulating the lithium deposition behavior over a broad temperature range and inhibiting dendrite formation. Based on MTFA, the Li||Li symmetrical cell achieves a lifespan exceeding 5000 h at room temperature and 800 h at -20 °C, both with ultralow overpotential and exceptional cycling stability. In Li||LiFePO4 full cells with a high-area loading (10.52 mg cm-2) and an N/P ratio of 1.68, an average capacity decay of merely 0.096% per cycle is observed over 200 cycles. Even at -20 °C, the Li||LiFePO4 cell shows a CE of over 99% and maintains stable cycling performance. This work provides an innovative approach for optimizing lithium metal anode interfaces and enhancing low-temperature operation capabilities through the use of electrolyte additives.

Protocol for Quantifying All Electrolyte Compositions in Aged Lithium‐ion Batteries

AbstractThe aging of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) typically accompanies the degradation of electrolyte, but the relationship between them remains unclear. Therefore, quantifying residual electrolyte in batteries at different states of health (SOH) is a crucial issue. Here, we have developed a comprehensive characterization method to quantitatively analyze the electrolyte salts, solvents, and additives in commercial pouch cell, achieving quantification of all electrolyte compositions with high accuracy. Compared to the reported external standard method used in gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), we developed an internal standard method, which offers higher accuracy and reliability, with the maximum error decreased from 9.54 % to 3.48 %. Moreover, the quantitative accuracy of the calibration curves remains unchanged after 2 months. Multi‐instruments analysis is also utilized for the extraction and quantitative analysis of electrolyte in practical battery systems, achieving less than 5 % quantification error for all compositions. With our proposed method, it becomes possible to determine the absolute amounts of all electrolyte compositions, rather than obtaining limited information such as concentration or relative content. It is believed that this protocol of quantifying electrolyte compositions in commercial cells could serve as a baseline for further studies to reveal the relationship between electrolyte degradation and battery aging.

Voltammetric and flow amperometric determination of drug guaifenesin in pharmaceutical and biological samples using screen-printed sensor with boron doped diamond electrode

New voltammetric and flow amperometric methods for the determination of guaifenesin (GFE) using a perspective screen-printed sensor (SPE) with boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) were developed. The electrochemical oxidation of GFE was studied on the surface of the oxygen-terminated BDDE of the sensor. The GFE provided two irreversible anodic signals at a potential of 1.0 and 1.1 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl sat.) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2), which was chosen as the supporting electrolyte for all measurements. First, a voltammetric method based on differential pulse voltammetry was developed and a low detection limit (LOD = 41 nmol L−1), a wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 0.1–155 μmol L−1), and a good recovery in the analysis of model and pharmaceutical samples (RSD <3.0 %) were obtained. In addition, this sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and reproducibility in the analysis of biological samples (RSD <3.2 %), where the analysis took place in a drop of serum (50 μL) without pretreatment and additional electrolyte. Subsequently, SP/BDDE was incorporated into a flow-through 3D printed electrochemical cell and a flow injection analysis method with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED) was developed, resulting in excellent analytical parameters (LOD = 86 nmol L−1, LDR = 0.1–50 μmol L−1). Moreover, the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of GFE was proposed based on calculations of HOMO spatial distribution and spectroelectrochemical measurements focused on IR identification of intermediates and products.

GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES ELABORATED BY UV-IRRADIATION FOR THE ECO-DESIGN OF LI-ION BATTERIES

This study examines the chemical, thermal, and dielectric properties of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, average Mn=700 g/mol). GPEs were synthesized via a single-step UV-irradiation process, whereby PEGDA was mixed with varying concentrations of a commercial liquid electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC 50/50 v/v) ranging from 0 to 60 wt%. The results of the infrared analysis indicated that the liquid electrolyte was successfully immobilized within the polymeric matrix. The thermally stable nature of the synthesized GPEs was confirmed across a wide temperature range (-40 to 90°C) through thermal analysis. Furthermore, dielectric measurements were conducted in a frequency range of 0.1 to 106 Hz, with a sinusoidal AC amplitude of 10 mV, from 20 to 100°C. The results demonstrated that the ionic conductivity of GPEs increased with the addition of liquid electrolyte. The GPEs prepared with 60 wt% liquid electrolyte exhibited a conductivity value of approximately 6.6x10-3 S/m at 30°C, which is consistent with the conductivity range reported in the literature.

Understanding the Effect of Lithium Nitrate as Additive in Carbonate-Based Electrolytes for Silicon Anodes

Due to its high specific capacity, silicon is one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, its large volumetric changes upon (de)lithiation of ∼300% lead to a rupture/re-formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) upon cycling, resulting in continuous electrolyte consumption and irreversible loss of lithium. Therefore, it is crucial to use electrolyte systems that form a more stable SEI that can withstand large volume changes. Here, we investigate lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and lithium nitrite (LiNO2) as electrolyte additives. Linear scan voltammetry on carbon black working electrodes in a half-cell configuration with LiNO3-containing 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC (1/2 v/v) revealed a two-step reduction mechanism, whereby the first reduction peak could be attributed to the conversion of LiNO3 to LiNO2, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on harvested electrodes suggests the formation of Li3N during the second reduction peak. On-line electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) on carbon black electrodes showed that N2O gas is evolved upon the reduction of LiNO3- and LiNO2-containing electrolytes but that the gassing associated with EC reduction is significantly reduced. Furthermore, OEMS and voltammetry were used to examine the redox chemistry of LiNO2 additive. Finally, LiNO3 and LiNO2 additives significantly improved the cycle-life of Si||NCM622 full-cells.

Critical Effects of Insoluble Additives in Liquid Electrolytes for Metal Batteries.

Rechargeable metal batteries have received widespread attention due to their high energy density by using pure metal as the anode. However, there are still many fundamental problems that need to be solved before approaching practical applications. The critical ones are low charge/discharge current due to slow ion transport, short cycle lifetime due to poor anode/cathode stability, and unsatisfied battery safety. To tackle these problems, various strategies have been suggested. Among them, electrolyte additive is one of the most widely used strategies. Most of the additives currently studied are soluble, but their reliability is questionable, and they can easily affect the electrochemical process, causing unwanted battery performance decline. On the contrary, insoluble additives with excellent chemical stability, high mechanical strength, and dimensional tunability have attracted considerable research exploration recently. However, there is no timely review on insoluble additives in metal batteries yet. This review summarizes various functions of insoluble additives: ion transport modulation, metal anode protection, cathode amelioration, as well as battery safety enhancement. Future research directions and challenges for insoluble solid additives are also proposed. It is expected this review will stimulate inspiration and arouse extensive studies on further improvement in the overall performance of metal batteries.

P13-16 Studies on the toxicology of electrolyte additives – mechanisms and changes during cycling

P13-16 Studies on the toxicology of electrolyte additives – mechanisms and changes during cycling

Anti‐freezing electrolyte modification strategies toward low‐temperature aqueous zinc‐ion batteries

AbstractDue to the availability of zinc resources, and reduced security risks, aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are potential contenders for next‐generation energy storage systems. With the multi‐scene application of AZIBs, the temperature adaptation of electrolytes poses a great challenge. However, the aqueous electrolyte is prone to freezing in sub‐zero environments, which leads to undesirable problems such as undesirable ion transfer and poor electrode/electrolyte interface, resulting in a sharp deterioration of the electrochemical properties of AZIBs in cold conditions and limited practical use of AZIBs. Antifreeze electrolyte modification strategies have gained popularity as effective ways to optimise the low‐temperature behaviour of AZIB. The results of recent studies of electrolyte modification strategies are systematically summarised for low‐temperature AZIBs, focusing on the modification methods, principles, and effects achieved. Firstly, the authors describe the mechanism of failure of AZIBs at low temperatures. Subsequently, the modification strategies of antifreeze electrolytes are summarised, including the utilisation of high salt content, the design of organic electrolytes, the adoption of antifreeze electrolyte additives, and the building of hydrogel electrolytes. Finally, the issues faced by electrolytes at low temperatures are further indicated and suggestions are provided for their future development.

Molecule Engineering of Sugar Derivatives as Electrolyte Additives for Deep-Reversible Zn Metal Anode.

The cycling performance of zinc-ion batteries is greatly affected by dendrite formation and side reactions on zinc anode, particularly in scenarios involving high depth of discharge (DOD) and low negative/positive capacity (N/P) ratios in full cells. Herein, drawing upon principles of host-guest interaction chemistry, we investigate the impact of molecular structure of electrolyte additives, specifically the -COOH and -OH groups, on the zinc negative electrode through molecular design. Our findings reveal that molecules containing these groups exhibit strong adsorption onto zinc anode surfaces and chelate with Zn2+, forming a H2O-poor inner Helmholtz plane. This effectively suppresses side reactions and promotes dendrite-free zinc deposition of exposed (002) facets, enhancing stability and reversibility of an average coulombic efficiency of 99.89 % with the introduction of Lactobionic acid (LA) additive. Under harsh conditions of 92 % DOD, Zn//Zn cells exhibit stable cycling at challenging current densities of 15 mA ⋅ cm-2. Even at a low N/P ratio of 1.3, Zn//NH4V4O10 full cells with LA electrolyte exhibit high-capacity retention of 73 % after 300 cycles, significantly surpassing that of the blank electrolyte. Moreover, in a conversion type Zn//Br static battery with a high areal capacity (~5 mAh ⋅ cm-2), LA electrolyte sustains an improved cycling stability of 700 cycles.

Rational intramolecular and interface design of cellulosic paper electrode via PEDOT with AQS as dopant and electrolyte additives

Cellulose fibers(CFs)-based electrode materials are of considerable interest for future wearable electronic devices due to excellent flexibility and strength, and hydrophilicity. The effective introduction of electrode materials into CFs is essential for flexible supercapaciotors(SCs). A tunable electrochemical performance of conductive polymers for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) has been aroused great interests. Herein, we design its electrochemical process via sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate(AQS) as dopant and electrolyte additive to construct active electrode interior and interface. As a result, the PEDOT@CFs electrode exhibits great increase of doping level from 0.16 to 0.29, conductivity from 353.46 to 626.15 S m−1, and specific capacitance from 140.22 to 1211.57 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. Furthermore, the PEDOT:AQS@CFs electrode possess excellent cyclic stability (96.01 %) after 1000 cycles. The work reveals the mechanism of AQS as dopant and electrolyte additive, and provides a new perspective for application of PEDOT in energy storage field.

Solvation structure and electron isolation synergy of piperidine ionic liquid additives inspires high performance lithium metal batteries

The safety concerns associated with lithium metal stand as the foremost barrier preventing widespread application of lithium metal batteries, especially due to lithium dendrite growth and gas evolution from electrolyte decomposition. This study employed N‑butyl‑N-methyl-piperidinium bis(trifluoro-methyl-sulfonyl) imide (PP14TFSI) as an additive in the electrolyte, aimed at improving the safety attributes of lithium metal batteries. The assessment conducted on the protective mechanism of the PP14TFSI additive unveiled its capability to control create robust and rapidly ion-conductive SEI by adjusting the solvation structure. Simultaneously, PP14+ intercepts free electrons, inhibiting the decomposition of DME and subsequent gas generation. Due to the synergistic effects of these two mechanisms, the rate of gas generation was reduced by half. A comprehensive investigation of lithium metal-based cells exhibited promising performance, maintaining stable cycling for 2160 h at 25 °C, 0.5 mA cm−2, displaying consistently high CE > 98.5 % in a Li||Cu cell. Moreover, at 60 °C, 2 mA cm−2, the cells maintaining stability for 240 cycles while still exhibiting relatively high CE > 98.5 %. In addition, at a low N/P ratio of 4:1, the Li-S battery maintains a high capacity of 673.4 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles, while the Li-LFP battery maintains a capacity of 131.16 mA h g−1 and capacity retention of 91.02 % after 300 cycles at 1 C. This research lays groundwork for the exploration of ionic liquids as additives in lithium metal battery electrolytes to further enhance battery safety performance.

Modulating Solvation Shell with Acrylamide Electrolyte Additives for Reversible Zn Anodes.

The reconsideration of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) has been motivated by the attractive zinc metal, which stands out for its high theoretical capacity and cost efficiency. Nonetheless, detrimental side reactions triggered by the remarkable reactivity of H2O molecules and rampant dendrite growth significantly compromise the stability of the zinc metal anode. Herein, a novel approach was proposed by leveraging the unique properties of acrylamide (AM) molecules to increase the driving force for nucleation and parasitic reactions. Combined with experimental data and theoretical simulations, it is demonstrated that the incorporation of AM additive can reconstruct the solvation shell around Zn2+ and reduce the number of active H2O molecules, thereby effectively reducing the H2O molecule decomposition. Consequently, the Zn//Zn symmetric batteries with AM-containing ZnSO4 electrolytes can attain excellent long-term performances over 2000 h at 1 mA cm-2 and nearly 500 h at 10 mA cm-2. The Zn//VO2 full batteries still display improved cycling performances and a high initial discharging capacity of 227 mA h g-1 at 3 A g-1 compared to the ZnSO4 electrolyte. This electrolyte optimization strategy offers new insights for achieving long-term ZIBs and advances the progress of ZIBs in energy storage.

Revealing the interfacial chemistry of silicon anodes with polysiloxane electrolyte additives

Silicon (Si) anodes are promising in lithium-ion batteries owing to their high specific capacity and suitable voltage platform. However, particle volume expansion (>300 %) and the continuous consumption of Li+ to form new interfacial layers result in poor cycle performance. We report a sustainable low-cost Si material derived from photovoltaic cutting waste, showing a high initial Coulombic efficiency (86.9 %). The cycle stability of Si/graphite is enhanced in terms of a 38 % capacity retention increase in the presence of vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (Vi-PDMS) additive. The C = C bond in Vi-PDMS plays a role in reacting with hydrogen fluoride (HF) by-products to prevent the side reaction between HF and solvent. The decomposed macromolecule Si-containing Li salt serves as a part of the solid electrolyte interphase film and has low interface resistance. This formed interphase layer effectively mitigates stress concentration at the contact surface between silicon particles and the current collector caused by expansion forces.

Boosting supercapacitor performance synergistically with Bi2O3/MnO2:rGO nanocomposites and redox additive electrolyte

The contemporary surge in energy demand underscores the imperative for improvements in energy conversion and storage technologies. In response, supercapacitor devices were engineered using nanocomposites (NCs) of Bi2O3/MnO2:rGO (BMR), and their electrochemical performance was systematically documented. The BMR NCs were hydrothermally prepared and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. The working electrode was constructed employing BMR NCs, and tested in a three-electrode setup to explore its electrochemical properties using the aqueous electrolytes consisted of 1 M KOH and 0.1 M K4[Fe(CN)6] added 1 M KOH (referred as Redox additive electrolyte - RAE). BMR NCs loaded working electrode exhibited 1441.1 Fg−1 of specific capacitance at 5 mVs−1 in RAE. Subsequently, asymmetrical supercapacitor devices were assembled, incorporating a cathode comprised of BMR NCs modified Ni foam and rGO-loaded Ni foam as an anode. The supercapacitor performances were evaluated using KOH and RAE in a two-electrode setup. The BMR NCs loaded supercapacitors demonstrated 9.42 Whkg−1 and 2100 Wkg−1, of energy and power densities, respectively, in KOH. Obtained energy and power density values were improved to 16.08 Whkg−1 and 2800 Wkg−1, respectively, by the utilization of RAE. Since the synthesized BMR NCs exhibited superior performances in RAE, the suggested combination of BMR NCs and RAE emerged as a more promising option for energy storage applications in real-time.