Additive Color Research Articles

Farklı şekillerde yapılan kalsiyum uygulamalarının 0900 Ziraat kiraz çeşidinde meyve kalitesine etkileri

This study was carried out to determine the effects of pre-harvest calcium applications on fruit quality and fruit cracking in "0900 Ziraat” cherry variety. For this purpose, “Codiagro Agroplant” containing 35% CaO (Calcium oxide); by foliar spraying; It has been applied to trees in different applications such as dripping from the soil and leaf + dripping from the soil and spraying. In the study, fruit weight (g), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), fruit height (suture) (mm), seed weight (g), amount of water-soluble dry matter (TSS; %), pH and acidity ( %) values, fruit firmness were investigated. In addition, fruit skin and flesh color and fruit stem color values were determined. The highest results were obtained in terms of fruit weight (8,91 g; 8,80 g) in the application made only with leaves and the application made with leaves and soil. Likewise, in the application of calcium made from leaves, the fruit width is 26,73 mm; fruit length was 26,61 mm, fruit height was 24,35 mm and had the highest values. The effect of calcium applications on the TSS %, pH and SSCM of the fruit was found to be statistically insignificant. The hardest fruits were obtained from foliar+soil application (5,15 N). Likewise, the least cracked fruits are in leaf+soil application (cracking index; 7,10). Calcium applications made only from leaves and leaves + soil can be recommended for higher quality fruit in cherries.

Exploring the Phenomenon of the Additive Colour Process While Using a Computer Programme by 7–8-Year-Old Students

The research described in this article concerns the understanding of the additive colour process by children aged seven to eight years (N = 24) and the effectiveness of learning about this phenomenon while using a computer-based multimedia educational programme (MEP). First the children’s knowledge of the phenomenon was tested, then an intervention was organised for the experimental group during which they used the MEP, after which the children’s knowledge was tested again. Based on an analysis of the children’s conversations and their drawings, the way of understanding the phenomenon of additive colour was established. Three children’s conceptions of the understanding of the effect of the additive colour phenomenon are described (e.g., confusion with pigment mixing (RGB = CMY) and the claim that the effect of combining two additive colour creates a third colour (R + G = B)). Children’s behaviour during the use of the educational computer programme was also described and evaluated in terms of how close they were to the teaching strategy developed by the programme’s authors. The partial effectiveness of the MPE for the use of conclusions in a paper-and-pencil test was also investigated.

USE OF RGB AS A QUANTITATIVE METHOD APPLIED TO THE TEACHING OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Background: The use of alternatives for teaching analytical chemistry in undergraduate studies has been a challenge for teachers since most methods require high-cost equipment and functional analytical skills. This work presents the use of RGB, an additive color system n digital media, as a method of quantifying of a given analyte in samples. Aim: To analyze different samples containing different concentrations of coffee, comparing them using two techniques: 1) spectrophotometry and 2) RGB, and then perform the calculations for the determination of an unknown concentration. Methods: Eight samples were prepared, six with defined concentrations of coffee, one in white, and one without a defined concentration. Method 1 used the spectrophotometer to read the absorbance at 420 nm wavelength for melanoidin reading, in method 2 the RGB was used, positioning buckets in front of a digital screen emitting light at the corresponding wavelength. Microsoft Powerpoint was used to collect RGB and Microsoft Excel data for data processing. Results: The data obtained through the analytical equipment, as well as those obtained via RGB, were able to estimate the unknown concentration of coffee, both techniques estimated a concentration between 3 and 4%, both with the equation of the line and r² capable of estimating values corresponding to the concentrations of the samples. Discussion: The RGB technique has been studied in recent decades, mainly for colorimetric analyses, since it makes the study or laboratory experiments available in an accessible way. Bringing the student closer to the spectrophotometric technique, promoting scientific development, and elaborating the hypothesis about using technology as an analysis tool. Conclusions: Experimental practices promote the development of research, which guide both teachers and students in the use of new technologies and in the development of new activities aimed at teaching, this work in question opens a range for the use of tools and methods of easy access and low cost.

Colour vision: From sensation to science (in Norwegian)

Throughout history there have been different approaches to pursuing a better understanding of colour and colour vision, depending on the phenomena one wanted to explain. For instance, although seemingly irreconcilable, the opponent-colour theory of Hering (with its yellow-blue and red-green chromatic pairs) and the three-colour theory of Young-Helmholtz (with red, green, and violet as mixture primaries) did in fact illuminate different aspects of colour vision. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz set out to explain the qualities of colours, but with the help of James C. Maxwell this theory eventually became a three-receptor theory describing additive colour mixtures and colour matches. The three-receptor theory is the foundation of trichromatic colour measurements and a thriving colour technology. Ewald Hering, who also had colour perception as his main concern, appears to have recognized the distinction between receptor excitations and perception. He postulated opponent physiological processes as basis for the two pairs of chromatic colours. Today these theories are combined in an attempt to understand how colour is processed in the higher brain centres.

Multicolor Licklider Transmission Protocol: An LTP Version for Future Interplanetary Links

The Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP) is the “convergence layer” of choice in Interplanetary networks based on Delay-/Disruption-Tolerant architecture. It was designed for long-delay scheduled-intermittent links, offering either a reliable or an unreliable service, with “red” and “green” parts, respectively. The aim of this article is to present multicolor LTP, an LTP version consisting in a series of enhancements of which the most significant are the use of monochrome sessions, the introduction of an additional orange color offering a “notified” service, and the definition of default link colors. After a thorough examination of basic LTP mechanisms for all color variants, this article discusses two scenarios where orange seems particularly appealing: video streaming and optical interplanetary links. Numerical results offer further insight into the complex LTP mechanisms and also highlight the difference between LTP retransmissions and bundle protocol retransmissions, the latter benefitting from routing reprocessing. Multicolor LTP has already been implemented as an interplanetary overlay network (ION) plug-in and its enhancements have been proposed to Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems Space Internetworking Services Delay-/Disruption-Tolerant Networking working group for a possible inclusion in the next version of LTP specifications (LTPv2).

Trace visualization within the Software City metaphor: Controlled experiments on program comprehension

Especially with the rise of microservice architectures, software is hard to understand when just the static dependencies are known. The actual call paths and the dynamic behavior of the application are hidden behind network communication. To comprehend what is going on in the software the vast amount of runtime data (traces) needs to be reduced and visualized. This work explores more effective visualizations to support program comprehension based on runtime data. The pure DynaCity visualization supports understanding normal behavior, while DynaCity rc supports the comprehension of faulty behavior. DynaCity uses the city metaphor for visualization. Its novel trace visualization displays dynamic dependencies as arcs atop the city. To reduce the number of traces, DynaCity aggregates all requests between the same two components into one arc whose brightness reflects both the number and the total duration of the requests. DynaCity also encodes dynamic trace data in a heatmap that it uses to light up the building: the brighter a building is, the more active it is, i.e., the more and the longer the requests are that it receives and/or spawns. An additional color scheme reflects any error/status codes among the aggregated traces. In a controlled experiment, we compare our approach with a traditional trace visualization built into the same Software City but showing all dependencies (without aggregation) as individual arcs and also disabling the heatmap. We also report on a second study that evaluates if an error-based coloring of only the arcs is sufficient or if the buildings should also be colored. We call this extension DynaCity rc as it is meant to support r oot c ause analyses. The source code and the raw data of the quantitative evaluations are available from https://github.com/qaware/dynacity . We show quantitatively that a group of professional software developers who participated in a controlled experiment solve typical software comprehension tasks more correctly (11.7%) and also saved 5.83% of the total allotted time with the help of DynaCity and that they prefer it over the more traditional dynamic trace visualization. The color scheme based on HTTP error codes in DynaCity rc supports developers when performing root cause analyses, as the median of them stated that the visualization helped them much in solving the tasks. The evaluation also shows that subjects using DynaCity rc with colored arcs and buildings find the responsible component 26.2% and the underlying root cause 33.3% more correctly than the group with just colored arcs. They also ranked it 40% more helpful to color both. The DynaCity visualization helps professional software engineers to understand the dynamic behavior of a software system better and faster. The color encoding of error codes in DynaCity rc also helps them with root cause analyses. • DynaCity helps developers in software comprehension. • View is less cluttered by aggregating traces into representative arcs and by mapping activities to the brightness of both arcs and buildings. • Extension DynaCity rc supports developers in root cause analyses. • Better to map error codes to the colors of arcs and also buildings. • Controlled experiments with up to 30 professionals justify claims quantitatively.

Where Perception Meets Reality: The Science of Measuring Color

Color is something that most people take for granted. A key assumption in color science is that our perceptions are similar and individual differences are small. Predictable rules, such as additive color mixing, make color modeling possible so that we can describe the richness of color in relatively low-dimensional spaces like red, green, and blue (RGB). Here, we look at how scientists define and calibrate color, various color measurement methods, and issues that arise when attempting to accurately measure and quantify color.

Photonic design for color compatible radiative cooling accelerated by materials informatics

Passive radiative cooling can dissipate heat load directly through the high transparency atmospheric window (8–13 μm). The conventional strategy for radiative cooling has mainly focused on simultaneously blocking the total solar heating and enhancing the infrared emission, which makes the appearance either specular or diffusive white. Recently proposed colored radiative coolers can realize the colored radiative cooling but with limited color gamut. In this work, we have designed both transmissive and reflective colored radiative coolers that realize radiative cooling with ultra-wide color gamut. The optimal structures are identified with Bayesian optimization by only evaluating less than 1% of the candidate structures, which dramatically accelerates the design process. The optimized transmissive colored radiative cooler can produce standard additive colors and realize sub-ambient cooling effect at moderate environment conditions. The reflective colored radiative cooler is highly transparent in visible light range and can largely reduce the thermal load as well as enhance heat dissipation by radiative heat transfer.

Ефективний оптичний підхід до обробки нечітких даних на основі кольорів та світлофільстрів

Ця робота присвячена створенню ефективних оптичних логічних систем на основі використання світлового випромінювання визначеного кольору безпосередньо як нечіткої змінної — носія логічної інформації та основи побудови логічних рішень шляхом перетворення світлового випромінювання відповідними світловими фільтрами. Оптична обробка кольорової інформації, яка відображає різні значення вхідних даних (розглядається на прикладі експертних оцінок), здійснюється запропонованою структурною побудовою нечітких логічних вентилів (логічного колороїда) та значно спрощується, по відношенню до існуючих систем, за рахунок реалізації на властивостях адитивної та субтрактивної обробки кольорів з використанням достатньо простих світлових фільтрів. Сформовано нечітку базу даних на основі визначення кванта інформації, як відповідний колір, та компоненти оптичної логічної системи за допомогою адитивної та субтрактивної обробки світлового випромінювання відповідних кольорів; розроблено основи синтезу систем логічного висновку та прийняття рішень. В роботі синтезовано узагальнену структурну схему оптичного логічного колороїда як основу створення багаторівневої системи прийняття рішень для подальшого застосування в системах штучного інтелекту. Схеми оптичних логічних колороїдів можуть поєднуватися в послідовно-паралельні ієрархічно організовані схеми, колір використовуваних світлофільтрів може також, крім експертних оцінок, відображати тактильну інформацію систем сенсорів про навколишнє середовище, що необхідно для формування відповідних логічних оцінок або рішень. Використання кольору як носія логічної інформації дозволяє створити швидкодіючі технічні пристрої з продуктивністю, в основі розрахунків якої використовується швидкість світла для формування певного масиву логічних рішень.

Summaries of Papers In This Issue

Summaries of Papers In This Issue

A note on edge colorings and trees

AbstractWe point out some connections between existence of homogenous sets for certain edge colorings and existence of branches in certain trees. As a consequence, we get that any locally additive coloring (a notion introduced in the paper) of a cardinal κ has a homogeneous set of size κ provided that the number of colors μ satisfies . Another result is that an uncountable cardinal κ is weakly compact if and only if κ is regular, has the tree property, and for each there exists such that every tree of height μ with λ nodes has less than branches.

Hands-on-experiments for additive colour mixing

Ever since Newton’s groundbreaking work on the composed nature of light, additive colour mixing (and its laws) are subject to the interest of physicists as well as other sciences. In this paper, we present a setup for simple lab or home experiments on additive colour mixing and the laws of colour mixing. Students use the screen of a laptop or handheld device as (coloured) light source for respective experiments and can directly inspect the results of a superposition of different colours. With basic skills in designing presentation slides students can autonomously implement mixing experiments and explore the secrets which inspired Graßmann, Maxwell, and others.

Anatomy of scalar mediated proton decays in SO(10) models

Realistic models based on the renormalizable grand unified theories have varieties of scalars, many of which are capable of mediating baryon (B) and lepton (L) number non-conserving processes. We identify all such scalar fields residing in 10, overline{mathbf{126}} and 120 dimensional irreducible representations of SO(10) which can induce baryon and lepton number violating interactions through the leading order d = 6 and d = 7 operators. Explicitly computing their couplings with the standard model fermions, we derive the effective operators including the possibility of mixing between the scalars stemming from a given representation. We find that such interactions at d = 6 are mediated by only three sets of scalars: T(3, 1, −1/3), mathcal{T} (3, 1, −4/3) and mathbbm{T} (3, 3, −1/3) and their conjugates. In the models with 10 and overline{mathbf{126}} , only the first has appropriate couplings to mediate the proton decay. While mathcal{T} and mathbbm{T} can induce baryon number violating interactions when 120 is present, mathcal{T} does not contribute to the proton decay at tree level because of its flavour antisymmetric coupling. Three additional colour triplets and their conjugates can mediate nucleon decay via d = 7 operators which violate also the B − L. We give general expressions for partial widths of proton in terms of the fundamental Yukawa couplings and use these results to explicitly compute the proton lifetime and branching ratios for the minimal non-supersymmetric SO(10) model based on 10 and overline{mathbf{126}} Higgs. We find that the proton preferably decays into overline{nu} K+ or μ+K0 and list several distinct features of scalar mediated proton decay. If the latter dominates over the gauge mediated contributions, the proton decay spectrum provides a direct probe to the flavour structure of the underlying grand unified theory.

Characterization , Classification and Prediction of Soil Map Units Boundaries by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf / Iraq

The study area is located in the west of the Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city center, It is bounded by 32o 8’ 8” - 31o 39’ 16” N and 44o 3’ 15” – 43o 4’ 11” E, It covers an area of (1970 ) Km2 lying within the land of Al-Najaf sea. The study relied on Satellite Image for Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) which captured on 07/13/2014 from the USGS site, The study area was truncated by using ERDAS package, and followed by choose the mix of False color Composite RGB (753) to be the best being a specialist to study the soil and minerals. Some improvements have been made (radiation and spectral and spatial) and Unsupervised classification as well as the use of Earth indicators such as the heterogeneity of the characteristics of field perspective on the ground such as soil Color, texture and natural plants in addition to topographical in determining the movement paths to select 16 Pedon sites . The results showed a variation in spectral reflectivity values both between studied pidons within the same spectral range or between the spectral bands used in this study, reflecting the state of the contrast between the characteristics of soils for studied pidons as well as the variation in susceptibility sensor spectral bands among them. The reflectance of B2 , B3 bands were low comparing with others in all pedons sites, this mean that ability of soil materials to absorb them were more than the rest, for this their sensitivity appear low. On other hand, B5 , B6 bands show higher reflectivity than others of OLI sensor in all pedons sites. As the NDVI index values were 0.1 or less, this mean that most of study areas were bare soils or covered with low vegetation. Thermal Infrared bands B10 , B11 show the highest values of DN comparing with others, this identifying that soil surface salts were thermal incentive. Spectral bands appear positive correlation with sand and clay grains but negative with Silt grains and bulk density. Electrical conductivity and gypsum appear negative correlation with all bands and studied spectral indices except B2,B3 bands were positive. Calcite shows positive correlation with all spectral bands and indices, but negative with B2 and NDWI index.

Injectable Granular Hydrogels as Colloidal Assembly Microreactors for Customized Structural Colored Objects.

While structural coloration has captured considerable interests across different areas in the past decades, the development of macroscopic objects with tailorable structural colors remains a challenge due to the difficulty of large-scale fabrication of finely ordered nanostructures and poor processability of their constituent materials. In this work, a type of photonic granular hydrogel is developed as a novel printable ink for constructing customized structural colored objects. The magnetochromatic ink exhibits dynamic properties such as shear thinning and self-healing, enabling direct writing of macroscopic structural colored patterns by extrusion 3D printing. Further, the modularity of the photonic ink allows additive color mixing, which obviates the need for arduous nano-synthesis and expands on the color abundance of structural colored materials in a simple yet efficient manner. These characteristics grant novel photonic inks with great applicability to a variety of fields including switchable color displays, sensors, etc.

Injectable Granular Hydrogels as Colloidal Assembly Microreactors for Customized Structural Colored Objects

AbstractWhile structural coloration has captured considerable interests across different areas in the past decades, the development of macroscopic objects with tailorable structural colors remains a challenge due to the difficulty of large‐scale fabrication of finely ordered nanostructures and poor processability of their constituent materials. In this work, a type of photonic granular hydrogel is developed as a novel printable ink for constructing customized structural colored objects. The magnetochromatic ink exhibits dynamic properties such as shear thinning and self‐healing, enabling direct writing of macroscopic structural colored patterns by extrusion 3D printing. Further, the modularity of the photonic ink allows additive color mixing, which obviates the need for arduous nano‐synthesis and expands on the color abundance of structural colored materials in a simple yet efficient manner. These characteristics grant novel photonic inks with great applicability to a variety of fields including switchable color displays, sensors, etc.

Clinically Inspired Skin Lesion Classification through the Detection of Dermoscopic Criteria for Basal Cell Carcinoma.

Background and Objective. Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. One of the most common non-melanoma tumors is basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which accounts for 75% of all skin cancers. There are many benign lesions that can be confused with these types of cancers, leading to unnecessary biopsies. In this paper, a new method to identify the different BCC dermoscopic patterns present in a skin lesion is presented. In addition, this information is applied to classify skin lesions into BCC and non-BCC. Methods. The proposed method combines the information provided by the original dermoscopic image, introduced in a convolutional neural network (CNN), with deep and handcrafted features extracted from color and texture analysis of the image. This color analysis is performed by transforming the image into a uniform color space and into a color appearance model. To demonstrate the validity of the method, a comparison between the classification obtained employing exclusively a CNN with the original image as input and the classification with additional color and texture features is presented. Furthermore, an exhaustive comparison of classification employing different color and texture measures derived from different color spaces is presented. Results. Results show that the classifier with additional color and texture features outperforms a CNN whose input is only the original image. Another important achievement is that a new color cooccurrence matrix, proposed in this paper, improves the results obtained with other texture measures. Finally, sensitivity of 0.99, specificity of 0.94 and accuracy of 0.97 are achieved when lesions are classified into BCC or non-BCC. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a methodology to detect all the possible patterns that can be present in a BCC lesion is proposed. This detection leads to a clinically explainable classification into BCC and non-BCC lesions. In this sense, the classification of the proposed tool is based on the detection of the dermoscopic features that dermatologists employ for their diagnosis.

Enhanced Sample Throughput Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with UV Detection in Hydrodynamically Closed System for Determination of Ibuprofen

A simple analytical approach based on capillary zone electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection and repeated sample injection strategy (applied in a hydrodynamically closed separation system for the first time) was developed for the determination of ibuprofen (IBU) in commercially available pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method was characterized by significantly increased sample throughput and favorable validation parameters, highly demanded in routine quality control laboratories. The limit of detection was predicted at the concentration level of 0.31 µg/mL. Intra-day precision expressed as the relative standard deviation of IBU concentration ranged from 1.9 to 5.6%, and corresponding intra-day accuracy expressed as the relative error was in the interval of 87.1–106.5%. Inter-day precision was in the range of 2.6–15.0%, and inter-day accuracy was 94.9–102.7%. The developed method was able to quantify IBU in complex pharmaceutical matrices represented by commercially available tablets and oral suspension. The determined contents of IBU in the tested dosage forms were in good agreement with the manufacturer’s declaration. The analytical performance of the developed method was evaluated according to the innovative RGB Additive Color Model strategy. It was demonstrated that the proposed method is characterized by very good analytical performance parameters, safety and eco-friendliness, and practical effectiveness.

Liquid crystal-powered Mie resonators for electrically tunable photorealistic color gradients and dark blacks

Taking inspiration from beautiful colors in nature, structural colors produced from nanostructured metasurfaces have shown great promise as a platform for bright, highly saturated, and high-resolution colors. Both plasmonic and dielectric materials have been employed to produce static colors that fulfil the required criteria for high-performance color printing, however, for practical applications in dynamic situations, a form of tunability is desirable. Combinations of the additive color palette of red, green, and blue enable the expression of further colors beyond the three primary colors, while the simultaneous intensity modulation allows access to the full color gamut. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface that can represent saturated red, green, and blue pixels that can be dynamically and continuously controlled between on and off states using liquid crystals. We use this to experimentally realize ultrahigh-resolution color printing, active multicolor cryptographic applications, and tunable pixels toward high-performance full-color reflective displays.

WARNABALI: BALINESE COLOR INTENSITY DIVERSIFICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BALI MODERN INTERIOR AND ARCHITECTURE COATING IN ADDITIVE COLOR ONLINE BASED EXPERIMENT

Purpose: This study aims to conduct experiments on enriching the intensity of traditional Balinese colors that are relevant to the application of color in modern interiors and architecture.
 Research methods:The research method uses online-based experiments by mixing Balinese colors with light and dark characters in a ratio of 66.7%: 33.3%. Mixing is done by crossing process and the results of the cross process are arranged into a Balinese color palette based on Additive Colors.
 Findings:The color cross method with a ratio of 66.7% light to 33.3% dark produces bali color variants with various tint intensities. The scan results on the Balinese print-based color composition arranged in the nawa sangha cosmology, which is processed online through the dopely.top website, produces relevant colors developed in modern interiors and architecture. The process of diversifying the color intensity will provide recommendations for its application to residential and non-residential interiors.
 Implications: Provide insight into the use of traditional Balinese colors to designers and architects, in an effort to preserve and strengthen tradition-based knowledge for the development of modern design science.