Addition Of Inorganic Fertilizer Research Articles

Peningkatan Kualitas dan Kuantitas Hasil Tanaman Kacang Merah Menggunakan Dosis POC Darah Sapi Serta Pupuk Anorganik Sumber Nitrogen dan Sulfur

This research was conducted to determine the effect of giving doses of liquid organic fertilizer cow's blood and inorganic fertilizers of the NPK Phonska and ZA on the quality and quantity of red bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The research was carried out in August - October 2022 at the Kledung Research Park, Tidar University. The research method used a factorial experiment (4 x 2) with a complete group randomized design. The first factor is doses of cow blood liquid organic fertilizer consisting of 4 level: 0, 100, 200, 300 ml/plot 3,5 m2). The second factor was the addition of inorganic fertilizers with doses of NPK Phonska and ZA. The results of the analysis of this study showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer cow blood at a dose of 160 - 240 ml/plot 3,5 m2 on red bean plants obtained the highest results on the number of pods planted, the weight of the pods planted, the number of seeds planted and the weight of seeds m2. The application of liquid organic fertilizer cow blood up to 300 ml/plot was able to increase yields on the wight of the seeds planted and the weight of Plant 100 seeds. The application of inorganic fertilizers of the NPK Phonska type gave higher results in number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds/ m2 and weight of 100 seeds content compared with using ZA fertilizer. There was no interaction in the combined treatment of liquid organic cow blood fertilizer with inorganic fertilizers on all parameters. Keywords: Red bean, Cow blood liquid organic fertilizer, NPK Phonska, ZA

Comparative Assessment of Inorganic Fertilizer and Farm Yard Manure Application on Yield, Sustainable Yield Index and Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Cauliflower-Capsicum Cropping Sequence in Northern- Western Himalayas

ABSTRACT Continuous addition of inorganic fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) alone or in combination is necessary to assess the changes in yield and soil properties. Therefore, a study was conducted for consecutive two years on nutrient management with nine treatments viz. T1- control, T2-100% FYM (N equivalent basis), T3-100% N, T4-NP, T5-NK, T6-PK, T7-NPK, T8-100% NPK+ FYM (recommended Practice) and T9- 150% NPK+ FYM to assess the influence of different treatments on yield, sustainable yield index, soil physic-chemical properties and soil carbon stock and sequestration rate in cauliflower and capsicum cropping sequence. Results showed that the addition of farm yard manure alone or in a combination with chemical fertilizers contributed to higher soil organic stock and soil carbon sequestration rate. Application of 150% NPK + FYM improved the SYI of system by 49.4% over a control. This treatment increases soil carbon stock by 12.5% from 25.9 Mg ha−1 to 29.6 Mg ha−1 and recorded with maximum soil carbon sequestration rate, i.e. 2.21 Mg C m−3 year−1 over the 2 years. Thus, balanced fertilization of NPK and FYM is beneficial for the maintenance of soil physical health, improving CEC and macro and micronutrient levels.

A Review on In-Situ Denitrification Technology for Consideration in Jaffna Peninsula Aquifer Remediation

A Review on In-Situ Denitrification Technology for Consideration in Jaffna Peninsula Aquifer Remediation

Influence of INM on Growth and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) NEPZ

At the United University's Agricultural Research Farm in Rawatpur, Jhalwa, Prayagraj (U.P.), India, during the Kharif season of 2022, a research on green gram (Vigna radiata L.) was carried out to examine the effects of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, and economics. On green gram (Vigna radiata L), the experiment was conducted using a randomized bock design with three replications in all allowable combinations of inorganic fertilizers, Rhizobium, and PSB together with FYM. This study showed that plant height (91.99 cm), dry weight (105.45 g), and number of root nodules (111.33) were all significantly enhanced by 100% RDF + 5.0 tonnes FYM ha-1 + Rhizobium and PSB seed inoculation. In terms of increasing yield and yield-related indicators, such as number of pods plant-1 (31.43), number of seeds pod-1 (12.46), test weight (37.26 g), and harvest index (34.90%), the same treatment combination likewise showed the best results. As a result, adding farm yard manure at a rate of 5 tonnes per hectare coupled with Rhizobium and PSB increased yield compared to the control. But using 100% RDF, bio fertilizer, and FYM @ 5.0 tonnes ha-1 greatly boosts gross returns (₹ 104,120.00), net returns (₹ 76,017.00), and benefit: cost ratio (2.70). These results showed that the addition of organic matter, inorganic fertilizers, and bio-fertilizers all combined to boost yield while using various nutrition sources.

Influences of Fertilization to Selected Economically Important Palms on the Preference of Scale Insect (Aspidiotus Rigidus Reyne)

Scale insect (Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne) outbreak threatens the coconut industry and other economically important non-timber forest products like rattan, buri, kaong and anahaw. This research investigated growth, anatomy, and chemical properties of palms that influence their susceptibility to scale insect. Growth parameters (shoot and root length, leaf area, number of leaves, root/shoot ratio, and plant biomass) were measured. Chlorophyll content was determined using Apogee CCM-200 plus Chlorophyll meter. Cell size of the mesophyll layer and thickness of leaf and epidermis on the adaxial and abaxial sides were measured using Image J (1.43m) software. Population count of the coconut scale insect was determined. The silica content in leaves was obtained using SEM-EDX Analysis. Growth parameters except number of leaves, total biomass and root/shoot ratio were highly increased in inorganic than organic and control. Chlorophyll count on coconut was significantly reduced to 36.2%, 41.7% and 13.2% on zero, organic, and inorganic fertilizers, respectively due to insect infestation. Interestingly, the scale insect population was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) by 87% due to inorganic fertilization in coconut but not in other palms. However, organic fertilization encouraged infestation by 56% as compared with 69% reduction in coconut with inorganic application. The amount of silica in leaves was rattan >kaong> buri >anahaw> coconut, suggesting addition of inorganic fertilizer to address scale insect infestation and provide quality palms.

Analysis on Selected Physical Properties in Soil Sample of Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria

Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil testing is the only way to determine the availability of moisture, texture, pH, and nutrient status in soil. Results of physical and chemical tests provide information about the capacity of soil to supply mineral nutrients. Soils in the garden may have been deposited some thousands of years ago by volcanoes, glaciers, floods, or other processes or were delivered to the site by truck or other mechanical device, but little or no research was carried out (no documents) to determine and ascertain the soil properties or nutrient elements found in the area. The aim of the study is to analyse some selected physical elements from soil samples obtained in the botanical garden of Department of Plant Science with objectives as to determine soil texture, moisture and pH of samples in the area. Results in the physical analysis of selected soil samples showed that the soil sample with highest amount in percentage in soil texture is clay soil with 60%, followed by silt with 21% and sandy with 19% respectively. Furthermore; the analysis revealed soil moisture (0.998%) and pH is neither acidic no alkaline i. e neutral (7.10) and this type of soil pH indicates the ability of a soil to favour some agricultural practices. It is concluded from the results obtained that soils in the area are composed of clay (60%), silt (21%) and sandy (19%) which are good for few crop’s cultivation but can be better by addition of organic and (or) inorganic fertilizers. It is recommended to amend the area with organic fertilizers as they are biodegradable and don’t cause harm to humans as well as the environment.

Time‐dependent effects of ecological rehabilitation on soil phosphorus fractions on cut slopes in the mountains of Southwest China

AbstractWhen a cut slope is excavated, the ecological environment in the footprint is destroyed. Soil spray seeding technique is used for the ecological rehabilitation of cut slopes in the mountain areas of Southwest China. However, there have been few studies of the temporal variation in soil phosphorus (P) fractions during the rehabilitation of the cut slopes. In this study, time‐dependent changes in soil inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) fractions of the cut slopes were assessed at selected post‐rehabilitation ages (i.e., 1 year, 1a; 3 years, 3a; 5 years, 5a; and 11 years, 11a). The results showed that the amounts of Pi and Po fractions in soils on rehabilitated cut slopes varied with time. The reduction in the total Po (TPo) content was mainly caused by the change in high concentration hydrochloric acid‐soluble Po (HHCl‐Po) in the soil. The reason for the highest TP content in 3a was the addition of inorganic fertilizer and straw in the artificial soil. The analyses of Pearson correlation and multiple stepwise linear regression showed that TPo and N:P were the main factors affecting the availability of soil P. With the increase in the post‐rehabilitation age, the limitation of soil P gradually weakened, but nitrogen became one of the limiting factors for plant growth. Overall, soil nutrient monitoring is very important for vegetation restoration of the cut slopes. Applying organic fertilizer after 5 years of ecological rehabilitation is conducive to long‐term supply of nutrients required for plant growth.

Improving Vegetative Growth of Sweet Corn Through Filter Cake and Potassium Application

Corn is a widely consumed cereal crop. To improve plant growth and yield, repairing the cultivation technique and environmental modification can be done through organic or inorganic fertilizer addition. The aim of this research was to identify an interaction between potassium and filter cake to corn vegetative growth. This research used Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor was the filter cake dose (0, 10, and 20 tone ha-1and second factor is potassium dose (100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1). There were nine treatments, and they were repeated three times. The variables analyzed were vegetative growth such plant height, number of leaves, length, and volume root. The result showed that a combination of filter cake (20 tone ha-1) and potassium (150 kg ha-1) had the highest plant height at 42 DAP. Potassium independently affected the number of leaves at 24 and 48 DAP. Length of root was independently effected by filter cake application.
 Keywords: filter cake, pottasium, sweet corn

Effects of Fertilizers and Litter Treatment on Soil Nutrients in Korean Pine Plantation and its Natural Forest of Northeast China

Organic and inorganic soil fertilizer addition or removal pose significant effects on soil nutrients. As climate change and other anthropogenic factors are causing deprivation in soil nutrient profiles and altering its proper functioning, complete insight into fertilizer modification and its consequences is required for understanding the sustenance of forest ecosystems. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at Liangshui National Nature Reserve, northeast China, in which two forest soil types (i.e., Korean pine plantation and natural Korean pine forest) were evaluated for their response to external fertilizer applications and litter treatments. The litter treatments were litter application as Ck (undisturbed litter), RL (removed litter) and AL (Alter/double litter i.e., litter removed from RL was added in double litter plots), whereas the synthetic fertilizer treatments were Control (No added N and P), Low (5 g N m−2 a−1 + 5 g P m−2 a−1), Medium (15 g N m−2 a−1 + 10 g P m−2 a−1) and High (30 g N m−2 a−1 + 20 g P m−2 a−1). The outcome showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) was directly proportionate to forest litter amounts. Synthetic fertilizers affected soil total nitrogen (STN) and maximum amounts were recorded in plots with H: 30 g N m−2 a−1 + 20 g P m−2 a−1, as 3.03 ± 0.35 g kg−1 in AL. Similarly, altered litter/double was most effective in enhancing the quantity of soil total phosphorus (STP) (0.75 ± 0.04 g kg−1). Soil sampling carried out during the start and end of the experiment showed decreases in the sixth sampling of: SOC (4–23%), STN (7.5-10.8%) and STP (8.51–13.9%). A positive correlation was observed between SOC and total nitrogen; C:N ratio also increased with SOC. Principal component analysis (PCA) on captured a total of 62.1% variability, on the x-axis (35.1%) and on the y-axis (27%). It was concluded that combined application of N and P at the level of 30 g N m−2 a−1 + 20 g P m−2 a−1 under AL (Alter/double litter) treatment level improved soil total N and P content. The results clearly depicted that forest litter is an important source for building up of soil organic matter, however for attaining maximum sustenance capabilities in soil, the continuity of fertilizer application in either form is a prerequisite.

Effect of foliar spraying of organic and inorganic selenium fertilizers during different growth stages on selenium accumulation and speciation in rice

AimsMost crops are supplemented with selenium (Se) through the exogenous addition of inorganic Se fertilizer. There is a lack of in-depth research on organic Se fertilizers. Meanwhile, the dosage range between human Se deficiency and Se toxicity is narrow, so the Se content of agricultural products needs to be controlled within a reasonable interval.MethodsSe accumulation and speciation in rice were analyzed and compared during three different growth stages (late tillering stage, initiate heading stage, and full heading stage) using three Se fertilizers: selenite, fermented Se, and potassium selenocyanoacetate (Se-AAF) via the foliar application.ResultsThe Se content in rice sprayed with organic Se fertilizer was controlled in the relatively safe range and met the human Se supplement requirement compared to the sprayed sodium selenite, which was too high of a dose. The percentage of organic Se and protein Se in brown rice was found to be similar in all three Se fertilizers. The highest organic Se content of 91.57% was found in the grain of rice at the full heading stage by spraying Se-AAF. The main Se species in the grain was selenomethionine (SeMet), which reached 80% of the total Se. Se-methyl selenocysteine(SeMeCys) was found only in Se-AAF. The grain quality showed that all three Se fertilizers increased the consistency of gelatinization.ConclusionsAppropriately delaying the spraying time and selecting organic Se fertilizer as the Se source can help to produce green and safe selenium-rich rice.

Improvement of soybean productivity through the application of organic, inorganic, and biological fertilizers in acid soils

Acid dry land can become a centre for soybean production through improved cultivation techniques and the use of improved varieties that are acid-tolerant. In connection with this problem, research has been carried out to evaluate the effect of the application of organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and biological fertilizers on soybean productivity in acid soils. The experiment was conducted in a screen house at Iletri, Malang, East Java, using acid dry soil from Banten, West Java. The soybean seed used in this research was Wilis variety. The evaluated treatments were a combination of types and quantities of nutrient-rich organic fertilizer with acid formula (Santap-M), NPKS Phonska inorganic fertilizer, and biological fertilizer (Iletrisoy Rhizobium<em> </em>and <em>Pseudomonas sp</em> P-solubilizing bacteria, both were Iletri collections). The results showed that the addition of organic and inorganic NPKS fertilizers on acid soils could increase soybean productivity and the population of P-solubilizing bacteria <em>Pseudomonas sp.</em> The recommended alternative technology component for improving soybean productivity and Banten acid soil is a combination of 1500 kg Santap-M nutrient-rich organic fertilizer + 150 kg Phonska/ha. The results of this study add to the positive list that use of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers NPKS is an alternative option that needs to be considered for sustainable soybean cultivation in acid dry land.

Agronomic Performance and Seed Yield of Mungbean at Five Doses of NPKS Fertilizer in Rice Fields

Mungbean is one of the main commodity which are planted in the dry season after planting rice. Even though having a high marketable value, the productivity of mungbean is still quite low because the farmers rarely provide enough fertilizer dosage and use the low growed seeds which resulted directly to the low quality or productivity. This study aims to determine the response of three mungbean varieties in paddy fields with five levels of NPKS (15:15:15:10) fertilizers. The study was consisted of three varieties (Vima-1, 2, 4) and five doses of NPKS fertilizer (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 kg ha-1). The study was applied to the randomized completely block design with three replications. The results showed that plant height, number of clusters, biomass dry weight, and seed yield ha-1 of mungbean are significant different between Vima-1, Vima-2 and Vima-4 varieties, while the addition of NPKS inorganic fertilizers could increase plant height and root weight. The interactions between varieties and the NPKS fertilizer dosage was experienced in the number of pods and seed weight per plant. The highest yield of mungbean was resulted in Vima-1 (2.18 tons ha-1) whereas the lowest yield was obtained by Vima-2 which resulted in seed 1.42 tons ha-1. The application of inorganic fertilizer NPKS (15:15:15:10) 100 kg ha-1 has quite enough to produce an optimum productivity of mungbean in Malang rice fields.

Field-Scale Evaluation of the Soil Quality Index as Influenced by Dairy Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers

Long-term addition of manure increases soil organic carbon (SOC), provides nutrient supply, enhances soil quality and crop yield (CY), but may also increase global warming potential (GWP). In this study, a long-term experiment was conducted to investigate impacts of organic dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer on the spatial distribution of soil quality indicators in field scale. The experiment was initiated in 2008 (seven years), and includes three manure and two inorganic fertilizer treatments along with a control (no manure or no inorganic fertilizer addition). The study was set into a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications in a total of 24 plots with an equal size each of 6 × 18 m (108 m2). Soil physical, chemical and biological properties (total 26 properties) were considered as the total data set and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine long-term organic and inorganic fertilizer-induced changes in soil quality. Ordinary kriging interpolation methods were used to predict the spatial distributions of soil quality index (SQI) and mean soil quality values were compared with fertilization treatments by using Duncan’s test. Results showed that most measured soil quality index parameters showed significant differences (p < 0.05). The long-term dairy manure applications had positive impacts on soil quality index parameters where overall SQI scores were higher under high manure (HM) compared to medium manure (MM), low manure (LM), medium fertilizer (MF), high fertilizer (HF), control (CK) by 25%, 27%, 47%, 55% and 92%. A similar trend was observed for CY and GWP. This indicates that long-term dairy manure can be an option to increase SQI values and provide higher CY, however, this may lead to greater GWP.

Combinations of in-field moisture conservation and soil fertility management reduce effect of intra-seasonal dry spells on maize under semi-arid conditions

• Combining CT and mulching significantly increased soil water retention. • Maize yield was best under a combination of CT, mulching and mineral fertilizer + manure during a low rainfall season. • Under high rainfall, combining RT, mulching and mineral NPK fertilizer + manure gave the best maize yield on sandy soil. • On clay, maize yield was highest under CT, mulching and mineral NPK fertilizer + manure during both low and high rainfall. The high frequency of prolonged intra-season dry spells since the turn of the 21st century continues to heighten risk of crop failure in rainfed cropping systems of Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This study explored the effects of combining in-field moisture conservation techniques and soil fertility management on maize ( Zea mays L.) productivity under rainfed conditions in semi-arid eastern Zimbabwe. Treatment combinations were co-designed with farmers through participatory approaches, and tested on-farm on sandy and clayey soils over three consecutive seasons (2015/16–2017/18). Two tillage practices namely conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), with 30 % mulch cover of dried thatching grass ( Hyparrhenia filipendula (L.) Stapf) applied either at planting or tasseling or at both stages, were combined with low (35 kg N ha −1 , 14 kg P ha −1 and 3 t ha −1 of manure) and high (90 kg N ha −1 , 26 kg P ha −1 and 7 t ha −1 of manure) fertilizer application rates in a split-split plot design. Intra-seasonal dry spells were more frequent during the first two seasons (i.e. 2015/16 and 2016/17), while the 2017/18 season was rather wet with well-distributed rains. Soil water content varied significantly (p < 0.05) across treatments when a dry spell length was between 3 and 15 days, and 3 and 20 days on sandy and clayey soil, respectively. Conventional tillage retained 9–27% more soil water compared to RT, particularly when combined with mulching. During 2015/16 and 2016/17, seedling emergence occurred earlier by 2 days when mulching was applied at planting, while anthesis-silking interval (ASI) was shorter by 4 days following mulching at tasseling. On the sandy soil, the combination of CT + mulching (at both stages) + high fertilizer rate achieved the highest maize grain yield of 2.6 and 2.8 t ha -1 during the 2015/16 and 2016/17, respectively. However, during the wet 2017/18 season, the combination of RT + mulching at planting + high fertilizer rate yielded the best (3.5 t ha -1 ). On clayey soil, CT + mulching (at both stages) + high fertilizer rate gave the highest yields of 2.4, 2.9 and 3.4 t ha -1 in 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2017/18, respectively. Water use efficiency (WUE) was greatest under CT + mulching (at both stages) + high fertilizer rate especially during seasons that had high occurrence of intra-seasonal dry spells. Overall, the combination CT + mulching (at both stages) + high fertilizer rate increased maize yield by over 200 % and 300 % compared to the non-mulched treatments on sandy and clay soil, respectively, particularly during seasons with high incidences of intra-seasonal dry spells. Consequently, the treatment combination achieved the best economic returns during the drier seasons although income returns were reduced during the wetter season because of considerable yield loss due to waterlogging, particularly on the sandy soil. We thus conclude that mulching at strategic crop growth stages in combination with tillage and judicious addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers is a promising agronomic technique for reducing effects of intra-seasonal dry spells on maize productivity in rainfed smallholder cropping systems. Increasing farmer access to organic and inorganic fertilizers is, however, key to accelerated adoption of such agronomic techniques.

Bioaugmentation in domestic and organic wastewater for plant fertilizers

Water pollution is one of the world’s main concerns today. Governments in various countries have tried to find solutions for reducing this problem. Indonesia has a great diversity of local microorganisms. Pichia kudriavzevii UMJ-L, Trichosporon asahii UMJ-A2, Burkholderia ambifaria UMJ-A1, Burkholderia stabilis UMJ-R, Gluconacetobacter saccharivorans UMJ-K, and Pseudomonas putida are local microorganisms that can be used for bioaugmentation in wastewater. The results of bioaugmentation of domestic and organic wastewater not only can be used for watering plants but also expected to have a positive value as fertilizer for the growth or production of some plants. Microorganisms in this study were the result of isolation, which is made of pellets from rice flour/bran. The pellet after mashed is used as an inoculant which acts as bioaugmentation of incubated wastewater for 4 days. The results showed that bioaugmentation fertilizer from domestic wastewater was better than other wastewater when used as fertilizer on plants. Better results, all wastewater still requires the addition of inorganic fertilizers between 25% to 50% because of the low nutrients content.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on particle size distribution of calcareous soil

To assess the impact of organics and chemical fertilizer on particle size distribution in calcareous soil, a field experiment was conducted at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Four level of NPK fertilizer and four level of organics were taken as main plot treatment and sub-plot treatment, respectively. Soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm, processed and analyzed for its sand, silt and clay percentages. Integrated use of compost, crop residue either alone or in combination with chemical fertilizer improved the soil structure by adding organic matter. Since, soil texture is the permanent property of soil, therefore, addition of organic and inorganic fertilizer had not any effect of soil particle size distribution and the textural class of the experimental soil remains as sandy loam.

Mapping Soil Quality in Various Land Uses as a Basis for Soil Management in Wonogiri, Indonesia

Soil quality is closely related to environment because soil is not only viewed as a growing media for plants but also encompasses various environmental and health functions. It is important to know the quality of soil in order to keep it healthy, productive, and optimally functioning. This research aims to evaluate soil quality status in various land uses and to learn the land factors that are related to soil quality. Soil quality index (SQI) represents the soil quality status. SQI will then be used as the basis for soil management. A descriptive explorative research study was carried out in the Giritontro Sub-district, Wonogiri District, Indonesia. SQI indicators were obtained from 12 existing Land Mapping Units (LMU). SQI was obtained by determining the Minimum Data Set (MDS) with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) test. Then SQI was mapped and statistically analyzed to determine the influence of land use and the determinant factors of SQI. Results showed that SQI in all area is class 3 or moderate. SQI was significantly influenced by land use. SQI in paddy field is 9.09% higher than crop fields and 2.27% higher than of plantations. Indicators which are significantly related to SQI are bulk density, porosity, cation exchange capacity, available P, available K and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The type of soil management that can be implemented to improve soil quality includes addition of organic or inorganic fertilizer and adoption of an agroforestry system.

Soil Amendment with Biosolids and Inorganic Fertilizers: Effects on Biochemical Properties and Oxidative Stress in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

We investigated changes in biochemical activity of a soil cultivated with Ocimum basilicum L. plants and in the oxidative stress of plants caused by the addition of biosolids and inorganic fertilizer. A greenhouse experiment was set up; it consisted of pots containing basil plants to which different treatments with biosolids and fertilizers were added. After 10 and 210 days of the incorporation of the treatments, both the biochemical properties and oxidative stress of the plants were evaluated. Mineralization of nitrogen (N) and respiratory activity increased with a higher dose of biosolid after 10 days of application. After 210 days, there were no changes in the mineralization of N and respiratory activity, catalase showed an increase, while microbial biomass carbon decreased. In relation to the oxidative stress, there was a decrease in the anthocyanin antioxidant capacity, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total flavonoids, and phenolic compounds were observed in soils treated with biosolids. The results indicated that the biochemical properties of the soil were favored in the presence of biosolids because they increased, especially after 10 days of application. The antioxidant capacity decreased in the presence of biosolids, which suggests that the amendment does not affect such capacity, and therefore oxidative stress could be reduced.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Hybrid Cucumber Cucumis sativus L. Grown under Unheated Plastic House

The experiment was conducted in one of the unheated plastic houses of the Department of Agriculture and Landscape Design / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the agricultural season 2018 to study the impact of two factors: The first addition of organic fertilizers decomposed poultry residues fertilizer (Atalpolina) 100 kg. 1000 m2 and rice residues fertilizer 10 t. ha−1 and sheep residues fertilizer 10 t. ha−1 and compound chemical fertilizers 300 kg. ha−1, In addition to the comparison treatment, the second: Two cucumber hybrids Sultan and Zain. The experiment applied in the field of split system with in randomized complete block design RCBD with three replicates. Analysis statistically the results were as follows: The hybrid Zain increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area per plant, length of fruit and number of fruits per plant, while the hybrid Sultan increased fruit weight. The inorganic treatment caused decreased number of days for flowering plants and increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area pre plant, and number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, early fruits yield and total yield of fruits comparison with control treatment. The interaction of treatments the addition of inorganic fertilizers with Zain hybrid gave the lowest number of days to flowering the plants and increased plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and number of fruits per plant. The treatment of sheep waste in the same hybrid increased early fruits compared with other treatments.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Soil Microbial Community

In order to investigate the general tendency of soil microbial community responses to fertilizers, a meta-analysis approach was used to synthesise observations on the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer addition (N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; NP: nitrogen and phosphorus; PK: phosphorus and potassium; NPK: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; OF: organic fertilizer; OF+NPK: organic fertilizer plus NPK) on soil microbial communities. Among the various studies, PK, NPK, OF and OF+NPK addition increased total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) by 52.0%, 19.5%, 334.3% and 58.3%, respectively; while NP, OF and OF+NPK addition increased fungi by 5.6%, 21.0% and 8.2%, respectively. NP, NPK and OF addition increased bacteria by 6.4%, 9.8% and 13.3%, respectively; while NP and NPK addition increased actinomycetes by 7.0% and 14.8%, respectively. Addition of ammonium nitrate rather than urea decreased gram-negative bacteria (G–). N addition increased total PLFA、bacteria and actinomycetes in croplands, but decreased fungi and bacteria in forests, and the F/B ratio in grasslands. NPK addition increased total PLFA in forests but not in croplands. The N addition rate was positively correlated with the effects of N addition on gram-positive bacteria (G+) and G–. Therefore, different fertilizers appear to have different effects on the soil microbial community. Organic fertilizers can have a greater positive effect on the soil microbial community than inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilizers on the soil microbial community varied with ecosystem types. The effect of N addition on the soil microbial community was related to both the forms of nitrogen that were added and the nitrogen addition rate.