Additional Protective Measures Research Articles

The Method of Selecting the Interval of Functional Tests Taking into Account Economic Aspects and Legal Requirements

The article discusses the problem of choosing the optimal frequency of functional tests, taking into account the reliability and law requirements, but also the impact of business aspects in the company. The subject of functional test interval is well described for purposes of the process industry. Unfortunately, this is not the case for the machinery safety functions with low demand mode. This is followed by a presentation of the current business approach, which, in order to achieve industrial excellence, monitor their performance through the appropriate selection of key performance indicators. In addition, companies are increasingly exploring potential risks in the following areas: new challenges in advanced risk management, including the perception of the company’s facilities as a safe workplace insight of customers and business partners. Eliminating potential hazards is increasingly taking into account, especially the impact of human activity and its interaction with machines. The case study has been presented based on the machines used for the production of tire semi-finished products. In this article, the authors propose a solution for selecting the interval of functional tests of safety functions and additional machine protection measures as a compromise to achieve satisfactory results in terms of safety requirements, performance and legal requirements.

New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 5: Mapping Climate Risk

New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 5: Mapping Climate Risk

Multi-year assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins in hard clam species along the coastline of Jiangsu Province, China

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are notorious neurotoxins that threaten public health and food safety worldwide. Although PST monitoring programs have recently been established throughout China, the profiles and variation of PSTs in important commercial clams (e.g., Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, and Meretrix meretrix) along the Jiangsu Province coastline remain largely unexplored. In this study, a validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method was used to examine PST profiles and levels in 540 clam samples from natural production areas along Jiangsu Province coastline during 2014–2016. Although the PST levels (≤6.38 μg saxitotoxin equivalents (eq)/kg) were consistently below European Union regulatory limits (≤800 μg saxitotoxin eq/kg) during this time period, saxitotoxin, decarbamoylsaxitotoxin, and gonyautoxins 1 and 4 were detected, and nearly 40% of the samples were saxitotoxin-positive. The PST levels also varied significantly by seasons, with peak values observed in May during 2014–2016. This is the first systematic report of PSTs in clams from Jiangsu Province, and additional research and protective measures are needed to ensure the safety of clams harvested in this area.

Walking the Line: Balancing Access to Research and Protecting Prisoners.

Prisoners are often excluded from participating in clinical research (ie clinical trials and clinical investigations related to medicinal products and medical devices) due to the historical precedent of their abuse and exploitation. The exclusion of prisoners from clinical research is often deemed necessary to guarantee their protection from such abuse and exploitation. However, in this article, we argue that the right to science, which encompasses the right to access the benefits of science and research participation, is an emerging human right that is applicable to prisoners and may only be limited when this is necessary and proportionate. Whether this is necessary depends in part on the validity of a prisoner's informed consent. We discuss the importance of prison conditions for voluntary consent and examine the relationship between prison overcrowding and sub-par prison conditions by analysing the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights on the prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment. We contend that the special circumstances of being in prison warrant additional protective measures, concurring with the Belgian Advisory Committee on Bioethics that research without the explicit aim of improving the situation of the individual prisoner or the prison community should be excluded. Given the complexity of the question of whether prisoners can give valid informed consent, rigorous oversight by an ethics committee with expertise concerning the prison system is necessary to provide a proportional balance between offering prisoners access to research and protection from abuse and exploitation.

New solutions for prefabricated floor slabs

Concrete floors constitute the vast majority of all types of floors erected worldwide. They do not require additional fire protection measures or periodical maintenance work that is necessary in th ...

CURRENT APPROACHES IN THE SYSTEM LIGHTNING PROTECTION ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS IN VIEW OF FIRE HAZARD AND PERSONAL RISK

Introduction. The complexity and power of a natural phenomenon with hazardous and dangerous properties, which is lightning, should be adequately evaluated and prevented at the most accessible organizational and technical level of a particular society. According to the principle of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) applied in post-industrial countries, this risk, like others, should be reduced to the extent that is achievable. Neglecting to take a high risk of a hazardous event leads to excessive damage and large irreparable losses that a person or community cannot achieve sustainable development. Therefore, it is the complex, systematic approach in achieving safety, from the stage of assessment, to take into account both the characteristics of hazards, including fire in the relevant facilities, as well as personal, individual risk of death or injury.
 Purpose. Concerning to the situation with the systematic approach to technical regulation in Ukraine of such a safety sector as lightning protection, it is precisely this neglect that does not correspond to the current potential of the industrial, scientific, regulatory and social development levels. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas. The state of technical regulation shows the priority of bringing normative documents into compliance with the legislation.
 Methods. Application of various methods of calculation, estimation, design and layout of the system allows realizing lightning protection system of buildings, equipment and people. To this aim, comparative characteristics of the passive and active lightning protection systems offered on the market are given; protective angle, rolling sphere, geometric methods of direct impact intercepting are compared.
 Results. Lightning is an unpredictable natural event; no one in the world is fully understand the mechanism of lightning, it is impossible for any standardization to provide 100% protection in all circumstances. In this view no liability shall attach to IEC and any other publications. Consideration of the implementation of the protection system grounded part is postponed with the condition of its full compliance with the selected components and the configuration of the system as a whole. System calculation of protection and assessment of the individual risk level is impossible without the internal elements and links in lightning protection system. A number of identified gaps in regulatory documents, the relationship between regulatory and supervisory bodies, users requests are suggested in the conclusions. The analysis of active normative and technical requirements to the lightning protection systems is conducted and the necessity of additional protective measures from the direct strike of lightning or voltage induction by a remote discharge by protective measures choice and charts of their setting is determined. On this basis the schemes of application of lightning protective systems from impulsive overvoltage are complemented, that substantially reduces the risk of fires and individual injures.
 Conclusion. The statistics of death and injury from lightning hazardous factors, losses from property, buildings and structures damages confirms that in the risk assessment, which is standardized in DSTU EN 62305-2, it is necessary to introduce a methodology that complies with the conditions of Ukraine. Further application in the design of lightning protection systems of the national standard ДСТУ Б.В.2.5-38:2008 went beyond the technical regulation system of Ukraine. Arrangement of system lightning protection depends on: risk assessment, owner response, and influence of regulatory and supervisory bodies. Criteria for fire hazard of a facility require a more complete analysis by the supervise bodies and the owner, the methodology of which has not been implemented for today. The development of such criteria is carried out in the workgroup 1 of the Technical Committee 315, which involves the scientists of the LSULS.

ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF THE EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICY MEASURES ON THE AIR QUALITY IN ST. PETERSBURG IN 2010–2030

Problems related to the quality of life in big cities are increasingly relevant, especially with regard to environmental issues. Motor transport is responsible for pollutant emissions and noise that decisively affect life in modern cities. In this context, evaluating, monitoring and forecasting urban environmental quality in short-term and long-term perspective has become an important issue for decision making and planning of sustainable cities. Computational model COPERT was applied in the study to obtain long-term projections of road transport-related emission rates for pollutants and greenhouse gases. Three scenarios for St. Petersburg considering the population size, vehicle fleet structure, travel behavior, and fuel consumption are developed. It is shown that the greatest effect in emission reduction can be achieved through modernization of the vehicle fleet. Additional environmental protection measures such as an increase in the share of alternative fuels and promotion of public transportation are expected to result in an additional decline of pollutants and GHG emissions by 7–20% and 5–7%, respectively, in comparison with the Basic Scenario.

Persistence and Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Soil and Aquatic Ecosystems: Syrian Frontiers in Ecology and Environment

<p><em>In Syria, there are no effective chemicals management programmes including any estimation and assessment programmes to screen organic chemicals for bioaccumulation potential from regulatory and resource implications are conducted yet. An important issue of excessive organic hazardous substances exposure of inhabitants living in Barada basin (Southwest) was not investigated. Among these danger substances, </em><em>P</em><em>ersistent </em><em>O</em><em>rganic </em><em>P</em><em>ollutants (POPs) have specific properties make them possible linger in soil and water for so many years. Considering the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and enabling activities for the Stockholm convention on POPs related to the national implementation plan for Syria, the current paper presents the results of the analysis of the persistence of chemicals in surface water and ground water samples gathered from different locations in this basin. The study was conducted in 2007-2008, the biodegradability under laboratory and filed conditions were assessed, half</em><em>?</em><em>lives of priority pollutants were predicted, and data were monitored and compared. The level of POPs in a larger percentage of the samples exceeded guidelines which results a call for additional protective measures for a sustainable water management for producing clean water involving reduction strategies to mitigate the POPs concentrations in the indoor environment of Barada, and safely destroy them.</em><em></em></p>

Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea)

A series of red tides were observed during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea) which is located in the most industrialized and populated region of Turkey. Six samplings were carried out in this area following the red tides. Nitrite-N, nitrate-N, ammonia, silica and orthophosphate concentrations were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Physicochemical conditions were measured by CTD probe. Plankton quantification was performed using counting chambers under microscopes. Prorocentrum micans was the most abundant species, except on May 14, 2015, when Noctiluca scintillans was dominant. The abundance of P. micans reached average 18×106 ind./L on May 3, 2015 in the Karamursel station, simultaneously with elevated levels of NH3 and o-PO 4 3– . The sample was also abundant in dead amphipods ((72±12) ind./L) that had been covered by mucilage aggregates produced by P. micans. The highest biomass (calculated by carbon) was recorded as (268±26.0) mg/L on May 14 in the Hereke station. Beside the anthropogenic wastewater discharges, unknown sources and resuspensions caused increases in nutrient levels. After long term northeaster gusts (35 km/h for 5 d) an upwelling occurred on November 6, 2015 after wind-induced sediment resuspension. Although nutrient discharges remarkably decreased over 30 years through established wastewater treatment plants, harmful phytoplankton blooms still occur. Comparing the present results with other studies in nearby Mediterranean seas reveals that the most intense harmful dinoflagellate bloom in recent years occurred in the Izmit Bay. Therefore, additional protection measures necessary for a cleaner Izmit Bay. These incidents also demonstrate that contaminants, accumulated in sediment, may have long-lasting effects on enclosed marine ecosystems.

An Overview of the Protection of Taxpayer Rights in Korea

This article considers the protection of the rights of taxpayers in Korea with specific regard to the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea and tax legislation in general, and discusses the breadth and effectiveness of taxpayer protection in Korea and the possibility for additional protective measures.

Comparison of lateral entry with crossed entry pinning for pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures: a meta-analysis

BackgroundThe standard treatment for severe displaced pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture (SCHF) is closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation. However, controversy persists concerning the optimal pin fixation technique. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy on the configuration of lateral entry only with crossed entry pin fixation for SCHF, including Gartland type II and type III fractures in children.MethodsPublished literatures, including retrospective studies, prospective studies, and randomized controlled trials, presenting the probability of poor functional consequence of elbow and/or loss of reduction and/or iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury and/or superficial infection and/or cubitus varus were included. Statistical analysis was performed with the Review Manager 5.3 software.ResultsTwenty-four studies were included in the present meta-analysis involving 1163 patients with lateral entry pins and 1059 patients with crossed entry pins. An excellent score of Flynn criteria occurred more commonly in patients who treated with crossed pins than in patients with lateral pins only (RR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.87–0.99; P = 0.03). In accordance with previous systematic review, the incidence of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury in crossed entry group was significantly more than in lateral entry group with statistical difference (RR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.14–0.47; P < 0.0001). And, results of subgroup analysis on iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury based on experimental design of retrospective study (RR = 0.23; 95% CI 0.10–0.52; P < 0.0004) and randomized control trial (RR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.10–0.79; P < 0.02) were similar.ConclusionsIn consideration of the contradictoriness of lateral entry with two pins only (possible risk of poor functional consequence of elbow) and crossed entry pins (risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury), the recommended strategy for the treatment of SCHF is the lateral entry technique with introducing divergent three pins which can provide a stable configuration and avoid the injury of the ulnar nerve. And additional protective measures for the ulnar nerve should be taken by surgeons that wish for the more stable structure with the crossed entry technique.

Experimental Study of a Tailings Impoundment Dam Failure Due to Overtopping

The disastrous impact of a tailings dam failure is more far-reaching than that of a water retention dam failure. This paper analyzes the movement characteristics of mudflow during a tailings dam failure using physical models based on the Wadugou tailings impoundment. The physical models were built according to the similarity laws to investigate an overtopping dam failure under natural conditions and when additional protective measures were used. Based on the experimental results, the dam breach size, the breach flow discharge, flow velocity, downstream inundated area, and tailings deposition volume are all reduced by preferably protecting and maintaining the tailings dam embankment to mitigate the destructive effects of a potential dam failure. Finally, the time required for safe evacuation for the Wadugou tailings impoundment area is given.

Status of &lt;i&gt;Astragalus cornutus&lt;/i&gt; Pall. populations in the Samara Region

This paper examines features of the demographic structure of natural populations of a rare representative of the steppe flora Astragalus cornutus Pall. (Fabaceae). The rarity of the species makes it necessary to include it in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and some steppe regions. In the Samara Region, species populations require additional protection in connection with the peculiarities of biology and ecology, a significant anthropogenic load on communities, and a reduction in the number of habitats. We studied the features of the structure of populations in the Samara Trans-Volga Region. A total of 84 cenopopulations were surveyed, tendencies of population change, features of demographic and spatial structure were revealed. The structure of populations is affected by the ecological and phytocenotic conditions of the environment and anthropogenic factors. The replacement and recovery of individuals in A. cornutus populations is slow. The ontogenetic structure of populations has a fluctuation dynamics. Assessment of the studied geographical populations by L.A. Zhivotovsky efficiency criterion (2001) showed that they are all mature. Specific cenopopulations of A. cornutus are aging (5%) and old (8%). The average density of individuals is about 3 individuals/m. The average effective density is 2,4 individuals/m, the largest - 4,1, the smallest - 1,3. The condition of all studied populations (even in a satisfactory state) on the territory of the Samara Region causes alarm. Populations of the species in the region need additional protection measures.

Ethical treatment of participants in public health research

The twentieth century witnessed a succession of heinous experiments on human subjects in the name of science. The deplorable nature of these experiments led to the development of several guidelines that laid down the principles of research ethics. Respect, beneficence, and justice are the principles that form the foundation of research ethics today. These principles should be implemented through the channels of the informed consent process, privacy and confidentiality, risk benefit analysis, and fair recruitment. Proper implementation of research ethics ensures the protection of the rights and well-being of the participants. Some individuals are considered to be “vulnerable” in the research context because their autonomy is either diminished or lacking. Examples include children, some elderly persons, those with temporary or permanent cognitive impairment, prisoners, and refugees. Vulnerable groups require additional protection measures if they are involved in research. Public health research differs from general health research that necessitates additional ethical considerations. Research involving public health interventions or research conducted during public emergencies, such as natural disasters and disease outbreaks, has unique ethical challenges. Furthermore, in public health research, an understanding or familiarity with the community in which the research will be done is essential to ethical conduct of research. Research ethics committees [otherwise known as institutional review boards (IRB)] play a central role in research involving human participants. The proposed research must be reviewed and approved prior to initiation and monitored thereafter with ongoing reviews of safety reports, progress reports, and emerging information or circumstances that may impact the study. A substantial number of conditions need to be met to ensure research starts and then remains ethical. Researchers should be qualified by education, training, and experience to take on the role of investigators. The scientific aspects of the research should be robust and valid and the research itself should be purposeful. It is important that ethical considerations be a constant, integrated into the research undertaking, from inception right through to the dissemination and or sharing of the results.

Innovative Techniques/Technologies to Enhance the Durability of Civil Infra Structures PART 2: Corrosion Protection Techniques/ Technologies

Background: The durability of civil infrastructures is a severe problem faced by Scientists, Engineers and Technologies of 21st Century, due to the increasing pollution of our environments. This paper deals with innovative corrosion protection techniques/technologies to enhance the durability of civil infrastructures. Corrosion resistant rebars manufactured using Cu, P, Ni and Cr are capable of bearing the humid conditions of the coastal areas. TATA TISCON 500D rebars de-signed with diminished levels of impurities like S and P showed better corrosion resistance properties. Compared to CTD rebars, TMT rebars with tempered martensite zone showed improved corrosion re-sistance properties. Cement based coated steel rebars (inhibited cement slurry coated, cement polymer composite coated rebars) found to be more compatible for reinforcement corrosion control, in compari-son to galvinized and epoxy coated rebars. Fly ash, slag or silica fume, blended cements are finer as compared to OPC. The fineness reduced the permeability of blended cement concrete and improved the durability. Ternary blended cements, due to the fineness of the material and increased alumina, silica contents showed improved mechanical properties and better protection for steel in concrete. Owing to the unique molecular structure and high ion exchange capacity, chloride scavengers reduced the corro-sion susceptibility. Epoxy-polyurethane based surface coatings enhanced the durability as barrier type of coatings. Corrosion inhibiting admixtures such as calcium nitrite, citrate and stannate due to the for-mation of an insoluble film enhanced the corrosion resistance properties of reinforcements. Migrating corrosion inhibitors (MCI) based on amino alcohol, amines and nitrites showed superior corrosion resistance properties when compared to admixed inhibitor systems. Depending upon the environmental conditions, the implementation of corrosion protection technologies definitely enhanced the durability of civil infrastructures. Methods: The durability of the civil infrastructures such as National Highway Bridges, Nuclear Reactors, Elevated water tanks, On-shore and Off-shore concrete structures will be enhanced by adopting Innovative Corrosion protection Techniques/ Technologies such as i) Corrosion resistant rebars, ii)Coatings to steel rebars, iii) Blended cements, iv) Chloride scavengers for marine structures and v) Corrosion inhibiting admixtures for fresh structures. For existing structures, the following innovative technologies such as i). Coatings to concrete surface ii). Migrating corrosion inhibitors will be implemented. Results: After adopting the appropriate innovative corrosion protection techniques/technologies, the effect of treated structures will be monitored by conducting NDT techniques. Conclusion: Each and every innovative corrosion protection techniques/technologies have its own merits, demerits and limitations. Proper selection of method of corrosion protection strategies depending upon the environmental conditions can only lead to saving of money and enhancing the durability of civil infrastructures. In order to enhance the service life of civil infrastructures, it is essential to provide additional protective measures. Keywords: Protection strategies, corrosion resistant steel rebars, coatings to steel rebars, blended cements, admixtures, migrating corrosion inhibitors, chloride scavengers, repair/renovation strategy.

International experience of working overtime regulation without harm for worker’s health

The analysis of the international and national documents and the review of scientific literature from positions of evidential medicine on overtime works (OTW). Conventions and recommendations of the ILO, the directives of the European Union and also the requirement of national documents for the OTW are reviewed. Questions of occupational risk at the OTW are considered and needs of additional protective measures and medical care of workers are noted.

Evaluation of the effects of land consolidation in the Latyczyn village in terms of land protection against erosion on the slope scale

AbstractSoil erosion by water is an important economical issue strongly deteriorating environment and requiring remedial actions. The study was designed to evaluate antierosion effect of changes in the layout of plots from along to across slope as an effect of land consolidation. Moreover, rightness of leaving newly set out boundaries of plots without any protection (i.e. sodding) was evaluated. For this purpose simulations of use of additional anti-erosive measures were done. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used. Studies have shown that in addition to the design of transverse layout of parcels during consolidation, further antierosion measures may be necessary to reduce soil loss and sediment yield. In order to minimize soil losses outside the slope, boundaries between the newly designed fields should be sodded already in the post consolidation management. Limitation the amount of erosion over the entire slope requires use of additional protection measures in the upper part of slopes e.g. shelterbelts and antierosion crop rotations. WEPP model can be recommended for Provincial Bureaus of Surveying as a tool to support the development of assumptions for consolidation projects of lands threatened by erosion.

Armed conflict and development in South Sudan threatens some of Africa’s longest and largest ungulate migrations

Many terrestrial mammalian migrations are disappearing before they are documented. The Boma-Jonglei ecosystem in South Sudan, one of the world’s poorest and most conflicted countries, contains some of the largest, longest, and least studied ungulate migrations. A rapidly increasing human population, ongoing armed conflict, and looming oil development, however, threatens the migration of 800,000 white-eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis) and 160,000 tiang (Damaliscus lunatus tiang) in this system. To document these migrations and identify potential conflicts, we examined the movements of ungulates in the Boma-Jonglei ecosystem using data from 14 collared individuals (12 kob, 2 tiang). We identified two separate dry season ranges of kob; from each, kob initiated migration with the onset of the rainy season, and migrated to a shared rainy season range also shared by the tiang. The maximum straight-line distance between telemetry locations of kob (399 km) and tiang (298 km) on their dry and rainy season ranges indicated these migrations were among the longest in Africa. The kob range was 68,805 km2, 29% of which was within national parks and 72% within leased oil concessions (54–83% of parks overlap with potential oil concessions). The range of the tiang (35,992 km2) occurred almost entirely (> 99%) within land leased to oil companies. Because disruption or elimination of these migrations will inevitably lead to significant population reductions, maintenance of the migration routes we identified through additional protection measures are essential to conserve one of the largest ungulate aggregations in the world.

Performance of bitumen protective coatings for buried concrete

Following the discovery in the late 1990s of seriously damaged M5 motorway bridge foundations due to thaumasite formation, the standards for buried concrete were changed. Binder types and mix designs to resist aggressive ground conditions are specified; however, in highly aggressive conditions it may be necessary to utilise additional protective measures including surface coatings to ensure the survival of buried concrete structures. Such measures may also be used to prevent deterioration of concrete of lesser specification than would be required for a particular ground aggressivity. The paper presents results from a long-term laboratory-based study in which concrete cubes of high susceptibility to thaumasite attack, with and without bitumen coatings, were exposed to sulfate-rich solutions at 4·5°C for 5 years. Moreover, concrete prisms of the same concrete and three others of different susceptibilities to attack, each with one bitumen-coated face, were buried in pyrite-bearing clay for 9 years, at 4·5°C. All types of concrete tested suffered significant attack, whereas the bitumen coating, even if damaged, proved successful in preventing deterioration of even the most vulnerable concretes. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential benefits of using coatings for the protection of buried concrete.

Optimisation of the conservation of rare and vulnerable plant species in the perspective of climate change in Lithuanian (nature) reserves

Abstract Nature reserves are one of the most important measures in saving biodiversity, however, during the climate change, a real danger arises, that these territories would not be able to fulfill the objectives. In order to mitigate negative effects of climate change in protected areas it is necessary to create and apply management programs, based on future ecosystems needs. The main aim of presented study was to evaluate sensitivity of rare and vulnerable species to climate change in order to suggest measures for better management of nature reserves in the future. According to scientific literature, 12 biological and ecological plant characteristics determining sensitivity of species (limiting factors) have been detected. 73 plant species that are protected in Lithuanian reserves were evaluated qualitatively according to limiting factors of climate change. As the result, it was offered to apply additional protection measures to 47 species in the light of climate change. Groups of plant species that should be affected highly negatively or highly positively were identified. 16% of plant species protected in nature reserves were evaluated as very sensitive to climate change and the condition of these plants may worsen. On the other hand, 14 plant species were given as least sensitive to negative effects and future climate is more favorable to species growth and spread than the existing. The highest danger is predicted for Silene chlorantha (Willd.) Ehrh., and the best condition is predicted for Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó. The study also gives recommendations for the protection of rare plants in the future. Different management measures are taken into account: mitigation of the direct effect of climate change (I), improvement of an existing level of rareness (II), respecting the relation to physical and biological environment (III), consideration of spread and geographical limits (IV). Three management intensity levels were suggested according to species sensitivity.