Addition Lenses Research Articles

Evaluation of Visual Comfort and Mental Effort Under Different Light Conditions for Ultraviolet-Absorbing and Additional Blue-Filtering Intraocular Lenses for Cataract Surgery

Patients with an ultraviolet blocking lens (UV) (n = 5) or blue filter lens (BB) (n = 8) after intraocular lens (IOL) replacement for cataract and age-adjusted controls (AACs) (n = 16) underwent a balanced crossover within-subject design. After 1.5 h of dark adaptation, they were exposed to polychromatic light at 6500 K (blue-enriched) and 2500 K and 3000 K (non-blue-enriched) for 2 hours in the evening. Visual comfort and mental effort were repeatedly assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (0 - 100) and the Visual Comfort and Mental Effort Rating Scale (0 - 100) for each light condition. The results were compared using mixed model analysis. The mean (± SD) age for AAC and patients with UV or BB was 69.8 ± 6.2 y, 70.8 ± 4 y, and 63.6 ± 5.6 y, respectively. Irrespective of the light condition, patients with UV and BB felt mentally more tired during the experiments compared to AACs (F = 6.15, p = 0.003). However, patients with BB were mentally more motivated to perform the exercises compared to patients with UV and AACs (F = 8.1, p < 0.001). Patients with BB perceived ambient light as less glary (F = 4.71, p = 0.01) than patients with UV. Blue ambient light was felt less intensely in patients with BB (F = 2.51, p = 0.042) compared to those with UV and the AACs. Lens replacement in older cataract patients may increase visual comfort and minimize mental effort. While subtle, the magnitude of these effects may depend on the type of intraocular lens. BB intraocular lenses may have potential benefits, as ambient light is perceived as having less glare and less visual tension.

Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era by Grant R. Brodrecht

Reviewed by: Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era by Grant R. Brodrecht Lucas Volkman Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era. Grant R. Brodrecht. New York: Fordham University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-82327-991-3. 278 pp., paper, $40.00. In recent years numerous works have appeared examining religion during the Civil War era. Grant R. Brodrecht gives us another fine addition in this field that helps better understand the role of evangelical religion in the North. He focuses on the concept of the Union, which for evangelical Protestants "connoted a country formed by the providential hand of God, in addition to the idea that it should remain whole and filled throughout with evangelical Protestantism" (15). This definition suits Brodrecht well in making his argument that evangelicals sought to use the Civil War and Reconstruction to preserve and strengthen their vision of the Union. While not disregarding the role of freedom in the Civil War and Reconstruction narrative, by emphasizing the Union, Brodrecht seeks to continue in the footsteps of those, like Gary Gallagher and Rogan Kersh, who argue for the Union's centrality in the minds of Civil War Americans. Brodrecht amplifies this unionism as he follows the lead of Mark Noll in viewing the nation as having a primarily evangelical ethos. Brodrecht examines evangelical views of the Union and concerns for its future during the war and Reconstruction. He organizes his work chronologically, beginning in the Civil War and taking things through Reconstruction in the 1870s. While it would have been interesting to see how this evangelical view of the Union played out during the sectional crisis, especially as Brodrecht argues in his introduction that this conception was in place prior to the war, this focus still serves his inquiry well. Critical to this work is the evangelical understanding of the Lincoln, Johnson, and Grant presidencies. Brodrecht argues that its relationship to the president played a role vital to forming this evangelical conception of the Union. While Brodrecht has successfully shown the importance of the presidency in the evangelical perception of the Union within his work, it does seem that the occupant of the White House is overemphasized at points, as the Union is more than the chief magistrate to these men and women. For most of the evangelicals in Our Country, the Union supersedes considerations of racial justice. Brodrecht consistently supports his argument in using examples of those [End Page 416] whose theology centered around the Union. For instance, toward the end of chapter 5, Brodrecht explains that evangelicals saw Ulysses S. Grant's election to the White House in 1868 as a saving event for the Union, especially after the disappointing Johnson presidency. But he includes the notion that many evangelicals decried the radicals who sought to implement an agenda that featured racial justice. He does, however, differentiate this viewpoint throughout his pages with some evangelicals who were radicals—primarily New York Congregationalist minister George Cheever. As Brodrecht's focus is national, his source base is made up of archival and published materials from throughout the North. Many parts of his book focus primarily on printed sermons, autobiographies, and evangelical periodicals, which is logical, given the book's emphasis on religious thought. At the same time, most of the sources cited within the text come from ministers and important laymen in these denominations. To that point, in his introduction Brodrecht explains that he began his project by looking at representative evangelical ministers such as George Peck, Henry Boardman, and George Cheever. While these men and the other evangelical leaders cited played a major role in the evangelical thought in this era, it would have been interesting to see what a few more of their followers thought of the Union. Additionally, throughout his book Brodrecht employs archival sources from the presidents and other governmental leaders as an additional lens. But, while it is always clear what evangelicals thought of their leaders, it is not always apparent what these leaders, especially the presidents, thought of their evangelical followers or how they were influenced by them. This issue is a problem, especially as Brodrecht asserts, in his...

Behavioral Economics of the Mind on Design: Identity, Bias, and More

This is a commentary on Michael Lissack’s two-part article “Understanding is a Design Problem: Cognizing from a Designerly Thinking Perspective.” Lissack’s article offers a fresh take on the intersection of design thinking and cognition. The alignment of Lissack’s insights with what is known concerning behavioral economics provides an additional lens through which to recognize the validity of Lissack’s findings and the potential of his ideas to improve people’s flawed and often surprising approaches to decision making. The findings are particularly well aligned in the areas of identity, bias, and complexity, and how these factors are involved in decision making. Lissack’s application of meaning making as a design process provides an effective lens through which we can better understand the way people think and, building upon that understanding, how such thinking can be improved.

Everyday Corruption and Social Norms in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan

This paper aims to contribute to the scholarly debates and efforts to understand and diagnose corruption and its societal implications. It probes the ways in which certain informal, nonlegal practices and transactions are driven not always by kleptocracy, individual greed,or survival strategies; they may also reflect people’s desire to fulfill their family and kinship obligations, socialize and maintain membership in their networks and community, avoid gossip and social sanctions, gain or preserve social status and reputation, or obtain more moral and effective support from those around them. This implies that informal, nonlegal practices and transactions may encompass a wide range of moral and effective repertoires that go beyond mere economic interest and cannot be sufficiently explained by a mainstream view of corruption that tends to see any unrecorded transactions as corrupt. This paper puts forward the claim that informal practices and transactions should be understood not simply as illegal, immoral,or illegitimate, but rather as parallel legal orders in their own right, because they are not just spontaneous actions—they represent institutionalized social practices that are part and parcel of everyday life. Understanding and accepting the existence of such legal orders implies not necessarily that they are socially beneficial, but that they may be structures that deserve empirical and theoretical investigation.My approach is to focus on society’s informal norms, everyday micro-level power relations,and non-monetary considerations as an additional lens for understanding the emergence, explanation, persistence, and ubiquitousness of corruption

The Genre Spaces of David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas

Given Cloud Atlas's broad historical scope and inventive use of genre, it is unsurprising that much of the critical work on the novel has focused on the text's relationship to historicity and the social functions and implications of storytelling. This article attempts to complement such observations by (re)considering David Mitchell's text in terms of space and, in particular, Henri Lefebvre's theories of social space. It is my contention that each of Cloud Atlas's six narratives is constructed around a unique representation of space intimately connected to both the unfolding of events within the narrative and the various modes of capitalist and non-capitalist production it depicts. Beyond simply offering an additional lens through which to contemplate the novel, this emphasis on space also serves to further considerations of the ethical orientation of the text. Ultimately, I argue that, along with Mikhail Bahktin's observations about the functioning of the novelistic chronotope, assessing Mitchell's novel in terms of Lefebvre's spatial theories demonstrates how Cloud Atlas's juxtaposition of different genres serves as a potential site for ethical mediation not unlike Jurgen Habermas's notion of discourse ethics.

How free-form technology improves progressive addition lens design

How free-form technology improves progressive addition lens design

Parent University in alternative schools: Asset–based programming for parents of formerly–incarcerated youth

Familial engagement is a cornerstone in comprehensive alternative education; however, implementing high-quality parental outreach is difficult. Traditional approaches to parent outreach view diverse families from a deficit perspective and seek to change their behaviors, instead of building on their funds of knowledge. This article presents a case study about Parent University, a program designed with an additive lens to inform parents of formerly incarcerated youth about the college-going process. Findings showcase the framework of the program and analyze the experiences of participants. Approaching families through an additive perspective is key in developing mutually beneficial relationships amongst stakeholders. This study demonstrates how familial outreach initiatives can begin to include space for parents’ voices and draw from this to create more responsive curriculum and learning experiences.

35. Laser in neurosurgery: Critical issues in security management

Purpose Safe use of LASER in Neurosurgery. Methods The Neurosurgery Department of Niguarda Hospital has recently acquired a class 4 LASER, with a wavelength of 2010 nm, for the resection of brain tumors. This high-technological device represents a great innovation for neurosurgeons with remarkable improvements in the operating mechanisms but it requires, at the same time, a particular attention in the choice of the other tools, such as endoscopes and microscopes. The protection of the operator’s eyes during surgery is particularly critical. Protection glasses, provided to the whole staff, interfere with the usual procedure of the neurosurgeon who keeps his eye in contact with the eyepiece. A possible option could be the introduction of a protective lens within the microscope optics, as in ophthalmology LASERs. We tried to solve the problem on our own. Results The introduction of this LASER brought to the prohibition of use with some particular tools and to the need of modify other devices. The microscope in Niguarda’s Neurosurgery Department is the mod. M530 produced by Leica. The LASER attenuation required to the lens for a safe use has been calculated, taking into account the need to visualize the pointing laser and the markers, necessary for the identification of the tumor mass. Since the microscope optics does not guarantee this protection, a system has been designed to hold an additional lens with the required protection on the microscope. Conclusions In order to provide a safe use of the new LASER, the staff has been equipped with specific protective glasses and the use of the disposable endoscope has been forbidden. The designed system is put into production and the use will be evaluated by the neurosurgeons. Safe use of LASER in Neurosurgery. The Neurosurgery Department of Niguarda Hospital has recently acquired a class 4 LASER, with a wavelength of 2010 nm, for the resection of brain tumors. This high-technological device represents a great innovation for neurosurgeons with remarkable improvements in the operating mechanisms but it requires, at the same time, a particular attention in the choice of the other tools, such as endoscopes and microscopes. The protection of the operator’s eyes during surgery is particularly critical. Protection glasses, provided to the whole staff, interfere with the usual procedure of the neurosurgeon who keeps his eye in contact with the eyepiece. A possible option could be the introduction of a protective lens within the microscope optics, as in ophthalmology LASERs. We tried to solve the problem on our own. The introduction of this LASER brought to the prohibition of use with some particular tools and to the need of modify other devices. The microscope in Niguarda’s Neurosurgery Department is the mod. M530 produced by Leica. The LASER attenuation required to the lens for a safe use has been calculated, taking into account the need to visualize the pointing laser and the markers, necessary for the identification of the tumor mass. Since the microscope optics does not guarantee this protection, a system has been designed to hold an additional lens with the required protection on the microscope. In order to provide a safe use of the new LASER, the staff has been equipped with specific protective glasses and the use of the disposable endoscope has been forbidden. The designed system is put into production and the use will be evaluated by the neurosurgeons.

Study on the variational-difference-based design and slow tool servo turning of progressive addition lenses

Nowadays, progressive addition lenses are widely applied to correct people’s vision disorders, but the design and machining of progressive addition lenses are still difficult. Generally, a progressive addition lens has a freeform front surface and a spherical back surface. In this article, the design of the front surface was simplified as a minimization problem of a functional, and the solution was obtained directly using a variational-difference method. After solving this problem, the description of the surface was discussed, and an evaluation method was proposed to analyze the fitting accuracy of Zernike polynomial method and B-spline interpolation method with different degrees. As a result, the progressive addition lens surface was constructed by the method with smaller fitting error. Moreover, a new generation algorithm of entrance parameters for tool path generation was put forward, which can reduce the interpolation error. The experimental results indicate that the design method was feasible and the machined surface quality was satisfactory using the proposed algorithm.

Design of a 2 diopter holographic progressive lens.

In this contribution, we investigate the use of holographic optical elements (HOEs) as progressive addition lenses (PALs). We design HOEs with high diffraction efficiency (DE) using the Fourier Modal Method (FMM) and optimize an optical system comprising two of these HOEs to fulfill the optical function of a 2 diopter (dpt) PAL. The resulting design is a holographic PAL (hPAL) exhibiting high DE and limited angular color error (CE) with a distribution of spherical power and astigmatism equivalent to its refractive counterpart. To our knowledge, our contribution is the first complete design of an hPAL. While our HOE design method is shown for PALs here, it has the potential to improve other applications of HOEs as well.

The British projective test movement: Reflections on a queer feminist tale

In order to do queer history well a number of difficult challenges have to be overcome. Our understanding of sexuality has changed so much over time that historians must be careful and considerate when carving out ‘queer’ as a narrative. In this paper I will be outlining some of my analysis from my recent paper ‹Queer signs: The women of the British projective test movement’ in the Journal of the Behavioural Sciences and present some of the notable queer women involved in the early projective test movement. By paying attention to their queerness, in terms of their unusual and unconventional positions in a men-dominated early Psychology and their queer private lives, I add an additional lens through which we can consider early British Psychology. In reflection of this research I will draw upon two key issues central to this analysis. By reflecting upon the research project outlined here I argue it is not only important to recognise the work of these early queer women but also celebrate their work, their resistance and their unconventionality.

Effect of Optical Defocus on Choroidal Thickness in Healthy Adults With Presbyopia

To investigate changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) induced by retinal defocus in presbyopic adults. Thirty-seven healthy presbyopic subjects (age 57.74 ± 4.06 years) with low refractive errors (+0.08 ± 1.09 Diopters [D]) viewed a distant target (video movie at 6 m) for 60 minutes on two occasions while SFCT was monitored with optical coherence tomography every 20 minutes. On each occasion, both eyes were optimally corrected for distance: one eye acted as control, while the other (experimental) eye viewed through an additional ophthalmic lens: a +2.00 D lens imposing myopic defocus on one occasion and a -2.00 D lens imposing hyperopic defocus on the other occasion. Baseline SFCT was not different between experimental and control eyes (226 ± 72 μm vs. 232 ± 75 μm; P = 0.28). Myopic defocus caused a significant (P < 0.001) increase in SFCT in the defocused eye by 20 minutes (and +10 ± 5-μm increase at 60 minutes: P < 0.001), while hyperopic defocus caused a significant decrease in SFCT by 20 minutes (and -10 ± 5-μm decrease at 60 minutes: P < 0.001) with no change in control eyes. In presbyopic subjects, imposed myopic retinal defocus caused thickening of SFCT, while hyperopic defocus caused thinning of SFCT. This implies that uncorrected presbyopia, which is associated with hyperopic retinal defocus for near objects and which is highly prevalent in the developing world, would likely be associated with choroidal thinning and possibly reduced choroidal blood flow with prolonged periods in a near visual environment.

Degradation in Legibility of English and Chinese Letters by Wearing of Progressive Addition Lenses

Degradation in Legibility of English and Chinese Letters by Wearing of Progressive Addition Lenses

Neutralizing Peripheral Refraction Eliminates Refractive Scotomata in Tilted Disc Syndrome.

SIGNIFICANCEWe demonstrate that the visual field defects in patients with tilted disc syndrome can be reduced or eliminated by neutralizing the peripheral scotoma in the area of posterior retinal bowing, which may allow differentiation between a congenital anomaly and acquired pathology.PURPOSETilted disc syndrome is a congenital and unchanging condition that may present with visual field defects mimicking loss seen in neurological diseases, such as transsynaptic retrograde degeneration. Our purpose was to systematically investigate the ability of a neutralized peripheral refraction to eliminate refractive visual field defects seen in tilted disc syndrome. This was compared with the same technique performed on patients with neurological deficits.METHODSThe Humphrey Field Analyzer was used to measure sensitivities across the 30-2 test grid in 14 patients with tilted disc syndrome using four refractive corrections: habitual near correction and with an additional −1.00, −2.00 or −3.00 D negative lens added as correction lenses. Peripheral refractive errors along the horizontal meridian were determined using peripheral retinoscopy and thus allowed calculation of residual peripheral refraction with different levels of refractive correction. Visual field defects were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using sensitivities and probability scores in both patient groups.RESULTSA smaller residual refractive error after the application of negative addition lenses correlated with improvement in visual field defects in terms of sensitivity and probability scores in patients with tilted disc syndrome. Patients with established neurological deficits (retrograde degeneration) showed improvement in sensitivities but not in probability scores.CONCLUSIONSNeutralizing the refractive error at the region of posterior retinal bowing due to tilted disc syndrome reduces the apparent visual field defect. This may be a useful and rapid test to help differentiate between tilted disc syndrome and other pathological causes of visual field defects such as neurological deficits.

Analysis on the applicability of modified mono-vision for OPALs

We analyzed the effect of modified mono-vision prescription on the occupational progressive addition lenses (OPALs) in presbyopia for indoor use as a method to solve the inconvenience caused by the decrease in the intermediate and the near distances' vision when the PALs worn. To analyze the effect, 37 subjects (57.22 ± 5.18 years) were selected who were wearing PALs and had working hours over 6 h per day on average at intermediate and near distances. Entire tests were carried out with regard to three cases: subjects wearing PALs, occupational progressive addition lenses (OPALs), and prescription for modified mono-vision of OPALs. In order to compare visual performance of three cases, our study evaluated corrected visual acuity and subjective satisfaction at far, intermediate and near distances, stereo-acuity and phoria at far and near distances. The results showed that the prescription of modified mono-vision of OPALs could be useful when applied to the clinical practices for prescribing presbyopic correction.

Experience-dependent long-term facilitation of skew adaptation.

Adaptation to changes in the environment allows the visual system to achieve optimal perception in a continuously changing visual world. One particular example regarding recurrently encountered changes in everyday vision is geometrical distortions of the environment when wearing spectacles for vision correction, e.g., image shear by skew geometric distortions in progressive additional lenses. For optimal visual performance, it would be beneficial if the visual system uses previous history of recurrent distortions and learns to adapt fast when they are reapplied, yet this has not been systematically shown. The present study evaluates experience-dependent long-term facilitation of fast adaptation to image skew, i.e., a shear from the x- and y- axis, using ecological stimuli. Immediate and long-term facilitation of fast adaptation induced by minutes time scales of extended skew exposures was tested. Fast adaptation was quantified via the magnitude of perceptual bias after a brief exposure to image skew in a constant stimulus procedure. Immediate facilitation was tested by comparing the magnitudes of fast adaptation that are measured on the same day before, i.e., baseline, and after extended skew exposure. The retention of the facilitation was evaluated by comparing the fast adaptation measured after, on average, 57 days of the previous extended skew exposure with the baseline. After one hour of skew exposure, the amount of fast adaptation significantly increased from the baseline measurement indicating immediate facilitation of the fast adaptation. This facilitation was retained at, on average, 57 days after the extended exposure. Thus, the results depicted experience dependent long-term facilitation of skew adaptation that potentially explains visual habituation to distortions of spectacles.

#DigPed Narratives in Education: Critical Perspectives on Power and Pedagogy

This mixed methods study addresses a knowledge gap in the nature and effects of networked scholarship. We analyze #DigPed, a Twitter hashtag on critical pedagogy, through the lens of Tufekci’s Capacities and Signals framework in order to understand (1) how educational narratives develop and spread on #DigPed, and (2) the nature of their capacities. Using Social Network Analysis and thematic analysis of content, we identify three prominent narratives in the network and discuss the network structures from a critical perspective. Based on the findings, we propose pedagogic capacity—the power to initiate a productive and potentially transformative educational discourse, within one’s self and within communities—as an additional lens to explore the spread and impact of critical narratives in education. Findings confirm the view that networked spaces are organized by hidden hierarchies marked by influence.

Quality of Vision of Presbyopic via Progressive Additional Lens (PALs)

The number of presbyopia with inadequate correction is increasing worldwide which surely decreased the visual satisfaction. A survey was conducted to study the level of vision satisfaction between the quality of vision and symptoms reported by progressive addition lens (PALs). Sixty questionnaires were mailed to the (PALs) wearers aged between 40 years and above from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Vision Care. The strongest correlation was between the quality of vision at intermediate viewing with total satisfaction on seeing grocery shelves and computer screen p&lt;0.001. PALs wearers priority and needs should be considered in selecting the appropriate lens design for required tasks.

Реабилитация пациентов с артифакией и возрастной макулярной дегенерацией путем имплантации добавочной макулярной линзы Шариота (первый российский опыт)

Реабилитация пациентов с артифакией и возрастной макулярной дегенерацией путем имплантации добавочной макулярной линзы Шариота (первый российский опыт)

Presbyopia and Ocular Conditions Causing Near Vision Impairment in Older Adults From the Brazilian Amazon Region

To investigate the prevalence and causes of near vision impairment (NVI) in a population of older adults from the Brazilian Amazon Region. Population-based cross-sectional study. Cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting subjects 45 years of age and older from urban and rural areas of Parintins city, Brazil. Participants underwent ophthalmic examination, including uncorrected (UCNVA), presenting (PNVA), and best-corrected near visual acuity (BCNVA) from each eye; biomicroscopy; funduscopy; and subjective refraction, including testing with additional lenses for near vision optical correction. A principal cause for NVI was assigned by the ophthalmologist and presbyopia was defined as UCNVA ≤ 20/40 changing to > 20/40 with BCNVA. Free-of-charge glasses were provided for those in need. A total of 2384 subjects were enumerated and 2025 had reliable NVA measurements from both eyes. The prevalence of NVI in the better-seeing eye was 96.5% with UCNVA, decreasing to 81.1% with PNVA and to 20.5% with BCNVA. Presbyopia was the principal cause of NVI in 71.8%, followed by cataract (16.5%) and pterygium (2.5%), and was associated with younger age and high schooling. Glasses for near vision were prescribed and provided to 1414 (69.8%) participants. A high prevalence of NVI was detected even in those wearing glasses for near. Prescription and provision of low-cost reading glasses should be considered by Brazilian health authorities to address this easily and promptly correctable form of vision impairment.