Additional Facilities Research Articles

Public Service Mall as a Solution or New Challenge? Case Study of Public Service Innovation in Sinjai Regency, Indonesia

Innovation in public services is needed to improve efficiency, transparency, and public satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the implementation of innovation in the Public Service Mall (MPP) of Sinjai Regency, Indonesia, based on five innovation typologies, namely products/services, service processes, service methods, policies, and systems. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The study resultsindicate that product innovation in MPP Sinjai includes service digitalization, such as mobile applications, technology-based queuing systems, and interactive kiosks, making it easier for the public to access public services while increasing convenience with additional facilities. In terms of process, workflow digitalization has succeeded in increasing efficiency and transparency. In terms of service methods, the one-stop service approach allows the integration of various public services in one location, while electronic applications expand the reach of services. Innovative policies support transparency and inclusivity, ensuring access for vulnerable groups. The success of system innovation is reflected in the integration of services between agencies through digital technology that accelerates workflow and increases public participation. However, interagency coordination and organizational cultural barriers still require further attention. Future research could explore the impact of these innovations on citizen satisfaction, strategies to address the digital divide, and comparative studies with MPPs in other regions to understand best practices and similar challenges

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE PRODUCTION AMONG SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN BATTICALOA, SRI LANKA

Maize is largely a subsistence food under promotion as food security and it is also the source of income for small-scale farmers in rural areas. Considering food insecurity and poverty, the study of technical efficiency directs small-scale farmers to compare the expected potential yield and the actual yield sustainably using productive resources. Especially small-scale farmers in Koralaipattu North Division tend to underutilize or over utilize some of the factors of production. Therefore, 100 maize farmers were randomly selected as respondents among 150 farmers for the study to estimate the technical efficiency of maize and its determinants in Koralaipattu North, DS division from December to March 2022. Cobb Douglas, Stochastic frontier production function was applied to identify the impact of each input on maize production and the findings revealed that log forms of the inputs such as land size, labour hours and fertilizer significantly affected the maize production in this study area. Further, the findings indicated that the mean value of technical efficiency was 78 percent. An inefficiency effect model indicated that the coefficient for farmers’ experience, education, and farm income and credit assistance were statistically significant and negative which reduced the technical inefficiency. The findings of the study suggest that the government should initiate programs to exchange farm experience among the community and promote farmers’ education which encourages the adoption of new farming techniques and management. Further, providing additional income and credit facilities improves the efficiency of maize farming and their income in the future.

Ammonia and Liquid Hydrogen as Energy Carriers: Challenges and Opportunities

The artificial synthesis of ammonia has significantly contributed to addressing global hunger by enhancing agricultural productivity. This achievement led to an explosive increase in population, with the current global population surpassing 8 billion. However, this rapid population growth has also accelerated environmental pollution and the climate change crisis. Recently, the use of ammonia as an energy carrier has garnered attention as part of efforts to combat climate change. Due to the challenges associated with storing and transporting hydrogen, converting it into ammonia for use as an energy carrier is being actively studied. Ammonia is more stable and cost-effective for storage and transportation than hydrogen because of its higher boiling point (-33.34°C vs. -252.9°C) and larger molecular weight (17 vs. 2). However, additional infrastructure is required for the conversion between hydrogen and ammonia, and this process results in energy losses. In this review, the costs and energy efficiencies of using ammonia and liquefied hydrogen as energy carriers were analyzed based on 1 ton of hydrogen production and consumption: 1) In terms of cost, ammonia was estimated at 6,548,200 KRW, while liquefied hydrogen was 7,900,000 KRW. 2) The energy efficiency of fuel cell vehicles was 18.5% for ammonia and 23% for liquefied hydrogen. 3) For residential fuel cells, the energy efficiency was 33% for ammonia and 41% for liquefied hydrogen. Although ammonia exhibits lower energy efficiency compared to liquefied hydrogen as an energy carrier, it is relatively competitive in terms of economic viability. However, the conversion between hydrogen and ammonia requires additional facilities, and significant energy losses occur during this process. These limitations have led to growing interest in the direct combustion of ammonia. In addition, technologies for directly using renewable electricity or storing it in batteries without energy carriers are being continuously developed. As such, the future of energy technology will gradually take shape through intense competition among various innovative solutions.

Public Library Interior Design with Biophilic Concept in Sleman Regency

The Sleman Regency Library is an educational facility established by the government to provide educational services and fulfill the government's responsibility to enlighten the nation. It also reflects the vision and mission of Sleman Regency, articulated through the Smart City concept, which aims to manage resources effectively and efficiently, maximize public services, and support sustainable development. However, the library in Sleman still requires design improvements, as it currently has a rigid design, with a need for better space planning, circulation, and additional facilities to meet visitor needs and enhance their comfort. The interior design is based on David K. Ballast’s 1992 design method. This public library design incorporates the Biophilic concept, which aims to enhance human well-being both physically and mentally while fostering a positive connection between people and nature. The goal of this interior design is to improve the quality of the library as an educational space, make it appealing to the community, and optimize space planning and facilities to better meet public needs.

Impacts of the MSU-Sulu College of Agriculture Patikul Extension Program on Students Residing within the Municipality of Patikul

This study focused on the positive impact of the Patikul Ex-tension Program of MSU-Sulu College of Agriculture on the enrolled students residing within the boundaries of Patikul Municipality. Specifically, the study assessed the impacts of the program in three areas: Socio-Cultural, Economic, and Envi-ronmental aspects. To gather the necessary data, the re-searchers used a self-devised structured survey questionnaire, which underwent a reliability test. The questionnaire consist-ed of two parts. The first part determined the profile of the respondents using the quantitative descriptive method of fre-quency distribution. The second part assessed the impact of the program through selected questions, with the data ana-lyzed using weighted means and inferential statistics. A one-way ANOVA was employed to examine the significant differ-ences in the responses across different respondent profiles.Results showed that most of the respondents were 25 years old or older, female, first-year students, and residents of Patikul, Sulu, aged 21 or above. In terms of impact, the Socio-Cultural aspect had a weighted mean of 4.58, interpreted as "Strongly Agree"; the Economic aspect had a weighted mean of 4.42, interpreted as "Agree"; and the Environmental aspect had a weighted mean of 4.46, interpreted as "Agree." Regard-ing significant differences, the responses on the Socio-Cultural, Economic, and Environmental impacts of the Patikul Exten-sion Program varied across the profiles, with the results being mostly significant according to the one-way ANOVA test.Based on these findings, the researchers recommend the con-tinuous development of the program through faculty devel-opment, additional facilities, and laboratory improvements, as well as conducting further studies on the impact of faculty de-velopment on the stakeholders of the institution.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN WISATA BAHARI BERDASARKAN ANALISIS KESESUAIAN DAN DAYA DUKUNG WISATA BAHARI DI PANTAI PENIDA (CRYSTAL BAY)

Crystal Bay is one of the favorite tourist destinations for foreign tourists. This research aims to determine the suitability of marine tourism for snorkeling, diving, and beach recreation activities, measure the carrying capacity of nautical tourism, and formulate a strategy for developing marine tourism on Penida Beach. The method used to analyze the suitability of marine tourism is the concept of suitability by Yulianda et al. 2010, analysis of environmental carrying capacity according to Cifuentes, and formulation of a maritime tourism development strategy through SWOT. The results of the study of the suitability of marine tourism carried out by Penida Beach are in the S2 category with an IKW of 66.75% for snorkeling and diving of 64.81% and the beach recreation tourism category with an IKW value of 81.11%. The physical carrying capacity analysis calculation at Penida Beach showed that permitted tourist visits were for diving tourism activities of 5,082 people per year, snorkeling activities of 1,545,291 people per year, and beach recreation of 103,092 people per year. Analysis of the actual carrying capacity was obtained at 2,730 people per year for diving activities, snorkeling activities at 736,826 people per year, and beach recreation activities at 99,999 people per year. The practical tourism carrying capacity calculation results are 1815 people per year, 508,563 for snorkeling and beach recreation activities, and 68,970 people annually. Marine tourism development strategies include carrying out beach clean-up activities, monitoring and monitoring coral reef ecosystems, providing diving equipment, public education, rubbish bins, changing rooms, showers, clean water, signage, information, and selling areas. Souvenirs and wave break buildings to support the Nusa Penida Festival Event. Maximizing awig - awig, patrol facilities to be carried out daily, additional security facilities, and restrictions on tourist visits. They are conducting outreach to the community, requesting funds for developing tourism facilities, providing information related to the MPA, English language training, and preserving awig - awig. Keywords: tourism suitability; carrying capacity; sustainable tourism; SWOT

Evaluasi Pelatihan Kepemimpinan Administrator dalam Implementasi Program Pengembangan Kepegawaian di Pusat Pengembangan Kepegawaian ASN Badan Kepegawaian Negara

This study aims to find out the results of the Evaluation of Leadership Training of Administrators in the Implementation of Competence Development Programmes at the ASN Competency Development Centre of the State Competition Agency using the CIPP evaluation model. (Context, Input, Process, Product). The evaluation results consist of 4 CIPP components, showing that: 1) On the Context component, Peg ASN BKN has a basis in the maintenance of the PKA program, the purpose of the maintenance is in accordance with the maintenance guidelines, as well as the analysis of the needs of the program in conformity with the Maintenance Guidelines; 2) On the Input component Peg Asn BKN have a good SDM, according to the LAN standard, have the budgeting documentation and curriculum that conforms to the maintenance directives, and complete prasarana means; 3) On the Process component from the planning process until the evaluation process is carried out with policy measures; 4) On the Product component in view of the assessment results, the goal of PKA programme maintenance has been achieved. Other findings were obtained, namely: 1) There are more tasks where to get caught into the organizing committee and widyaiswara; 2) Additional learning studio facilities; 3) Socialization through social media and online registration. As for the recommendation to the organizer, in forming a team in a training maintenance to give his task is not excessive or two responsibilities, thus will improve efficiency and efficiency in a job.

Enhancing geographical access to cardiovascular disease healthcare services in Lagos State, Nigeria

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, and three-quarters of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. Improving spatial access to care facilities is a way of reducing the disease burden through early detection and treatment. Determining the number of facilities to provide and the locations in order to improve accessibility is central to healthcare facility planning. The maximal covering location problem (MCLP) was used in the identification and determination of where to place additional CVD treatment facilities in Lagos State for better accessibility. The primary objective of this study was to optimize the placement of CVD facilities to maximize coverage for both patients and non-patients alike. The optimization model utilized data on the population of Lagos State, the locations of CVD patients, the location of existing CVD care facilities, and the locations of general hospitals (GHs) within the state. The MCLP implementation was carried out using the maxcovr. The results of the models indicated that the addition of two facilities at the Isolo and Ile-Epo GHs would enhance CVD patient coverage from 70 to 87.4%, reducing the average travel distance from 9,038 to 6,466 m. Similarly, the introduction of two facilities at the Ikorodu and Ajegunle GHs improved population coverage from 40.3 to 70.8%, reducing the average travel distance of 18,788 m by over 5,000 m. These findings are expected to offer valuable insights for public health decision-makers who face the challenge of prioritizing limited budgets.

Examining disparities in PFAS plasma concentrations: Impact of drinking water contamination, food access, proximity to industrial facilities and superfund sites

BackgroundMost of the US population is exposed to per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) through various environmental media and these sources of PFAS exposure coupled with disproportionate co-localization of PFAS-polluting facilities in under-resourced communities may exacerbate disparities in PFAS-associated health risks. MethodWe leveraged two cohorts in Southern California with 8 PFAS concentrations measured in plasma. We obtained PFAS water testing data from the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule and state monitoring data, census tract-level information on food access using the Food Access Research Atlas, the location of Superfund sites on the National Priorities List, and data on facilities known to release PFAS pollutants. These data were then spatially linked to the participants’ home addresses. ResultsIn the first cohort, we found that detections of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS in drinking water were associated with 1.54 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.77, 2.32), 0.47 ng/mL (0.25, 0.68), and 1.16 ng/mL (0.62, 1.71) increase in plasma PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS. The presence of Superfund sites was associated with higher plasma concentrations of PFOS, PFHxS, PFPeS, and PFHpS (betas [95% CIs]: 0.96 [0.21, 1.71], 0.9 [0.22, 1.58], 0.04 [0.02, 0.06] and 0.05 [0.02, 0.09], respectively). Each additional PFAS-polluting facility present in the neighborhood was associated with a 0.9 ng/mL (0.03, 0.15) increase in the concentration of PFOS. In the other cohort, we found that the presence of Superfund sites was associated with higher plasma PFDA, PFHpS, PFOS (betas [95% CIs]: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06], 0.05 [0.01, 0.09], and 1.96 [0.31, 3.62]). Neighborhood low access to food was associated with a 2.51 ng/mL (0.7, 4.31) increase in plasma PFOS, 0.6 ng/mL (0.16, 1.06) increase in plasma PFOA and 0.06 (0.02, 0.1) increase in plasma PFHpS. ConclusionReducing sources of PFAS exposure in under-resourced neighborhoods may help reduce disparities in human exposure levels.

Basic English an Effort to Improve the Ability of Kip Scholarship Students at Mandalika University of Education

English language teaching has not been evenly distributed across all regions in Indonesia. The tendency is that students who go to school in big cities have better English teaching than remote areas. On the other hand, KIP Scholarship students come from many regions, some of which come from outside big cities. KIP Scholarship students are students with good academic backgrounds but have weak economic abilities. For KIP Scholarship students, they do not have the capital to get access to additional language learning facilities even if they need it. In the end, their competitiveness will be low. Therefore, the Basic English skills of KIP College Scholarship students need to be improved in order to be more competitive. In this study, Basic English was given to KIP Kuliah Scholarship students of Mandalika University of Education who were most in need of capacity building. A total of 12 meetings, in addition to the pretest and posttest, were organized. As a result, the Basic English skills of KIP College Scholarship students improved. However, it still takes perseverance from students to want to learn better so that their skills improve significantly. It can be concluded that the Basic English Implementation program for KIP College Scholarship students helps improve the ability of human resources in the field of English.

Laboratory Management; Challenges and Opportunities in FkipUhamka

This study aims to analyze the management of basic physics laboratories at UniversitasMuhammadiyah Prof DR HAMKA and its impact on user performance and satisfaction. Optimal management of basic physics laboratories is very important to support the learning process and student practicums. This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach, where data is collected through questionnaires distributed to lecturers and students who use the laboratory. The results of the study indicate that the management of basic physics laboratories at UniversitasMuhammadiyah Prof DR HAMKA has been running well, but there are still several aspects that need to be improved, such as equipment maintenance, additional facilities, and improving work safety. Data analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between laboratory management and user performance and satisfaction. Good management will improve the efficiency of laboratory use, which in turn will improve academic performance and user satisfaction. Based on the findings, several suggestions are given for further improvement, including planning for periodic maintenance, adding facilities, improving laboratory technician skills, and regular monitoring and evaluation. The implementation of these suggestions is expected to improve the quality of basic physics laboratory management at UniversitasMuhammadiyah Prof. DR HAMKA.

UNLOCKING POTENTIAL: MULTIPLE CASE STUDIES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

This multiple case study examined the experiences of students with special needs while they took Physical Education courses at the tertiary level, exploring their challenges, coping mechanisms, and insights. The findings revealed several challenges faced by these students: limitations in participating in classroom activities, difficulties with classroom management, fear of judgment and discrimination from peers and instructors, and communication barriers. Despite these difficulties, the students managed to address them through open communication with their peers and instructors, maintaining a positive mindset and optimism, and fully accepting and adapting to their situation. This demonstrated their resilience in striving to achieve their goals. In their eagerness to reach these goals, the students also offered recommendations for institutions and educators. They suggested that institutions should provide additional facilities and equipment for students with special needs and develop programs and activities to highlight their talents and potential. They also emphasized that educators should incorporate differentiated instruction in Physical Education to offer more opportunities for students with special needs to showcase their abilities in various activities.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0773/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Work Posture Analysis in The Chips Frying Section Using Workplace Ergonomic Risk Assessment Method

U.D. Keripik Mustika is a small and medium enterprise (SME) that processes yam raw materials into special snacks in great demand for consumption and souvenirs. According to observations, the worker experienced pain complaints during frying in the shoulder area, arms, back, waist, hands, and feet. The complaint experienced by this worker was due to the worker's posture that had to stand and bend slightly with the position of the hands continuously mixing for 7 hours a day and done manually repeatedly over long periods. This is if left, then the worker will suffer musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The research was conducted using the WERA method (Workplace Ergonomic Risk Assessment), which explains the development of ergonomic risk assessment at the workplace to detect physical risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The spread of the Nordic Body Map questionnaire on frying workers showed pain complaints from an unergonomic working posture. The study results were obtained from Employee 1, with a physical indicator score of 39 (Medium), and Employee 2, with a physical indicator score of 37 (Medium). Therefore, there is a need for improvement of the work facilities or the worker's posture. Based on the assessment results, the researchers suggested additional facilities for workers to design standing aids that reduce pain in the leg muscles and complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).

Analysis of Community Participation and Satisfaction with the Engku Putri Square as an Open Sports Space in Batam City

This study aims to investigate community participation and satisfaction with the Engku Putri Square as an open sports space in the city of Batam to find out how far the government has implemented the National Sports System Law (UU SKN) through the two dimensions of the Sports Development Index (SDI). Case studies were chosen as an approach to achieve the objectives of this research. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documents. The interviewees were 16 community members who used the Engku Putri square as a place to exercise. Observations were made on daily sports activities, the condition of the facilities, and the atmosphere at the Engku Putri square. Document data was obtained from the relevant SKPD, namely the Public Works Department (DPU) Parks section, the Indonesian Community Recreational Sports Federation (FORMI) in the city of Batam, and the Internet. Data analysis uses a thematic analysis approach by reading data, grouping initial codes, determining themes, and writing reports. The results are presented through a description of the environmental characteristics of Engku Putri Square, Batam City, tabulated results of community participation and satisfaction in several themes. Participation is the initial discussion through calculating the SDI participation index with intermediate criteria. Meanwhile, satisfaction is categorized into four major themes, namely (1) quality and service, (2) price, (3) emotional factors, and (4) convenience. Each of them was at a satisfactory level with several inputs as follows: (1) the need for additional sports facilities in the Engku Putri square, Batam city, (2) attention to the maintenance of facilities in the Engku Putri town square, Batam city, and (3) observing cleanliness in the Engku Putri square, Batam city.

Utilizing Static Pricing to Boost Room Revenue in Archipelago International Indonesia Hotels Group

Purpose: This research examines the implementation of static rates to increase room revenue at Archipelago International Indonesia Hotels Group. While the majority of Archipelago International management considers that dynamic rates are more effective at increasing room revenue, the impact of global economic events such as the Covid-19 pandemic, wars, and earthquakes (force majeure) has been underestimated. Static rates can be used to respond to economic downturns induced by these occurrences, which reduce demand. Research methods: This research uses qualitative research methodologies to assess current practices and offer ideal static rate models. It is supported by three concepts and theories: static rates, room revenue, and hotel management. This research also uses tourism economy and revenue management as theoretical foundations. Results and discussion: The findings highlight suboptimal implementation challenges and propose two models at Archipelago International Indonesia Hotels Group: (1) Static Rates Stand Alone: managed by the channel manager for a minimum two-night stay, beneficial for remote or pre-opening hotels, during low occupancy or economic downturns; and (2) Bundle Packages: combining room rates with other services to increase revenue and promote additional facilities. Implication: These models provide consistent pricing, improved forecasting, and increased brand awareness. Implementing these models can help Archipelago International optimize its revenue plans and financial performance.

EXPLORING THE ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF THE VISITORS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: A CASE OF LAL SOHANRA NATIONAL PARK, BAHAWALPUR, PAKISTAN

National parks have an immense value in protecting the natural resources and biodiversity and amusing the tourists with aesthetic beauty. This study was undertaken with the main objective to explore the attitudes and perceptions of the visitors towards sustainable tourism at Lal Sohanra National park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. For this purpose, a field survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire at the park to 250 visitors’ respondents randomly. The United Nations WTO indicators of sustainable tourism (2004) as sustaining tourist satisfaction were also applied to measure the level of satisfaction of tourists. The analysis carried out in SPSS v. 20 by applying descriptive statistics and individual samples T-Test. Results showed that among the visitors, 86.8% were males and 13.2% were females. Majority of respondents (54.8%) have the age of 15 to 30 years. By education, 19.6% respondents were intermediate passed and the majority of the visitors (52.4%) have been completed graduation. The monthly income of these respondents varied as 50.4% have earned 15,000 PKR per month and 31.2% were private employees or owns their personal business (34.4%). They spent considerable amount on their tour (conveyance and food) to the national park as 52.8% respondents have spent 4,000 to 8,000 PKR. Majority of the visitors (76%) were unmarried while 24% were married and most of them (44.4%) were belongs to different areas of Bahawalpur district and come with friends (51.6%) followed by family together (38.8%). They were visiting mostly on weekend/ holiday (52%) by using their personal (48.4%) and hired/ rented conveyance (34%). Although majority of the tourists (90.8%) have replied that they satisfied with the facilities and services provided by park administration. When they inquired about the provision of the additional facilities they answered to the need of better canteen (35%), improvements in play grounds and swings (23.6%) and improved security (18.8%). About 58.8% tourists have expressed their positive views and opinions about the park and 44% replied the national park as a place for sustainable tourism, biodiversity conservation (22%) and a place of recreation and green parks (18.4%). The overall level of satisfaction of the tourists was satisfactory as 53.6% tourists responded that they were satisfied. Results of individuals samples T-Test also verified the positive attitude and views of the tourists toward national park as a place of sustainable tourism and protected natural landscape (p-value 0.001). They were also well aware about the environmental issues at the park. Lastly few suggestions were recommended to the concerned authorities to bring more betterment and make it more appealing tourist destination for the visitors.

The role of cultural amenities in cities for employment growth of industrial clusters: evidence from a panel VAR model

ABSTRACT Industrial clusters are critical economic drivers of city growth, and this study suggests strategies for increasing employment in clusters experiencing a lack of employees. Cities have an important role in industrial clusters because they serve employees’ needs that industrial districts cannot provide for, yet this relationship has not received sufficient attention. Therefore, this study investigates the interrelationships between clusters and their city settlement characteristics, and specifically how the latter characteristics influence one another to lead to cluster employment growth. This study expands on ideas about the role of cultural amenities for industrial clusters that lack sufficient accessibility. It uses panel vector autoregressive methodology to investigate 706 industrial clusters and their 160 cities in South Korea over 10 consecutive years. Cultural amenities can act as a starting point linked to cluster employment growth, prompting the building of other amenities. They also influence the influx of additional facilities to cities, with their overall quality upgraded, resulting in regions with rich amenities. Highlights The impact of amenities on employment in industrial clusters is examined A panel vector autoregressive model is employed for the analysis Cultural amenities in cities attract workers to industrial clusters Cultural amenities lead to an increase in education, commerce, and services amenities Cultural amenities in industrial development plans improve the economic and social benefits

From Human Perception of Good Practices to Horse (Equus Caballus) Welfare: Example of Equine-Assisted Activities.

Equine-assisted intervention (EAI) studies deal with clients, whereas very few studies focused on the effects on animals. EAI equids are also submitted to management, which influences their welfare. Management and working conditions depend on human decisions and perception. We gathered information through a survey about facilities managers' strategies (n = 51) and obtained direct information on management and working practices and their consequences on equids' welfare through an observational study (n = eight facilities, 174 equids). Differences in managers' perceptions of good management practices were related to the facility's involvement in EAI, e.g., increased awareness of equids' needs (housing and feeding), especially when EAI was the main activity. A detailed observational study on eight additional facilities confirmed that. Facility management profiles were paralleled by equids' welfare profiles. Clear correlates were found between management decisions and welfare consequences. One major factor influencing welfare and human-equid interactions appeared to be working modalities, with more EAI facilities practicing groundwork and bitless work. Facilities where equids were the most involved in mixed activities had the most equids with compromised welfare. Given EAI clients' particularities, conventional working modalities are less adapted and at risk of increased discomfort for equids. Overall, survey and observational approaches converged but some discrepancies (choice of equid type) appeared between the reported and observed prevalence.

이스포츠 프로리그 경기관람속성이 방문관람의도에 미치는 영향: 계획된 행동이론을 중심으로

With the continuous evolution of various IT technologies such as live streaming platforms and the metaverse, e-sports (electronic sports) have witnessed sustained growth. Notably, e-sports have been formally recognized as a discipline in the Hangzhou Asian Games, reflecting their increasing popularity in China. This study employs the Theory of Planned Behavior to empirically analyze how viewing attributes of e-sports league games influence the intention of Chinese spectators to attend events in person. Data from 391 respondents were collected and analyzed for this purpose. The empirical findings highlight six key viewing attributes: cost, game content, escapism, fan service, additional facilities, and related tourism. Among these attributes, game content, escapism, and additional facilities emerge as significant influencers of spectator attitudes, thereby impacting their intention to attend events in person. Moreover, spectator attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are identified as significant factors affecting the intention to attend in person. In conclusion, enhancing the quality of game programming and providing opportunities for escapism are critical. Additionally, expanding supplementary facilities to accommodate in-person attendance is recommended. These insights provide foundational data for optimizing the organization of e-sports leagues and enhancing visitor experiences in the region. Furthermore, they can inform strategic improvements in e-sports viewing services, fostering continued growth in the industry.

FORMULATION OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEWSTABLE READY TO USE (RTU) INJECTABLE FORMULATION OF ROCURONIUM BROMIDE

Commercially available injectable Rocuronium Bromide, a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker intended to store in a refrigerator at 2-8°C, requires an additional storage facility. The primary objectives of the present research were to design a stable, Ready to use (RTU) formulation of Rocuronium Bromide (RCB) Injection for Intravenous (IV) administration for storage at room temperature. Beta cyclodextrin (BCD) forms inclusion complexes with RCB. Edetate Disodium (EDTA) helps in achieving within the specification limit of Impurity C (Imp. C), a major metabolite of rocuronium bromide and Assay. Other excipients were selected to achieve a stable injectable formulation and cause less pain at the injection site. The formulation was optimized by Design of experiments (DoE) applying Central Composite Design (CCD) using Design Expert software and established design space where the formulation meets the desired acceptance criteria. The obtained optimized formulation can be terminally sterilized by moist heat and evaluated for thermal stability and robustness. The robustness of the formulation was established through Temperature excursion studies, pH sensitivity, and Oxygen sensitivity studies. Shelf life was estimated for 19 months when stored at 22°C which is an improvement to the currently available brands with 2-8°C storage. The formulation does not contain acetate buffer, which was identified as the root cause of the pain at the vascular site and may cause less vascular pain at the injection site. The current research work is encouraging in a positive way to achieve the objective of stable Rocuronium bromide injection at ambient conditions to enhance patient compliance.