Additional Credit Research Articles

TAX PREFERENCES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF BUSINESS ENTITIES DURING THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article analyzes the importance of the functioning of small business as one of the important sectors of the economy during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Their activities in partially occupied, front-line, support and safe regions were studied, in particular: the number of registered individual entrepreneurs, active individual entrepreneurs, individual entrepreneurs who ceased their activities in 2021-2023. State support measures for small business entities were considered: direct payments from the budget, tax preferences, preferential loans, measures to reduce administrative pressure. Attention is focused on one of the types of support for business entities during martial law – tax preferences. Their role and importance in the activities of enterprises that are on the simplified taxation system is determined and the importance of the mentioned support is proven. It is accepted to pay attention to the current tax legislation – the Tax Code of Ukraine regarding preferences for the simplified tax payers of the first, second and third groups. The tax preferences for four groups of taxpayers who are on the simplified taxation system in 2022 were considered according to the following indicators: the maximum amount of income per year, the rate of a single tax, the amount of a single contribution (per month), documentary checks, sanctions for violating tax legislation and non-use of cash registers (registrars of settlement transactions). The revenues and expenditures of the budget in 2021-2022 and their impact on the country’s economy were analyzed. Problems of the development of small enterprises in Ukraine and ways of increasing the efficiency of their activities in modern market conditions are highlighted: introduction of tax incentives for local production of important products in Ukraine; exemption from taxation of materials and equipment necessary for the modernization of production; preferences for relocated enterprises or those that continue to employ internally displaced persons; formation of additional credit support programs for business entities.

“To give additional credit to this paper”: the Lower Canada Army Bills and provisioning the state during the War of 1812

This article seeks to provide insight into the history and acceptance of paper money within British North America by examining the state money issued by Lower Canada’s civil government and the British Army during the War of 1812. Prior to the war, British North America was suffering from a specie shortage that was further exacerbated by the need for significant expenditure increases to provision the state with the resources it needed for its war effort. In response, colonial authorities issued the Army Bills, a paper money that was backed by acceptance in paying public debts and duties while also possessing qualities that adhered to metalist principles. To many observers surprise, the money successfully circulated and was accepted by Lower Canada’s colonists, who beforehand had largely been perceived by colonial officials as distrusting of paper money. This research argues that the state’s acceptance of Army Bills for discharging public debts, particularly merchant duties, ensured that the money would provide the colonial government with the fiscal flexibility it needed to conduct its war effort. This provision, in addition to measures like legal tender laws protecting its use in private transactions, also supported its successful circulation within the colonial economy during the war.

Techno‐economic and policy analysis of hydrogen and gasoline production from forest biomass, agricultural residues and municipal solid waste in California

AbstractTechno‐economic and policy analyses were performed of hydrogen and gasoline production from forest biomass (FB). They were compared with fuels produced using agricultural residues and municipal solid waste in California. Twelve process designs were analyzed, with and without carbon capture and storage, and life‐cycle analysis was performed, using California's Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) 3.0 model, to calculate the average life‐cycle carbon intensity of different process designs for hydrogen and gasoline. Discounted cash flow models were developed to assess profitability in terms of the net present value and internal rate of return (IRR). The results showed that forest‐to‐fuel pathways (positive IRR between 2%−16%) were the least competitive biomass‐based pathway option. Sensitivity analysis was performed on economic parameters including feedstock price and renewable identification number (RIN) credit price. In the case of RIN credits, profitability declined significantly as the proportion of FB from federal lands increased given existing statutory limitations. Given the importance of increasing forest management to reduce wildfire risks, the necessary additional policy incentives were quantified to equalize the cost of forest‐to‐fuels pathways with the other biofuels pathways. To ensure FB‐to‐fuels pathways are cost competitive with agricultural residues, policymakers could increase the low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) credit price for forest fuels (additional credit price support of $41–75 t/CO2e), give additional credit to lifecycle emissions reductions from forest fuels (additional carbon intensity decrease of 19–76 gCO2e MJ−1), provide concessionary debt or equity with a target weighted average cost of capital (WACC) = 3–4%, subsidize capital costs (12–22% of costs), or subsidize FB delivery ($35–66 per dry ton delivered).

Summaries of Articles

Summaries of Articles

The Credit Suisse CoCo wipeout: Facts, misperceptions, and lessons for financial regulation

The Credit Suisse CoCo wipeout: Facts, misperceptions, and lessons for financial regulation

Society for Education and the Advancement of Research in Connected Health SEARCH 2022 – The National Telehealth Research Symposium Abstracts Virtual Meeting November 16–18, 2022

Society for Education and the Advancement of Research in Connected Health SEARCH 2022 – The National Telehealth Research Symposium Abstracts Virtual Meeting November 16–18, 2022

People lie less when they put on a medical face mask

The current study examined how a face mask people wore during the COVID-19 pandemic affects frequent lying and successful telling and detecting lies and truths in a face-to-face deception task. Participants were psychology students who acted as senders and receivers of true and false communications under three conditions: visible face, wearing a face mask, and blindfolding in addition to the face mask. Participants arrived in groups of eight. They first completed a lying questionnaire and then participated in the deception task. Their goal was to outperform the rest of the group to retain a bonus of additional course credit. Results indicated that participants reduced the number of lies told when wearing the face mask compared to chance expectancy (d = −.27) and visible face (d = −0.21).In addition, participants were more successful in detecting truths in the face mask condition than in the visible face condition (d = 0.21). Finally, self-assessed lie-telling ability predicted frequent lying in the face mask but not in the other conditions. It was suggested that participants wearing the face mask were affected by the attitudes and norms that prevailed during the COVID-19 pandemic, where consideration was required, and people were relatively thoughtful and kind. The face mask reminded participants of these norms and motivated participants to act accordingly.

The Extension of Credit with Nonexclusive Contracts and Sequential Banking Externalities

Nonexclusive sequential borrowing can increase default and impose externalities on prior lenders. We document that sequential banking is pervasive with substantial effects. Using credit card applications from a large bank and data on the applicants’ entire loan portfolios, we find that an additional credit line causes a 5.9 percentage point decline in default for high-score borrowers on previous loans. However, for low-score borrowers, it causes a 19 percentage point increase. The former use the new credit to smooth payments on preexisting loans, while the latter increase their total debt. These results have implications for “ no-universal-default” regulation and financial inclusion. (JEL D62, D82, G21, G51)

CHALLENGES OF MICROFINANCE BENEFICIARIES IN AGRICULTURAL AND NONAGRICULTURAL CREDIT

T Microfinance programs are a great way for low income people in rural areas to start their own income generating activities and makes their ends meet. Since, borrowing itself is a big challenge, there will always be a challenge in everything doing with that money.Borrowing for Agricultural and Non agricultural activities ultimate objective is to make at least an income which meets the repayment of the borrowed capital without any additional credit. Gestational period payments , complication in sale of products due to competition of branded products, limitation in area of marketing due to lack of storage and transportation ,loss due to technical inefficiency and underutilisation of capacity etc are the main challenges faced by agricultural and non agricultural microfinance borrowers

Valuing Losses of Pension Benefits

Valuing Losses of Pension Benefits

Impacts of Prosthetic Innovation in Ecuador Study Abroad Course.

Biomedical engineering (BME) students typically have a schedule filled with specific course requirements, leaving little room for spending a semester studying abroad. We established a new short-term BME study abroad course, partnering with a non-profit healthcare organization that provides high-quality prosthetic care to underserved populations. This innovative study abroad course was met with great student demand. The impact of this short-term study abroad course is increased by developing year-long BME senior capstone design projects based on the needs identified throughout the experience in Ecuador. Shortly after the conclusion of spring semester, students and two BME faculty/staff traveled to Ecuador. During the work week, the students participated in small teams in patient evaluations, castings, fabrication of prosthetics, device fittings, rapid prototyping-testing iterations, and post-prosthesis gait training with physical therapy. Weekends included guided cultural activities. Each student maintained a journal that reflected observations and insights from these experiences. Upon return to the US, students that registered for an additional course credit created video reflection presentations and wrote project proposal reports based on the needs identified in Ecuador. The project proposal reports were used to develop a BME senior capstone design project. Pre and post course self-assessment surveys showed significant increases in five ABET learning outcomes, three BME learning outcomes, and four course-specific learning outcomes. Students who took the two-credit course reported significant increases in four more learning outcomes than students who took the one-credit course. Many students described the experience as inspiring and life-changing, and the program continues to run each summer.

Natural disasters, trade credit, and firm performance

With the increasing frequency and intensity of destructive weather events, firms' access to financing following disasters is critical. Few studies have investigated firms' access to trade credit after natural disasters. We examine whether and how natural disasters, particularly urban floods, affect firms’ trade credit. Using a sample of Chinese companies from 2014 to 2019, we provide robust evidence that trade credit goes up after the occurrence of a flood disaster, an effect lasting about two years. The increase in trade credit is more pronounced for nonstate-owned, politically unconnected firms and firms located in areas with higher trust and collectivism. Channel analysis shows that the positive relationship is primarily due to credit constraints, confirming the substitution hypothesis of trade credit. Following a disaster, firms with access to additional trade credit experience a significant increase in firm performance. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns and alternative explanations.

글로벌 서비스러닝에서 학습자의 경험과 변화 탐색

The purpose of this study is to analyze the service-learning experiences of college students who participated in English subjects applying service-learning and explore the effects. A total of 26 Korean students participated in this study, and assisted Australian university students in learning learn Korean language and culture. Qualitative research methods were used to analyze the data collected from weekly reflection logs, journals submitted at the end of the semester, mid-term/final-term evaluation meeting. According to the findings, students were motivated participate in the service-learning because they wanted to improve English proficiency, communicate with people from other cultures and earn an additional credit. Plus, it was found that students engaged in preparing, implementing, developing strategies, and reflecting. Suggestions were made for future global service learning at higher education settings.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MEANING OF CHANGE IN THE LAND FORCES POST-SECONDARY MILITARY EDUCATION SYSTEM

The pandemic crisis has ironically and paradoxically demonstrated an incredible drive for change and the need for this, due to a continuous downgrade of the relations with the authorities and to the phenomenon of “telework” or “online schooling”. Change makes sense, whether it is a naturally generated phenomenon or a consequence of human action. Caught between an objective and a subjective reality, the military education system has the power to produce qualitative mutations, through a new version, the intersubjective one, in which the emphasis falls on the importance of values and beliefs. These beliefs represented, beyond physical resources and throughout history, especially through the wars fought, the most important resource through which the leader obtained victory, based on the assumed strategy. Used as a research method, systematic observation created the context for a complex alchemy that confirmed the undesirable obligation of what produces meaning and created an algorithm of future reconstructions, based on changes in all three dimensions giving additional credit to intersubjective reality, through the given meaning

IMPLEMENTATION OF KURIKULUM 2013 (K13) USING SEMESTER CREDIT SYSTEM IN BIOLOGY AT SMART EKSELENSIA INDONESIA

Indonesian education is always developed. One of the innovations is the availability of educational programs to accommodate students to complete study, according to their abilities. The purpose of this research is to describe implementation of Kurikulum 2013 (K13) with Semester Credit System in biology learning. There are four research focuses; planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating. This research is qualitative research with analytical descriptive method. The research was carried out from February to June, 2021, with teachers as informants. The data collected online to avoid spread of COVID-19. The results of research obtained are the planning of biology at SMART Ekselensia Indonesia with additional credits, organizing biology learning using elaboration theory and integrating of Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), implementation refers to learning designs and learning models according to curriculum demands, and collaboration-based models and using a scientific approach, and learning evaluation includes three assessment domains; cognitive, affective and psychomotor.

Do authorship disputes deter Indian medical students from pursuing research?

Medicine, being an ever-expanding field, makes it crucial for doctors-in-training to understand research and its methodology and translate this into their clinical practice. However, in India, the response of medical students and residents in adopting this has been sluggish, primarily owing to high levels of stress attributed to the extensive academic curriculum, hectic duty hours, and shortage of workforce that leads to an unacceptably high patient load [1]. Lack of funding and mentorship programmes, difficulty in data collection and analysis, and no additional credits awarded to students for the time invested act as additional barriers to taking up research projects [2]. An important but rarely discussed disincentive is the disputes regarding credits awarded to research in a publication.

Trade Credit and the Transmission of Unconventional Monetary Policy

Abstract We show that production networks are important for the transmission of unconventional monetary policy. Firms with bonds eligible for purchase under the European Central Bank’s Corporate Sector Purchase Program act as financial intermediaries by extending additional trade credit to their customers. The increase in trade credit is pronounced from core countries to periphery countries and for financially constrained customers. Customers then increase investment and employment in response to the increased trade financing, whereas suppliers expand their customer base, contributing to upstream industry concentration. Our findings suggest that trade credit redistributes the effects of monetary policy across regions and firms.

Creating Wikipedia articles on health and technology topics can empower the writers and benefit the community

BackgroundPublicly accessible information regarding imaging procedures is lacking, especially in non-English languages. Biomedical engineering students do not generally have opportunities to practice conveying scientific knowledge to the public.MethodsAs part of a Techniques and Clinical Usage of Medical Imaging Devices course, for extra credit, several biomedical engineering students choose to create and edit Wikipedia articles in the local language (Hebrew). The goal of this activity was to serve the local community, while improving students’ abilities and self-perception in reading and reporting scientific knowledge. Following task completion, individual interviews were conducted with the students to assess the impact of the task on student personal development, sense of meaning and their view of their role in educating the public.ResultsMost students considered the task meaningful and impactful on society. Additional academic credit was not perceived as the most important incentive for participating.ConclusionsMedical and other professional schools should seek to include tasks such as writing Wikipedia articles in their curricula. Educational assignments that integrate academic work, student identity development and direct community benefit can have a long-term beneficial impact on learners and society.

RETRACTED: Risk-averse trading strategy for a hybrid power plant in energy and carbon markets to maximize overall revenue

A risk-averse bidding platform has been proposed in this paper to a hybrid power plant (HPP) that participates as a price-taker player in energy, reserve, and ancillary services markets. A carbon trading market is also being discussed, where the HPP can buy and sell additional carbon credits required for the project. The HPP strikes a balance between selling additional carbon credits and generating more power by gas-fired microturbine. The uncertainty of electricity prices is involved using scenario-based stochastic programming. Penalty charges incurred as a result of variation of renewable generation to manage their uncertainty. For multi-step power markets, the suggested optimization framework derives quantity-price curves using the proposed mixed-integer linear programming. The results indicated that considering carbon quota restricts the operation of microturbines and reduces their revenue by about 60%. On the flip side, the available carbon credits make a considerable revenue for the renewable dominant HPP and increase the total expected profit by 30% and cover the loss of revenue of microturbines. The CVaR is applied to maximize the profit over the 25% of scenarios with the least profit resulting in a 5% reduction of the total revenue under a risk-averse strategy.

Breaking the Silence

Breaking the Silence