Addition Of TiO2 Research Articles

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BEHAVIOR OF A DIESEL ENGINE WITH ENERGY, EXERGY, AND SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS USING TITANIUM OXIDE (TiO2) BLENDED DIESEL AND BIODIESEL

The challenge of improving the efficiency and sustainability and reducing emissions of diesel engines through the use of different fuel blends-such as diesel, biodiesel, and fuel blends mixed with TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles-is addressed by this research. The study investigates how the performance, emissions, and sustainability aspects of a one-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine are impacted when 50 and 100 ppm of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles are added to various blends of diesel and biodiesel under varied engine loads ranging from 25% to 100%. The addition of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles leads to reductions in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of up to 8% with B0 and up to 14.29% with B15, improvements in energy efficiency of up to 2% with B0 and up to 4.02% with B15, and improvements in exergy efficiency of up to 1.88% with B0 and up to 3.77% with B15. With regard to hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, the use of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles decreased emissions by up to 18.4% at the cost of nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which increased by up to 5.87%. The exergy performance coefficient (<i>Ex<sub>p</sub></i>) and sustainability index (SI) increased by up to 18.99% and 5.63%, respectively. The percentage changes showed enhanced engine performance, lower emissions, and improved energy conversion efficiency with the inclusion of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. The results suggest fuel blends' advantages in terms of energy conversion; however, it is also important to look at the economic feasibility and stability of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles.

Effect of the titanium-dioxide addition on the structural, dielectric, and mechanical properties of different cement-based mortars with corundum aggregate

The primary objective of this study was to look into the role of titanium dioxide in the production of corundum-based mortars, with a focus on finding the optimal mortar composition for achieving improved mechanical and dielectric performances. Changes in the mix design (different binders, different additive dosages), as well as their effects on the hydration pathway, chemical bonds, phase modifications, and microstructure, were examined. These findings were then correlated to the designed mortars' mechanical strengths and dielectric properties. Experimental mortars were produced with binders made from ordinary Portland cement, high alumina cement, and their mixtures, and corundum as aggregate. Titanium dioxide was employed as an additive (3 and 5wt.%). Nine different mortars were submitted for comprehensive mineralogical and microstructural characterization upon curing and solidification. The compressive and flexural strengths were monitored throughout the 28-day period. The dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss tangent (tanδ), and electrical resistivity (ρ) were measured over a frequency range of 100Hz to 1MHz. XRD analysis highlighted the appearance of mayenite as a dielectric-prone phase in the samples doped with titanium dioxide. Differential thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy identified a higher amount of extra-low crystalline phase in OPC and HAC mortars with TiO2 addition, which accelerated hydration mechanisms, created a surplus of hydration products and made a more compact cement matrix. TiO2 added in 3wt.% amount led to higher mechanical strengths in OPC-based mortars, while it improved the dielectric properties of HAC mortars.

Polyamide 66 hybrid TiO2–pectin flat-sheet membrane applied to wetland water ultrafiltration

This article describes a study in which a hybrid, polyamide 66 flat-sheet membrane is fabricated and then used to eliminate turbidity in wetland water in an area of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The membrane was prepared by the phase inversion technique, using nylon 66, formic acid solvent, titanium dioxide and pectin as additives. Results show that the pure water flux of the membrane produced is extremely high – reaching 418.04 Lm-2h-1 – but decreased to 311.97 Lm-2h-1 with the addition of TiO2–pectin. When applied to wetland water the PA–TiO2–pectin membrane showed 100% turbidity rejection.

Enhancing Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Portland Cement through Titanium Oxide Incorporation

The impact of various factors such as microbes, allergens, inadequate environmental conditions, pollutants, and suboptimal building materials on human health within indoor environments is of utmost importance due to the significant amount of time people spend inside buildings. The objective of this study was to assess the combination of Portland cement (PC) with Titanium Oxide (TiO2) nano powder for antimicrobial properties with good physical and mechanical strength. TiO2 was added to PC at various percentages (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by the weight of cement) and analysis of slump flow, compressive strength and flexural strength were determined. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion test, utilizing 4 bacteria strains: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed that the addition of TiO2 increased the mechanical strength of the specimen with 1.0% TiO2 displaying the optimum result. For the antimicrobial activity, samples with 1.05% TiO2 had the highest efficiency in inhibiting bacteria growth. The findings showed that a lower percentage of TiO2 added to the PC mortar significantly enhances its mechanical properties and is efficient in inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Such mortar mixture with antibacterial properties should be utilized to enhance hygiene conditions in diverse environments, including hospitals, institutional kitchens, etc., where such properties are necessary.

Colloidal TiO2-Modified Mesoporous Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells

The electron transport layer (ETL) is a crucial part in perovskite solar cells (PSC) as it specifically governs the charge extraction at the perovskite/ETL interface. In this study, methylammonium lead iodide-based PSCs with an n-i-p structure were fabricated and modified by adding colloidal TiO2 into the mesoporous TiO2 film as ETL. The effect of the colloidal TiO2 addition on the PSC performance was investigated for ETL comprising different types of TiO2 particles, i.e. P25 and anatase TiO2. Despite producing lower performance than the PSC made with commercial paste, the power conversion efficiency of the PSCs could be improved with the introduction of colloidal TiO2 solution. An optimum condition was observed depending on the type of TiO2 particle, where the best performing device was achieved with colloidal TiO2 of 0.4 and 0.2 mL for P25 and anatase TiO2, respectively. The amount of colloidal TiO2 in samples with P25 overall had less impact than the samples with anatase TiO2.

Photocatalytic Activity and Self-Cleaning Effect of Coating Mortars with TiO2 Added: Practical Cases in Warm Sub-Humid Climates.

In this study, the photocatalytic activity of coating mortars with synthetized and commercial TiO2 nanoparticles added has been evaluated at 2, 3 and 5% by weight of cement by calculating the degradation efficiency of methyl orange and red wine dyes exposed to both visible-light and UV radiation; also, the self-cleaning effect of coatings exposed to weather conditions (warm sub-humid climate) was assessed. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method to a low synthesis temperature and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show synthesized TiO2 particles in anatase phase with a crystallite size of 14.69 nm, and hemispherical particles with sizes of submicron order. The addition percentage with the best performance in the coating mortars was 3%, with both commercial and synthesized TiO2; however, coating mortars with synthesized TiO2 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency for both dyes when they were exposed to visible light, while mortars with commercial TiO2 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency when exposed to UV radiation. In addition, in coating mortars with synthesized TiO2, the self-cleaning effect was evident from the beginning of exposure to weather, reaching the largest dye-free surface at the end of exposure. The compressive strength increased significantly in mortars with TiO2 addition.

Facile preparation of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts and study of their photocatalytic performance

Due to its strong photocatalytic activity, chemical stability, resistance to chemical and optical corrosion, and non-toxic qualities, TiO2 has received a lot of attention as a significant semiconductor material. One of the main areas of research in the field of photocatalysis has always been the system made of ZnO, another significant semiconductor, which has stronger physical and chemical characteristics and photocatalytic activity than TiO2 and ZnO alone.The performance of the photocatalysts can be optimized by adjusting the ratio of the components in the complexes. It was found that the catalytic activity of the particulate ZnO nano photocatalysts could be improved by trace TiO2 addition and high TiO2 concentration in the complex, with higher degradation efficiency for methyl orange under simulated solar illumination. The enhanced performance was attributed to the high photogenerated electron-hole separation rate caused by the increased surface oxygen vacancy defects and the enhanced interfacial charge transfer of the pluralistic heterojunction structure. In addition, there is a certain selectivity of ZnO and TiO2 for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange, which is related to the charged nature of the catalyst surface and the ionic nature of the pollutant molecules. The inhibitor studies revealed that the degradation reactions of methylene blue and methyl orange involved the active species hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and photogenerated holes formed on the catalyst surface, with superoxide radicals dominating the methyl orange reaction. The produced photocatalysts' great stability was validated by cycling experiments. Further research on the impact of catalyst dosage and pH of the contaminant solution on the photocatalytic performance of the catalysts revealed that an increase in catalyst dosage resulted in a greater number of active sites for contaminant molecules and incident light, which increased the efficiency of contaminant degradation. In an alkaline environment, the efficiency of the catalyst for photodegradation of pollutants was significantly increased due to the high concentration of strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals contained in the alkaline solution.

Deterioration of 3D printed multicomponent radiotherapy dosimetry phantom’s properties upon high energy irradiation

Accuracy and realization of the prescribed dose in radiotherapy is one of the crucial ways to ensure the quality of the treatment, which usually is closely related to the use of different types of phantoms. Nowadays 3D printing technology is a promising methodology for the fabrication of phantoms, mimicking different biological tissues. Therefore, analysis of the structural properties of materials and their deterioration due to the irradiation is an important issue. This study is aimed to assess radiation-induced changes of the physical and mechanical properties of 3D printed materials used in the construction of the advanced multicomponent dosimetry phantom for radiotherapy when high energy (6 MeV) X-ray photons were applied for irradiation. Irradiation dose of 70 Gy, representing total dose delivered to the target during the whole treatment procedure prescribed for a patient was applied. Composites filaments with TiO2 additive were extruded using a 3D Devo filament extruder and experimental samples were printed using 3D printer Zortrax M300. Attenuation properties of the samples were simulated using the XCOM database, while mechanical tests were performed using the ElectroPuls® E10000 Linear-Torsion machine. It was observed that 6 MeV photons irradiation of the investigated composites (polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Polylactic acid (PLA), High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), ULTRAT ABS and GLASS) and PLA containing various concentrations of TiO2 additives (0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 2.0 %)) has not induce d significant deterioration of samples’ attenuation and mechanical properties, indicating variations within interval of 5 % − 10 %. However, performed investigation also revealed some improvement of structural and mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA composites with incorporated TiO2.

TiO2-Based Mortars for Rendering Building Envelopes: A Review of the Surface Finishing for Sustainability

Building envelopes coated with TiO2-based mortars benefit from depolluting, antibiological and self-cleaning effects. Therefore, photocatalytic renders are allies in the quest for sustainability in the built environment, potentially combatting atmospheric pollution, enhancing durability and reducing maintenance needs. Surface finishing characteristics of the renders influence their photocatalytic efficiency and esthetic and functional properties. In this context, this study reviews the existing literature, focusing on proven surface-affecting parameters, the surface and color of TiO2-based mortars, to explore their impacts on photoactive behavior. The incorporation of TiO2 within an additional surface layer and its mixture into the mortar in bulk were observed for surface roughness. Mainly the addition of TiO2 during casting was identified in colored mortars. Generally, a moderate surface roughness led to better photoactivity; microroughness affected self-cleaning by facilitating dirt deposition. The interaction between the surface roughness and the photocatalytic layer affected the water contact angle, regarding superhydrophilicity or superhydrophobicity. The photoactivity of colored mortars with TiO2 depended on the color and amount of the added pigments, which influenced electron–hole recombination, physically occupied active sites or, on the other hand, led to a higher formation of reactive radicals. Surface finishing can thus be designed to enhance the photoactivity of TiO2-based mortars, which is fundamental for current climate concerns and emphasizes the need for life cycle assessments and environmental protection.

DLP 3D printing of TiO2-doped Al2O3 bioceramics: Manufacturing, mechanical properties, and biological evaluation

Ceramic-based biomaterials are generally produced using conventional manufacturing methods. The traditional manufacturing methods have limitations, such as material loss and a slow production process when creating personalized and complex ceramic implants. These limitations reduce the efficiency and success rate of the product. 3D printers, which are additive manufacturing methods, are a technology that enables tiny and sensitive parts to be produced quickly in the desired design. In the present study, TiO2-doped Al2O3 bioceramic parts with complicated shapes were fabricated using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. Furthermore, the mechanical, structural, and biocompatibility features of these parts were studied. The rheology studies revealed that a slurry with a solid powder loading of 50% had a suitable viscosity for 3D printing. After sintering bioceramic parts, the sintered bodies reduced significantly, with a maximum shrinkage of 41.98%. The relative density of Al2O3 ceramic decreased from 82.02 to 72.72% with 5 wt% TiO2 addition. The XRD results revealed that TiO2-doped Al2O3 bioceramic has three crystalline phases consisting of corundum (α-Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and aluminum pentaoxotitanate (Al2TiO5). By adding 5 wt% TiO2, the compression and flexural strengths of Al2O3 increased to 3.25 to 7.07 MPa and 1.07 to 4.24 MPa, respectively. The biological test results demonstrated a high percentage of cell adhesion and proliferation confirmed by high biocompatibility. The findings show that DLP-3D printing techniques could be used to fabricate ceramics for various applications, including biomedical and dental applications, at low cost.

Self-Assembled Core-Shell Structure MgO@TiO2 as a K2CO3 Support with Superior Performance for Direct Air Capture CO2.

Traditional carbon capture and storage technologies for large point sources can at best slow the rate of increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In contrast, direct capture of CO2 from ambient air, or "direct air capture" (DAC), offers the potential to become a truly carbon-negative technology. Composite solid adsorbents fabricated by impregnating a porous matrix with K2CO3 are promising adsorbents for the adsorption capture of CO2 from ambient air. Nevertheless, the adsorbent can be rapidly deactivated during continuous adsorption/desorption cycles. In this study, MgO-supported, TiO2-stabilized MgO@TiO2 core-shell structures were prepared as supports using a novel self-assembled (SA) method and then impregnated with 50 wt % K2CO3 (K2CO3/MgO@TiO2, denoted as SA-KM@T). The adsorbent exhibits a high CO2 capture capacity of ∼126.6 mg CO2/g sorbent in direct air adsorption and maintained a performance of 20 adsorption/desorption cycles at 300 °C mid-temperature, which was much better than that of K2CO3/MgO. Analysis proved that the core-shell structure of the support effectively inhibited the reaction between the active component (K2CO3) and the main support (MgO) by the addition of TiO2, resulting in higher reactivity, thermal stability, and antiagglomeration properties. This work provides an alternative strategy for DAC applications using adsorbents.

Development of manganese-iron mixed oxides reinforced with titanium and prepared from minerals for their use as oxygen carriers

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) allows CO2 capture at low cost. This technology is based on solid oxygen carriers which supply the oxygen required for combustion of the fuel while they experience successive reduction-oxidation cycles. Oxygen carriers based on minerals or industrial residues present the advantage of their low cost but complete combustion of the fuel is not always achieved. Manganese‑iron mixed oxides doped with titanium can improve combustion efficiency due to its oxygen uncoupling capability. Moreover, they present the advantage of their magnetic properties. The objective of this work was to produce this type of oxygen carriers from minerals/residues instead of from synthetic materials. Four oxygen carriers with a fixed Mn-Fe molar ratio were produced with a 7 wt.% TiO2 addition. Two manganese-based (MnSA and MnGBMPB) and one iron-based (Tierga) minerals were used as source of Mn and Fe, respectively. As source of Ti, the mineral ilmenite was used. After characterization of the materials, their reactivity was analysed in a TGA. The reactivity to the main combustion gasses was lower than that corresponding to similar oxygen carriers obtained from synthetic sources although they maintained their magnetic properties. Thus, its use as magnetic support of oxygen carriers was recommended. In this respect, first tests were conducted using CuO as active phase supported on one of the low-cost support materials produced in this work.

Effect of TiO2 during Oxidation Roasting Process of Pellet: Kinetic Mechanism and Microstructure

This study investigates the effect of TiO2 on the oxidation kinetic mechanism of iron ore concentrate under nonisothermal conditions. Based on the fact that iron‐containing materials are mainly smelted in the form of pellets, the microstructure evolution of pellets with different TiO2 additions during oxidation is studied to verify the accuracy of the kinetic analysis results. The results show that the reaction model is the mechanism describing oxidation of iron ore concentrate under different TiO2 additions at stages I and II. The increase of TiO2 increases E and worsens the oxidation kinetic conditions at stages I and II. This phenomenon is caused by the Fe–Ti solid solution embedded in the hematite particles hindering the recrystallization and large‐scale crystal bridge connection of hematite. The fluctuation amplitude of apparent activation energy (E) at stages I and II is 23.6112 and 19.508 kJ mol−1, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanism of stage III corresponds to the diffusion model, and the increase of TiO2 decreases E and improves the oxidation kinetic conditions. It is due to the loose structure of pellets with the increase of TiO2, facilitating the internal diffusion of reaction gases. The fluctuation amplitude of E is 5.07 kJ mol−1 at stage III.

Effect of nucleating agent additions on gahnite based glass-ceramic glazes

The effect of ZrO2 and TiO2 addition in gahnite-based glass-ceramic glazes was investigated by equimolar nucleating agents substituting 5 mol% SiO2. The effect of this substitution on thermal behavior was studied by means of differential thermal analysis and hot stage microscopy. The sintering behavior of samples changed with the type of nucleating agent added. Compacted samples sintered between 850 and 1200 °C for 2 min at 40°Cmin−1 heating and cooling rate for determining the crystallization sequence with using X-ray diffraction. Prepared glaze samples fired at 1180 °C for 6 min in the industrial roller kiln. Total firing time is 58 min from cold to cold. The effect of nucleating agent additions of gahnite-based glass-ceramic glazes was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, spectrophotometer, and gloss meter. Glaze without nucleating agents shows heterogeneous surface crystallization from the frit surface to the inside with dendritic gahnite growth. With the nucleating agent, volume crystallization was seen with phase separation or seeding effect, which depends on the type of nucleating agent. Glaze with TiO2 has two different morphology; one region has fine gahnite crystals below 100 nm, and another region has clusters of nano gahnite crystals in flake-like morphology. ZrO2 provides fine gahnite crystallization, which is smaller than 80 nm. While ZrO2 added glaze is translucent, the other glazes are opaque due to different crystal sizes. It is observed that nano crystallization has a positive effect on pore swelling behavior due to its high crystal surface area. With the addition of the ZrO2 and TiO2, fine-sized nanocrystalline gahnite based glass-ceramic glazes can be obtained for the first time in industrial fast-firing conditions.

Fabrication of Glycine-Chitosan/TiO2 film for metanil yellow removal from water

This study focused on the modification of chitosan with glycine and TiO2 to improve its performance for adsorption application. It is the first study to use a combination of chitosan, glycine, and TiO2 in the preparation of composite films. The obtained chitosan-glycine/TiO2 composite films were extensively characterized using various techniques, including FT-IR, SEM, XRD, DSC, and tensile tests to study the functional groups, morphology, structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of composite films, respectively. FT-IR analysis confirmed the successful formation of the chitosan-glycine/TiO2 film, where chemical interaction occurred between the carboxyl groups of glycine and NH2 of chitosan through a condensation process and physical interaction occurred between chitosan-glycine and TiO2. SEM images revealed that the surface of chitosan-glycine/TiO2 composite films exhibited a rougher texture compared to the unmodified chitosan, indicating structural changes due to the addition of glycine and TiO2. XRD analysis indicated alterations in the crystallinity properties of chitosan upon the incorporation of glycine and TiO2. The DSC results demonstrated that the presence of glycine and TiO2 influences the thermal stability of chitosan. The tensile test revealed the improvement of tensile strength in the chitosan-glycine/TiO2 film, related to the existence of glycine and TiO2. The adsorption process of metanil yellow by the chitosan-glycine/TiO2 film was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model. In conclusion, the modification of chitosan with glycine and TiO2 resulted in the development of a promising adsorbent material with improved thermal stability, enhanced tensile strength, and a higher adsorption capacity for metanil yellow. These findings contribute to the potential application of chitosan-glycine/TiO2 films in various adsorption processes.

Fabrication of carbon pasta elektroda composition modified with nanobentonite and nano TiO2 for niacinamide detection sensor

Niacinamide is the amide form of vitamin B3, which is usually analyzed for concentration using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, HPLC, and KLT. The development of niacinamide analysis methods using cyclic voltammetry has not been widely studied. The use of working electrodes in cyclic voltammetry is usually carbon paste electrodes. However, these electrodes have disadvantages, relatively low sensitivity and slower electron transfer kinetics, so it is necessary to research working electrode modification to increase electrode sensitivity. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of nanobentonite and nano TiO2 on carbon paste electrodes in improving electron transfer and electrode sensitivity in the analysis of niacinamide by cyclic voltammetry. Variations in electrode composition were conducted to determine the optimum composition in measuring niacinamide solution and the optimum pH in measuring niacinamide. Nanobentonite obtained from the synthesis using the sonochemical method produces an average particle size of 46.9 nm, and the composition of carbon, paraffin, nanobentonite, and nano TiO2 electrodes with a variation of 3:2:3:2 b/v has the highest current peak. The better the conductivity of the working electrode, the greater the maximum current peak produced due to the easy transfer of electrons for the reduction and oxidation reaction process. Using a buffer solution to adjust the pH of the niacinamide solution affects the analysis process, as evidenced by the IpA value at pH 7. The effect of pH variation also affects the stability of existing ions. So that the resulting current is higher, the higher the peak current value produced indicates, the more sensitive the electrode is due to high electron transfer. It maximizes the analysis of the concentration of the test solution because the measured concentration is linear with the measured current.

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the corrosion resistance, wear, and antibacterial properties of microarc oxidation coatings applied on AZ31 magnesium alloy

Microarc oxidation (MAO) is a surface modification process that is often adopted to produce a hard oxide layer on magnesium alloys to improve their corrosion resistance and wear resistance. However, under continual corrosion, the characteristic porous microstructure of MAO coatings provides diffusion paths that allow corrosive species to penetrate the coatings and react with the substrate underneath. Therefore, the present study investigated the modification of the microstructure of MAO coatings when adding TiO2 nanoparticles to a fluoride-containing silicate electrolyte system under the bipolar current mode. The results indicate that as the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles increased, the quantity of rutile (TiO2) incorporated in the MAO coating increased, which led to the coating exhibiting an elevated hardness and a color change from white to gray-black. When the TiO2 concentration in the electrolyte was increased from 2.5 to 7.5 g/L, the total impedance of the MAO coating in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis increased from 107 to >600 kΩcm2, which indicates that the corrosion resistance of the coating increased with the number of defects on it decreased. The addition of TiO2 enhances the photocatalytic properties of MAO coatings. However, excessive addition of TiO2 can lead to an adverse effect on the wear resistance of MAO coatings.

The effect of post heat treatment and TiO2 addition on tribological and electrochemical performances of thermally sprayed alumina

ABSTRACT The heat treatment of alumina ceramics is a fundamental process for controlling the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of these components during industrial operations. The problem statement in this case is about the effects of TiO2 addition and post heat-treatment on the expansion behaviour of alumina coating. For that alumina (Al-99) and alumina-titania coatings 5% wt. TiO2 (AT-5) and 15% wt. TiO2 (AT-15) were formed onto E335 substrate steel via the flame spraying technique. The samples were heat-treated (1000°C for 2 h in Air) and their wear and electrochemical behaviour was compared with the as-sprayed samples. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal a change in the phase composition of the heat-treated coatings compared to the as-sprayed coatings, as alpha alumina matrix but with different ratio. The heat-treated coatings exhibit higher values to as-sprayed coating. At the same time, the addition of TiO2 present hardness twice than pure alumina coating (Al-99). The tribological properties show that the deposits after heat treatment have low wear values compared to the as-sprayed coatings, the lowest specific wear rate was obtained for the heat-treated AT-5 composite coatings. The heat treatment had a positive effect on the corrosion resistance.

Effect of TiO<sub>2 </sub>on Photocatalytic Activity of NiZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystalline for Methylene Blue Degradation

The photocatalytic activity of NiZnFe2O4/TiO2 core-shell gg nanocrystalline was carried out. The NiZnFe2O4/TiO2 core-shell was synthesized using co-precipitation method with various concentrations 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. X-ray diffraction spectra pattern showed crystallite size at various concentrations 1:0, 1:1, and 1:3, which of 5.00 nm, 4.90 nm, and 10.81 nm, respectively. The morphology of NiZnFe2O4 nanocrystalline was characterized by transmission electron microscopy which confirmed that the sample undergoes agglomeration with not uniform particle shape. The average particle size of the nanocrystalline was 10.26 nm. Fourier transform infra-red showed functional groups such as Ti-O-Ti, M-Otetra, and M-Oocta at 1473.62, 563 - 586, and 401- 424 cm-1. In addition, the presence of Ti-O-Ti and M-O functional groups indicates NiZnFe2O4/TiO2 core-shell has been formed. The absorbance spectrum of the NiZnFe2O4/TiO2 core-shell has an energy band gap in the range of 2.1 – 3.3 eV. The results of the Vibrating sample magnetometer showed saturation magnetization and coercivity values ​​in the range of 12.4 – 22.9 emu/gr and 47 - 55 Oe, which were correlated as soft magnetic properties. NiZnFe2O4/TiO2 was successfully degraded Methylene Blue that reach 99.8% under UV light irradiation. The addition of TiO2 increases degradation, TiO2 acts as a trapping state that inhibits electron-hole recombination which can prolong the reaction time between free electrons and MB solution molecules. This study revealed the high potential of NiZnFe2O4/TiO2 core-shell nanocrystalline in photocatalytic application.

Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process

Abstract Application of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in various fields such as advanced oxidation process (AOP) has led to the development of its preparation technologies. The sol–gel process is a widely used chemical wet method for preparing nanoscale TiO2 gels. This technique offers numerous advantages, such as the potential to produce large quantities of homogeneous materials with high purity, surface area, porosity, and reactivity, as well as being cost-effective, simple to implement, and capable of controlling the size and shape of the resulting particles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemicals, reaction conditions, and procedures required for preparing nano TiO2 using the sol–gel method. It covers the selection of necessary compounds, such as TiO2 precursors, solvents, hydrolysis agents, and additives, along with their composition and sequences of adding, reaction order, and impact on the final product. Additionally, it provides detailed information on the routes of gel formation and ambient conditions, including temperature, humidity, stirring speed, injection rates of compounds, aging process, and storage conditions. This information serves as a basic reference for understanding the sol–gel process and the relative contribution rates of the influencing factors, which is essential for controlling the size, morphology, crystallinity, and other physicochemical properties of the resulting TiO2 gel/powder for targeted applications.