Addition Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Karakteristik Fisik Bakso Daging Sapi dengan Penambahan Tepung Kedelai sebagai Pengganti Tepung Tapioka

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dosage of using soy flour on the physical characteristics of beef meatballs and to obtain the results of using soy flour which affected the physical characteristics of beef meatballs. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The comparison of tapioca flour with soybean flour for each treatment were P0 (100%: 0%), P1 (75% : 25%), P2 (50% : 50%), P3 (25% : 75%), and P4 ( 0% : 100%). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if the results of the ANOVA test show a significant difference, continue with Duncan's further test. The results showed that the addition of soy flour to beef meatballs had a significant effect (P<0,05) on cooking loss, pH, elasticity, and water-holding capacity. The addition of soy flour caused the cooking shrinkage value from P0 to P4 to decrease with an average value of 16.77 to 11.59%, the pH value of meatballs added with soy flour decreased from P0 to P4 with an average value of 6.48 to 6.15%, the elasticity value of meatballs decreased from P0 to P4 with an average value of 73.40 to 30.22% and the water holding capacity of meatballs from P0 to P4 decreased with an average value of 0.74 to 0.63%. This study can be concluded that the addition of soybean meal can produce better physical properties of beef meatballs.

Synthesis and Characterization of an Environmentally Friendly Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified with Waste Plant Protein.

To develop a lower-cost, excellent-performance, and environmentally friendly phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin, soybean meal was used to modify PF resin, and soybean meal-phenol-formaldehyde (SMPF) resins were prepared. This reveals the effect of soybean meal on the structural, bonding, and curing properties of PF resin, which are very important for its applications in the wood industry. The resins' physicochemical properties and curing performance were investigated, showing that SMPF resins have higher curing temperatures than PF resin. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated that a cross-linking reaction occurred between the amino groups of soybean protein and the hydroxymethyl phenol. Moreover, with the addition of soybean meal, the viscosity of SMPF increased while the gel time decreased. It is worth mentioning that SMPF-2 resin has favorable viscosity, short gel time, low curing temperature (135.78 °C), and high water resistance and bonding strength (1.01 MPa). Finally, all the plywoods bonded with SMPF resins have good water resistance and bonding strength, which could meet the standard (GB/T 17657-2013, type I) for plywood. The optimized SMPF resins showed the potential for application to partially replace PF resin in the wood industry.

Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Conditions of Quercus liaotungensis by Bacillus subtilis

The current study aimed to investigate the solid-state fermentation process of Quercus liaotungensis (QL) by Bacillus subtilis (BS). The parameters included the inoculation amount, the soybean meal addition amount, the fermentation temperature and the ratio of material to water. The optimal process was determined based on the nutritional value, tannin content and DPPH clearance of QL after fermentation. The results showed that: (1) The parameters of the optimal process included inoculating 106 BS per gram of QL, then adding 10% soybean meal, the ratio of material to the water of 100:80, and temperature at 33 °C for 72 h. (2) In the optimum fermentation conditions, the crude fiber content, and the ether extract content of QL decreased by 66.94% and 66.96%, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the crude protein content and the ash content increased by 65.81% and 4.63%, respectively, after fermentation (p < 0.05). Additionally, the tannin content decreased by 62.77% (p < 0.05), and the DPPH scavenging rate decreased by 45.45% (p < 0.05) after fermentation, respectively. In summary, the QL significantly improved the nutritional value after the solid-state fermentation with BS.

Vermicomposting with food processing waste mixtures of soybean meal and sugarcane bagasse

Vermicomposting is considered a clean, sustainable, and effective technology to recycle food waste. However, the current knowledge of how different food waste combinations produce high-quality compost remains poor. Hence, the present study investigated the vermicomposting of soybean meal (SM) waste with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in different ratios of SM:SMB (v/v, based on dry weight), i.e., 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. Vermicompost quality was evaluated based on its maturity, agrochemical properties, earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) biomass, and reproduction. The results showed that SM increased the activities of dehydrogenase, acid- and alkaline-phosphatase, and urease while decreasing the activity of cellulose. The β -glucosidase activity was highest with 25:75, followed by 50:50 of SM:SCB ratio. A higher proportion of SM increased the mineralization and nitrification rate during the vermicomposting, whereas total and available nutrients contents increased in the final product. The concentration of all heavy metals in the final vermicomposts was below than threshold. The degree of polymerization (DP) showed that all of the final vermicomposts were sufficiently mature for agricultural application. A higher percentage of SCB ( ≥ 50%) in SM:SMB mixtures, however, resulted in best vermicompost owing to reduced pH and EC, increased CEC and humic substance concentration, and higher germination index. So far, earthworm mass and abundance were highest in SM:SCB ratio of 50: 50. In short, a 50:50 mixture of SM:SCB promoted earthworm growth and produced the best quality vermicompost. • The addition of SM to SCB enhance mineralization and nitrogen transformation. • SCB in the mixtures improved product quality by increased CEC and humic substance. • Combination of 50% SCB and 50% SM promoted earthworm growth. • The content of total heavy metals increased in resulting vermicomposts.

PSIV-5 Effects of Soybean Meal Addition to Increase Crude Protein in Growing Easycare Lamb Diets

Abstract A common industry practice is to substitute soybean meal (SBM) in place of corn for growing lambs in a feedlot setting, but there is limited data evaluating its impact, especially in hybrid hair sheep. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude protein (CP) by substituting SBM place of corn in growing Easycare lambs. A total of 77 Easycare (Dorper × Katahdin × Romanov) lambs were utilized in a completely randomized design with 7 replicate pens per treatment. Lambs (33 females; 26.3 ± 0.99 kg and 44 castrated males; 27.2 ± 0.95 kg) were fed for 28 d. The three dietary treatments included 1) Control (basal diet; 7.7% SBM and 11.0% CP); 2) SBM4 (4% SBM replacing corn in the basal diet; 11.7% SBM and 12.8% CP); and 3) SBM8 (8% SBM replacing corn in the basal diet; 15.7% SBM and 14.8% CP). Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed (G:F), and income over feed costs were determined. At the conclusion of the study, 15 castrated males were harvested to evaluate dietary impact on carcass characteristics. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). Castrated males fed the control diet had reduced (P < 0.05; 0.20 kg/d) ADG compared with those fed SBM4 or SBM8 (0.29 and 0.32 kg/d, respectively) or ewes consuming any diet (0.29 kg/d for all treatments). However, there was no evidence (P > 0.05) that dietary treatment impacted final body weight, ADFI, G:F, income over feed cost, or measured carcass characteristics. These results suggest that growing Easycare castrated males benefit from 4% added SBM in place of corn to increase dietary CP, and that additional research is warranted to evaluate longer-term impacts on cost and carcass impacts.

МОДИФИКАЦИИ ПРИЕМОВ РАЗВЕДЕНИЯ КЛЕЩЕЙ PHYTOSEIIDAE ДЛЯ ПОДАВЛЕНИЯ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ПАУТИННОГО КЛЕЩА

Populations of mites from the Tetranychidae family are characterized as high-resistant to acaricides, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the pesticide load on the agrocenoses ecosystem. Carnivorous arthropods from the Phytoseiidae family can be used as an alternative pest control. Our research aimed at improving the methods of breeding, storage and use of predatory mites against Tetrahychus urticae Koch. In 2015–2018, work was being undertaken to define the optimum thickness of the substrate layer (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 cm) for breeding the food object – Acaris farus Oud. We also assessed the effect of the fodder substrate composition (wheat bran – control, wheat bran + soybean meal – experimental variant) on the population density of Amblyseius andersoni Chant. In 2016–2019, experiments on the storage of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, Neoseiulus cucumeris Oud. and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot at 4 °C (control – no storage) were carried out. In 2018–2019, to control Tetrahychus urticae Koch. in the soybean field, a mixture of N. cucumeris and A. andersoni was used according to the method of introduction into natural foci of prey. The optimum thickness of the substrate layer was found to be 4 cm. In this case, it was possible to obtain 6,983 mites in 1 cm3 for 7 days. Soybean meal addition increased the number of A. andersoni by 22.3 % compared to control (263 ind. vs 204 ind. per cm3). 30–45 days – an effective storage period for N. barkeri, 30 days – for N. cucumeris, no more than 10 days – for A. swirskii. On average, in 2018–2019, N. cucumeris and A. andersoni mixture reduced the number of T. urticae. The number of spider mites in the control variant was 14.6, in the experimental one – 5.3 ind./leaf. No predatory activity was observed on eggs. To prevent the development of spider mites, it is necessary to use N. cucumeris and A. andersoni at least twice with an interval of 5–7 days.

Pengaruh Penambahan Bungkil Kedelai terhadap Konsumsi Pakan, Pertambahan Bobot Badan Harian, dan Konversi Pakan pada Sapi Peranakan Simmental

The objective of the researh was to study the effect of additions soybean meal in ration on the feed consumption, daily weight gain and feed convertion in Simmental cattle. The experiment used eight male Simmental cattle around 2 years old with an average weight of 198,65 ± 14,57 kilograms. The cattle kept for 35 days and given rations P0 (rations ranchers) and P1 (rations plus soybean meal). Data was obtained, then analyzed using independent sample t-test assisted with SPSS version 17.00 software. The result showed that the addition of soybean meal did not affect on dry matter consumption, daily weight gain, and feed convertion but, the crude protein consumption was increased.
 
 Keywords: dry matter consumption, daily weight gain, feed convertion

Pengaruh Penambahan Bungkil Kedelai terhadap Konsumsi Pakan, Pertambahan Bobot Badan Harian, dan Konversi Pakan pada Sapi Peranakan Simmental

Abstract The objective of the researh was to study the effect of additions soybean meal in ration on the feed consumption, daily weight gain and feed convertion in Simmental cattle. The experiment used eight male Simmental cattle around 2 years old with an average weight of 198,65 ± 14,57 kilograms. The cattle kept for 35 days and given rations P0 (rations ranchers) and P1 (rations plus soybean meal). Data was obtained, then analyzed using independent sample t-test assisted with SPSS version 17.00 software. The result showed that the addition of soybean meal did not affect on dry matter consumption, daily weight gain, and feed convertion but, the crude protein consumption was increased. Keywords: dry matter consumption, daily weight gain, feed convertion

Effect of adding rumen-degradable protein to a dried distillers grain supplement on growth, body composition, blood metabolites, and puberty in yearling Angus and Brangus heifers

The objective of the study was to determine whether adding soybean meal (SBM), a source of RDP, to a dried distillers grain (DDG) and bermudagrass round bale silage (RBS) diet would enhance growth, body composition, and onset of puberty in Angus (n = 30; 234 ± 19 kg) and Brangus (n = 30; 252 ± 28 kg) heifers (mean age 259 ± 21 d). On d 0, heifers were assigned to (1) RBS + DDG at 0.75% BW; (2) RBS + DDG at 0.75% BW + SBM at 7.5% of DDG; or (3) RBS + DDG at 0.75% BW + SBM at 15% of DDG for 140 d. There were no treatment or breed (P > 0.05) effects for BW, BCS, or ADG by d 140. Moreover, there were no (P > 0.05) treatment or treatment × breed effects on change in body composition from d 0 to 140 for ultrasound LM area (LMA), LMA as a percentage of BW, LMA intramuscular fat, rib fat, or rump fat. Although, Angus had greater (P ≤ 0.05) LMA intramuscular fat on d 140 than Brangus. Brangus tended (P = 0.08) to have greater rump fat and LMA and greater (P ≤ 0.05) LMA as a percentage of BW than Angus on d 140. Blood metabolites were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments from d 0 to 140. Percentage of heifers pubertal by d 140 were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments. In conclusion, addition of SBM at either 7.5 or 15% of the total DDG supplement had no beneficial effects compared with DDG alone on heifer growth, body composition, or onset of puberty.

Substitution of fish meal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile marbled spinefoot, Siganus rivulatus

ABSTRACTThe present work was performed to assess whether soybean meal (SBM) could replace fish meal (FM) as a source of dietary protein in diets of the marine herbivore Siganus rivulatus. Five iso-nitrogenous (40% protein) and iso-energetic (14 MJ/Kg) diets were prepared with SBM replacing fish meal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% dietary protein. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with 240 juvenile S. rivulatus (initial body mass 1.74 ± 0.03 g). Survival, growth, feed, and protein efficiency and hematological parameters were assessed. Growth correlated negatively with increase in dietary SBM. All production parameters measured were negatively affected at all levels of SBM inclusion. There were no effects on total or differential blood counts, hemoglobin, or plasma protein, but hematocrit values were negatively correlated with SBM addition. Results suggest that total replacement of FM by SBM without adding other supplements is not recommended, even for an herbivorous marine fish such as S. rivulatus.

Effect of Biostimulation Using Sewage Sludge, Soybean Meal, and Wheat Straw on Oil Degradation and Bacterial Community Composition in a Contaminated Desert Soil.

Waste materials have a strong potential in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated sites, because of their richness in nutrients and their economical feasibility. We used sewage sludge, soybean meal, and wheat straw to biostimulate oil degradation in a heavily contaminated desert soil. While oil degradation was assessed by following the produced CO2 and by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), shifts in bacterial community composition were monitored using illumina MiSeq. The addition of sewage sludge and wheat straw to the desert soil stimulated the respiration activities to reach 3.2–3.4 times higher than in the untreated soil, whereas the addition of soybean meal resulted in an insignificant change in the produced CO2, given the high respiration activities of the soybean meal alone. GC–MS analysis revealed that the addition of sewage sludge and wheat straw resulted in 1.7–1.8 fold increase in the degraded C14 to C30 alkanes, compared to only 1.3 fold increase in the case of soybean meal addition. The degradation of ≥90% of the C14 to C30 alkanes was measured in the soils treated with sewage sludge and wheat straw. MiSeq sequencing revealed that the majority (76.5–86.4% of total sequences) of acquired sequences from the untreated soil belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Multivariate analysis of operational taxonomic units placed the bacterial communities of the soils after the treatments in separate clusters (ANOSIM R = 0.66, P = 0.0001). The most remarkable shift in bacterial communities was in the wheat straw treatment, where 95–98% of the total sequences were affiliated to Bacilli. We conclude that sewage sludge and wheat straw are useful biostimulating agents for the cleanup of oil-contaminated desert soils.

Casein supplementation does not affect true phosphorus digestibility and endogenous phosphorus loss associated with soybean meal for broiler chickens determined by the regression method

Liu, J. B., Chen, D. W. and Adeola, O. 2014. Casein supplementation does not affect true phosphorus digestibility and endogenous phosphorus loss associated with soybean meal for broiler chickens determined by the regression method. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 661–668. Cornstarch-based semi-purified diets impair growth performance of birds when using the regression method to estimate phosphorus (P) digestibility in assay feed ingredient. Therefore, casein is usually supplemented in the basal diet to improve dietary amino acid profile. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary casein supplementation on regression-derived estimates of true phosphorus digestibility and endogenous phosphorus loss (EPL) associated with soybean meal (SBM) in broiler chickens. Four hundred thirty-two male Ross 708 broilers were allocated to nine diets in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of three diet types (with casein at moderate dietary P, without casein at moderate dietary P, or without casein at low dietary P) and three SBM levels (low, medium, or high). There were six birds per cage and eight replicate cages per diet in a randomized complete block design. The birds were fed experimental diets from day 12 to 20 post-hatching. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker to calculate P digestibility and retention. The results indicated that body weight gain and feed efficiency linearly increased (P<0.01) and dry matter retention was linearly decreased (P<0.01) with the addition of SBM, regardless of diet type. The apparent prececal P digestibility and excreta P retention were increased by casein supplementation (P<0.01). The prececal and excreta P output linearly increased (P<0.01) with graded inclusion of SBM in each diet type. Regression of P output against dietary P intake showed that the type of diets (with casein at moderate dietary P, without casein at moderate dietary P, or without casein at low dietary P) had no effect on true prececal P digestibility and excreta P retention, or EPL associated with SBM for broiler chickens (P>0.05). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that adding casein, which is high in P digestibility, to cornstarch-based basal diets does not affect the estimation of EPL or true P digestibility and retention associated with SBM for broiler chickens using the regression method.

표고 액체종균 배양시 배지와 균사체의 양분변화

Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Bio Food Technology Ma-dong, Iksan 570-752, KoreaABSTRACT: Lentinula edodes liquid spawn growth under explosive aeration (supplying air with tiny bubbles) and soybean mealaddition to liquid culture medium were investigated in terms of mycelial growth and residual free sugar content. The twotreatments were effective for homogeneous culturing of mycelial spawn and for separating colonies during multiplication after anexponential growth period without limiting sustaining nitrogen nutrients. The mycelial growth and carbon dioxide concentrationwere greatest on the 13th day since the inoculation. At 12th day, however, free sugars were almost depleted in the upper part ofthe liquid medium. Total nitrogen content within precipitated mycelia was the highest at the 13th day. Chitin and sucrose contentsin the mycelia were the highest at the 18th day, but ergosterol content became highest at 22 days. These results suggest thatLentinula edodes liquid spawn is ready in 18 days after inoculation.KEYWORDS :

Efeito de aditivos na composição bromatológica e qualidade de silagens de coproduto do desfibramento do sisal

Fermentation profile and nutritional value of sisal co-product silage (SC) subjected to seven treatments (additives), were evaluated. The SC was ensiled in natura and added with: soy meal, urea, wheat meal, palm kernel cake, A. sisalana dust, licuri cake and cottonseed cake. Experimental silos with capacity for approximately 15 kg of silage, were used. The silos were opened 60 days after ensilage process. It was used a completely randomized design with three replications. The SC in natura present low values of dry mater (DM) 12.3% and the additives increased dry matter silages, exception for urea. The SC silage additivated with soybean meal (pH 4.9) and palm kernel cake (butyric acid = 0.07% DM) differed, respectively, for pH and butyric acid, compared with in natura SC silage (pH = 4.1 and butyric acid = 0.03% DM). The addition of soybean meal, urea, cottonseed meal, wheat bran and palm kernel, increased crude protein (CP) of in natura SC silage. The NDF in silage increased with addition of cottonseed meal or palm kernel cake (60.1 and 66.2% DM) in relation in natura SC silage (42.9% DM). The in natura and additivated silages of SC were considered as good or excellent quality.

Effect of wheat gluten and extracted, protected soybean meal addition to the diet of cows with different beta-lactoglobulin genotypes on the composition and physical properties of milk

The effect of wheat gluten or extracted soybean meal (300 g of crude protein/head/day) on milk yield, composition and its physical properties was analysed in 53 cows of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed with different milk beta-lactoglobulin (blg) genotypes (AA, AB and BB). The addition of wheat gluten to the diet of cows with the AA and AB blg genotypes caused a significant increase in crude protein (by 0.21; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.05, and 0.19%; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01), casein (by 0.15; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.05, and 0.15%; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01) and dry matter content (0.3 and 0.5%; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) in milk, and a significant increase in beta-casein production (0.6 g/l; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.05, and 0.6 g/l; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01) and kappa-casein yield (0.3 g/l; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) in the case of cows with the AA genotype. Milk acidity and electrical resistance in milk were lowered. The cows with the BB blg genotype did not show any significant changes in milk composition. The supplementation of extracted soybean meal to cows with the AB and BB blg genotype led to a significant increase in milk protein (0.26% and 0.21%; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01) and casein content (0.2 and 0.15%; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01), beta-casein production (0.60 and 0.50 g/l; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01) and to a decrease in kappa-casein content (by 0.7%; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) in cows with the BB genotype. The production of kappa-casein increased in cows with the AB genotype (by 0.2 g/l; <I>P</I> ≤ 0.01). In the case of all genotypes, an increase in milk active acidity and thermostability and a decrease in electrical resistance in milk were noted. It was observed that cows with different blg genotypes differently utilised the protein from given supplements for the production of individual milk components, which may be used in rationalisation of their feeding and improvement of milk content.

FARELO DE SOJA EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO À UREIA EM DIETAS PARA BOVINOS DE CORTE EM CRESCIMENTO

The aim of this trial was to evaluate if non-castrated growing beef steers in feedlot systems would respond to increasing levels of metabolizable protein in the diet estimated by NRC (1996, Level I), through the addition of soybean meal in substitution of urea. Thirty-six steers (24 Nelore and 12 Canchim) with liveweight of 230 kg and 15 months of age were assigned in a completely randomized block design. Diets were formulated according to NRC (1996, Level I) in order to obtain a positive rumen degradable protein balance and sufficient metabolizable energy to ensure an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.3 kg/animal/day in all treatments, which were: urea (U), soybean meal + urea (FSU) and soybean meal (FS). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by treatments (P>0.05). ADG was lower (P KEY WORDS: Canchim, Nelore, performance, protein, steers.

Preparation of High‐Quality Protein‐Based Extruded Pellets Expanded by Microwave Oven

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to study the effects of extrusion barrel temperature (75–140°C) and feed moisture (16–30%) on the production of third‐generation snacks expanded by microwave heating. A blend of potato starch (50%), quality protein maize (QPM) (35%), and soybean meal (SM) (15%) was used in the preparation of the snacks. A laboratory single extruder with a 1.5 × 20.0 × 100 mm die‐nozzle and a central composite routable experimental design were used. Expansion index (EI) and bulk density (BD) were measured in expanded pellets, viscosity at 83°C (V83), thermal properties, and relative crystallinity were measured in extruded pellets. EI increased and BD decreased when the barrel temperature was increased, while the feed moisture effect was not significant. V83 increased when feed moisture increased. Extrusion modified the crystalline structures of the pellets and the X‐ray data suggests the formation of new structures, probably due to the development of amylose‐lipid complexes. The maximum expansion of pellets was found at barrel temperatures of 123–140°C, and feed moisture of 24.5–30%. It is possible to obtain a functional third‐generation snack with good expansion characteristics using a microwave oven, and this snack has health benefits due to the addition of QPM and SM.

Desempenho de novilhos suplementados com sal mineral protéico e energético em pastagem no período da seca

The research was carried out to evaluate the protein-energy effect of multiple supplements on animal production, N urea in plasmatic quantities and economic parameter of growing beef cattle in pasture during dry season. Thirty-two castrated beef cattle steers were divided into four groups of eight animals. They were analyzed according to a randomized block design at 5% of significance. Each group received one treatment to pasture with addition of mineral salt + urea + corn; mineral salt + urea + soybean meal; mineral salt + urea + corn + soybean meal. There was no difference (P>0.05) between supplements for daily LWG and for average metabolic weight. This can be justified by forage quality combined with availability of DM/ha. As for the variable N-urea in the blood, results indicated higher protein value as an effect of the 50 % addition of soybean meal in the treatment composition. The supplementation of animals in pasture with multiple supplements and low consumption allowed LWG benefits. Its use depends on the cost of the supplement and the price of the meat

Influence of Urea Treatment and Soybean Meal (Urease) Addition on the Utilization of Wheat Straw by Sheep

The effect of ammoniation with urea and with soybean meal (SBM) as a source of urease on the nutritive value of wheat straw was evaluated in sheep. Twenty-four male Najdi lambs were used in a 3x2 factorial design, in which the animals were allocated to three straw treatments: 0% urea-treated (NT), 6% urea-treated (UT) and 2.2% urea-supplemented (US) straws. Each straw treatment was either supplemented or non-supplemented with 70 g SBM kg - 1 straw during the treatment time with urea, giving a total of six straw treatments. Each of these treatments was individually fed ad libitum to 4 lambs, together with 300 g of barley grain/head/day. Total N content of UT and US straws increased significantly (p 0.05) higher straw DM intake (g d - 1 kg - 1 BW 0 . 7 5 ), compared to those fed NT straw based diet. Apparent DM or OM digestibilities increased significantly (p = 0.014) in lambs fed UT diet, and numerically (p>0.05) in lambs fed US diet as compared to those fed NT diet. Fiber (CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose) digestibility increased to a similar magnitude, averaging 20.2 (p 0.05) among the treatment diets. This study suggests that US and UT treatments, particularly the latter, improved straw intake, digestibility and N utilization by lambs compared to NT treatment. On the other hand, addition of SBM as a source of urease had a negligible effect on urea hydrolysis.

Valores de energia metabolizável de alimentos para pintos de corte na fase pré-inicial

Um experimento foi realizado no Setor de Avicultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), com duração de 6 dias, para determinar os valores energéticos de fontes protéicas para pintos de corte na fase pré-inicial. Utilizaram-se 480 pintos machos, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade que foram submetidos à metodologia de coleta total de excretas e distribuídos em 9 tratamentos com 6 repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 4 alimentos protéicos de origem vegetal (farelo de soja, soja integral tostada, soja micronizada e farelo de glúten de milho) que substituíram a ração referência (RR) em 30% e 4 alimentos protéicos de origem animal (farinha de carne e ossos 40% e 45% de PB, farinha de peixe e farinha de vísceras), que substituíram a RR em 20%. Simultaneamente, 6 repetições de 8 aves foram colocadas em jejum para a determinação das perdas endógenas. As variáveis estudadas foram energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), verdadeira (EMV) e as EMA e EMV corrigidas para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn, EMVn). Os alimentos de origem vegetal obtiveram valores de energia inferiores aos obtidos nas tabelas usuais de composição dos alimentos e os alimentos de origem animal, valores superiores.