Addition Of Polyethylene Glycol Research Articles

In vitro morpho-physiological performance and DNA stability of banana under cadmium and drought stresses

The combined influence of cadmium (Cd) and drought was evaluated on in vitro regenerated plants of banana ‘Grand Nain’ at morpho-physiological and molecular levels. A significant reduction was observed due to separate or combined treatments of Cd and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and all growth parameters except root length, which was increased under Cd treatment. Meanwhile, other traits were increased significantly under combined treatment of Cd and PEG (1 and 3%), including malondialdehyde, phenolic content, and peroxidase specific activity. Furthermore, molecular analysis using the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers confirmed the harmful effect of Cd. Cadmium caused DNA damage reflected by 18.4% polymorphism compared to the control. Out of 14 polymorphic bands, 12 were absent due to Cd treatment and two bands existed only in Cd-treated samples compared with control. However, the addition of PEG was efficient to reduce the harmful effect of Cd on DNA profile. In this regard, 1% PEG reduced the number of polymorphic bands produced by Cd to the half, while 3% PEG was enough to give an equal DNA profile to that of control with no polymorphic bands. In addition, there was no effect of the separate PEG treatments on ISSR pattern compared with control. Results confirmed the mutagenicity and toxicity of Cd on banana. The effect of PEG-induced drought reduced the damaging effects of Cd by minimizing its uptake and accumulation in plant tissues.

Drought tolerance selection of GT1 rubber seedlings with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000

Abstract. Pasaribu SA, Basyuni M, Purba E, Hasanah Y. 2021. Drought tolerance selection of GT1 rubber seedlings with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Biodiversitas 22: 394-400. Tolerance of the rootstock of rubber to drought stress is not optimal. The root system can therefore be used as an indicator of drought tolerance to inhibit the growth of the plant. A good root system of rubber rootstocks is thought to help the plants acquire greater resistance to drought stress. Polyethylene glycol 6000 osmotic solution controls the water potential in the growing medium. This study aimed to analyze the effect of PEG 6000 osmotic solution (0%; 7.5%; and 15% concentration) on rubber seedlings leading to the development of morphological characters and sensitivity index. GT1 (Gondang Tapen 1) rubber seeds to be used as planting material were collected from the seed source garden of PT Socfin Indonesia. The study was carried out from January to February 2019, using a non-factorial randomized block design. The morphological characters observed were tapped root length, shoot height, the increased rate of taproot length, shoot height increase rate, ratio of taproot length, and shoot height. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, discriminant, and drought stress sensitivity index. The results showed that the addition of PEG 6000 in planting media in vitro significantly influenced the character of the rate of increase of taproot length. The sensitivity index of taproot increase rate and the ratio of taproot length and shoot height was moderate at 7.5% levely contrast, the addition of PEG 6000 in planting media in vitro did not significantly impact it. The present study suggested that the rate of increase of taproot length was a distinguishing character showing the initial tolerance level of the GT1 seedlings to drought.

Effect of PEG and Mn on microwave properties of nano sized Ba4Co2Fe36O60 hexaferrite bulk

Investigations on the effect of the addition of polyethylene glycol and Mn doping on microwave properties of on Ba-M-Y(Ba4Co2Fe36O60) hexaferrite. Barium hexaferrite nanoparticles have been prepared by chemical co-precipitation method are reported. The powders were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction methods. The mixed hexaferrite crystal structure was formed as the combination of M-type (BaFe12O19), Y-type (Ba 2 Co 2 Fe 12 O 22 ) hexaferrite phases. The addition of PEG and Mn doesn’t affect the crystal structure. The microwave properties of samples were measured by the waveguide reflectometer method. The complex permittivity and permeability of these samples measured by s VSWR slotted section techniques. TEM images of PEG added sample reveal the formation of nanoparticles. PEG added Ba-M-Y sample shows very high microwave absorbance in whole frequency band than that of without PEG sample and Mn doped sample while high miniaturization factor was achieved for Mn doped sample.

The effect of polyethylene glycol addition on the synthesis of solid acid catalyst and its applications in esterification reaction

Synthesis of a catalyst by a sol-gel method is commonly conducted using a template to form pores to increase the number of active sites. In this work, mesoporous silica-carbon composites were prepared by sol-gel method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 as the template. Sodium silicate, commercially known as water glass, a cheap material, was used as the silica source. Here, PEG 6000 served as both the carbon source and the template. The silica-PEG composite was then carbonized at 550°C for 1 h to obtain silica-carbon composite. The sulfonate group was grafted into the composite by sulfonation with sulfuric acid at 100°C for 5 h. The sulfonated silica-carbon catalyst had a surface area of approximately 1490.8 m2/g. The very high surface area was able to hold a large amount of sulfonate group resulting an ion capacity of approximately 2.09. The composite was successfully be used as heterogeneous catalyst for esterification of acetic acid with ethanol with a conversion of 90.27%, higher than that of commercially Flotrol F-007.

Physical and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/polyethylene glycol nanocomposites

The excellent properties of hydroxyapatite [HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] have attracted the interest of researchers and engineers for various applications. Instead of using expensive commercial raw materials, we introduced the use of natural minerals for hydroxyapatite synthesis, precisely the calcite rock from Jember, Indonesia. Our study confirmed that the calcium content in the calcite rock was 98.36%. As a bone substitution compound, hydroxyapatite needs to be composited with polymeric materials, such as polyethylene glycol to improve its mechanical properties. The XRD test results showed that variations in the composition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) affect diffraction peak intensities, lattice parameters, and grain size of crystalline HAp/PEG nanocomposites. The density value of the nanocomposites increases with the addition of PEG up to 4.29 g/cm3. In addition, the value of hardness also increases with the addition of PEG up to 78.50 HVN.

Model Liposomal Delivery System for Drugs and Vaccines

Background Liposomes have been used for drug delivery since their discovery 60-years-ago. The advantages they provide as carriers have been recognised and exploited to improve the delivery of numerous drugs and eliminate harmful side-effects. Liposomal delivery has been tested for anticancer drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, variety of vaccines, just to list a few. Methods We developed a series of liposomal formulations with the addition of cholesterol and polyethylene glycol. The uptake of these formulations by human epithelial prostate cancer (PC-3) cells and mouse macrophages was examined and analysed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results Among the liposomes tested, small anionic liposome vesicles (≤200 nm) prepared with egg phosphatidylglycerol as the main lipid were most effectively taken up by PC-3 cells and macrophages. Conclusion We produced a liposome formulation that can be used as a model system for the delivery of drugs and vaccines.

Life-Inspired Endogenous Dynamic Behavior of Lipid Droplet-like Microcompartments in Artificial Adipocyte-like Structures

Chemical systems that can replicate cellular behaviors are gaining increasing attention and are being used to study various biological processes. Here, a protein- or amylose-based assembly at an oi...

Modeling and optimization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition for cost-efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

Enzyme consumption is a key cost in the lignocellulosic sugar route for production of biofuels and chemicals, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a low-cost additive that improves hydrolysis efficiency. Despite many studies in this area, the relation of benefit over cost of PEG addition remains unclear. This article describes principles for expressing the effect of PEG as an equivalent enzyme amount, by merging PEG adsorption kinetics with a standardized enzyme dosage response. This model allows cost optimization of PEG addition by marginal analysis, as a function of enzyme dosage, solids concentration and price-ratio of enzyme and PEG. The model is based on the novel observations that the relative increase in apparent enzyme dosage by PEG addition is constant regardless of the absolute enzyme dosage, and that the increase correlates linearly with adsorption of PEG on hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw. The optimum ranged for most cases between 7 and 14 mg PEG per g substrate. The addition of PEG was attractive only above a threshold price-ratio, which decreased from 7.0–1.4 as enzyme dosage increased from 2 to 10 cost units per g substrate, showing that the incentive for introducing PEG to the process becomes stronger as the enzyme dosage increases.

Syntheses of ferrofluids using polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated magnetite (Fe3O4), citric acid, and water as the working liquid in a cylindrical heat pipe

Ferrofluids were synthesized from magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles coated with three different base fluids: polyethylene glycol (PEG), citric acid (CA), and water. Each of the fluids act as the working liquid in a cylindrical heat pipe. The ferrofluids were synthesized using a two-step method with varied concentrations; 0.04 g/ml and 0.06 g/ml for PEG, and 5, 10, 15, 20 % weight for CA, respectively. Ferrofluid with the most optimal condition was used as the working liquid in a cylindrical heat pipe. Heat inputs of 5, 10, and 15 W were then applied to test its performance. From the x-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the formation of Fe3O4 phase has been confirmed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was able to identify the occurrence of a new absorption at a wavenumber of 1029.70 cm−1. This result gives a clear indication of the existence of PEG molecules on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic properties measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) suggest that with the PEG addition, the value of saturation magnetization is reduced from 55.36 emu/g Fe3O4/PEG-a to 53.24 emu/g Fe3O4/PEG-b. Thermal conductivity and specific heat analyses revealed that the values are within specified ranges of 0.58–0.6​ W/m.K and 4055–4085 J/kg.K. The investigation of the heat pipe filled with ferrofluid demonstrates that the optimal thermal resistance is 3.2 °C/W at heat input of 15 W.

2',4'-BNA/LNA with 9-(2-Aminoethoxy)-1,3-diaza-2-oxophenoxazine Efficiently Forms Duplexes and Has Enhanced Enzymatic Resistance*.

Artificial nucleic acids are widely used in various technologies, such as nucleic acid therapeutics and DNA nanotechnologies requiring excellent duplex‐forming abilities and enhanced nuclease resistance. 2′‐O,4′‐C‐Methylene‐bridged nucleic acid/locked nucleic acid (2′,4′‐BNA/LNA) with 1,3‐diaza‐2‐oxophenoxazine (BNAP (BH)) was previously reported. Herein, a novel BH analogue, 2′,4′‐BNA/LNA with 9‐(2‐aminoethoxy)‐1,3‐diaza‐2‐oxophenoxazine (G‐clamp), named BNAP‐AEO (BAEO), was designed. The BAEO nucleoside was successfully synthesized and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). ODNs containing BAEO possessed up to 104‐, 152‐, and 11‐fold higher binding affinities for complementary (c) RNA than those of ODNs containing 2′‐deoxycytidine (C), 2′,4′‐BNA/LNA with 5‐methylcytosine (L), or 2′‐deoxyribonucleoside with G‐clamp (PAEO), respectively. Moreover, duplexes formed by ODN bearing BAEO with cDNA and cRNA were thermally stable, even under molecular crowding conditions induced by the addition of polyethylene glycol. Furthermore, ODN bearing BAEO was more resistant to 3′‐exonuclease than ODNs with phosphorothioate linkages.

Environmentally friendly Zn-air rechargeable battery with heavy metal free charcoal based air cathode

In this article, we report the development of a novel Zn-air rechargeable battery with charcoal/graphite cathode and dicarboxyl telehelic polyethylene glycol (PEG) additives with different molecular weights (Mn: 600 Da, 1500 Da, 3300 Da). The battery is free of heavy metals and all of the used materials are easily available and non-toxic. The dicarboxyl telechelic PEGs were successfully applied to suppress the formation of dendritic and mossy deposits on the surface of the zinc electrode at both 7.5 and 2 mAcm−2 charging current density. The stability of the rechargeable battery was tested, where stable operation was achieved with all the synthesized dicarboxyl telechelic PEGs. Furthermore, the long-term cyclic performance was investigated with charging/discharging cycles up to 68 h, where stable battery potentials were obtained with near 100% Coulombic efficiency during the entire measurement. In the presence of additives, the discharging steps were also mathematically modeled. The electrode surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The additive-free systems resulted in mossy-like deposition, while in the presence of dicarboxyl telechelic PEG additives the surface of the zinc electrode remained smooth and the weight of the electrode did not change after the long-term test.

Exploring the Interfacial Chemistry between Zinc Anodes and Aqueous Electrolytes via an In Situ Visualized Characterization System.

Direct monitoring of dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and surface passivation can enrich the chemical and morphological understanding of the unstable Zn/electrolyte interface and provide guidelines for rational design of Zn anodes; however, the on-line observation with high precision is hitherto lacking. Herein, we present a real-time comprehensive characterization system, including in situ atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (referred to as the "3M" system), to provide multiscale views on the semisphere nuclei and growth of bump-like dendrites and the potential-dependent chemical and morphological structures of passivated products in a mild acidic electrolyte. It is revealed that the poor interfacial properties can be attributed to the sparse nucleation sites and direct contact of Zn with the electrolyte. The 3M system further visualizes and confirms that the additive polyethylene glycol acts as a Zn2+ distribution promoter and physical barrier and merits stable electrochemical performance.

Effect of Polarity of Surfactant on Formation of through-Silicon Via Using Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching

In this study, we demonstrated formation of high aspect vertical holes in Si substrate using wet chemical approach, MacEtch process, for the application of through silicon via (TSV) holes. It is important that the addition of the surfactants in the etching solution to obtain the well- defined straight holes in the Si substrate using MacEtch, regardless the polarity of the surfactants. MacEtch is expected to be used for formation of TSV instead of Deep reactive ion etching (Deep-RIE) because of lower costs than Deep-RIE [1,2,3]. However, it is difficult to obtain high aspect vertical holes using MacEtch process due to its instability of etching direction for prolonged process as shown in Fig. 1(a). Addition of surfactant is usefulness to improve the morphology of etched holes. Micro scale holes were prepared in N-type Si (100) substrate using MacEtch process. The disc shape Au deposited by sputtering were used as catalyst. Before deposition of the Au catalyst, a Ti interlayer with a thickness of 10 nm was deposited directly on the Si substrate with patterned resist. The patterned Au discs (10 μm in diameter), which were deposited on a Ti / Si substrate using a photolithography lift-off process. The thicknesses of deposited Au were 10 nm for Ti/Si substrate. The base pressure of the deposition chamber was maintained at 10-5 Pa, and purity of Au and Ti target used for the deposition were 99.99 %, respectively. For the MacEtch process, a mixture of 1.0 M hydrofluoric acid (HF), 1.3 M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and deionized water was used as the base etching solution. Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), which were cationic and non-polar surfactant, respectively, were used as the additive for the etching solutions. The MacEtch of the Si substrate with patterned Au were performed for 120 min at 40 oC in the etching solution. Fig.1 shows cross sectional SEM images of typical shape of etched Si holes using MacEtch. The direction of etched Si hole was changed during MacEtch without surfactants, as shown Fig.1 (a), and these changes of direction occurred more than 60% Si holes. By contrast, we observed drastic improvement on direction of etched holes in almost all holes in addition of PEG, as indicated Fig.1 (b). Similarly, adding BKC in MacEtch process was also observed improvement. The catalyst at the bottom of substrate without surfactant was deformed and partially detached from the Si substrate, as shown Fig.1 (d). However, with PEG and BKC, the catalyst contacted to the bottom and was suppressed deformation, as indicated Fig.1 (e), (f). In addition, BKC suppressed at 25 times low concentration compared with PEG. This phenomenon was is considered due to influence of polarity of hydrogen part or structure of surfactants. Particularly, the shape of catalyst film with BKC kept flat during MacEtch process compared with PEG. Therefore, defamation of catalyst has a strong correlation with formation of bended holes. Moreover, the suppression effect of catalyst is stronger in cation, BKC, than in non-ion, PEG.

Activation of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Receptors by PEGylated Adrenomedullin.

Adrenomedullin (AM) improves colitis in animal models and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We have developed a PEGylated AM derivative (PEG-AM) for clinical application because AM has a short half-life in the blood. However, modification by addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) may compromise the function of the original peptide. In this paper, we examined the time course of cAMP accumulation induced by 5 and 60 kDa PEG-AM and compared the activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), AM1 and AM2 receptors by AM, 5 and 60 kDa PEG-AM. We also evaluated the effects of antagonists on the action of 5 and 60 kDa PEG-AM. PEG-AM stimulated cAMP production induced by these receptors; the increase in cAMP levels resulting from application of PEG-AM peaked at 15 min. Moreover, PEG-AM activity was antagonized by CGRP (8-37) or AM (22-52) (antagonists of CGRP and AM receptors, respectively) and the maximal response was not suppressed. These findings indicate that the effects of PEG-AM are similar to those of native AM.

Study on Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Acrylate Modified Epoxy Acrylate Resin

Polyurethane acrylate modified epoxy acrylate resin with high solid content and great mechanical properties was synthesized by addition of polyethylene glycol in this work. The conversion process from liquid to solid was confirmed by comparing the FT-IR of oligomer and film. The disappearance of the carbon-carbon double bond absorption peaks at 1639 cm−1 and 819 cm−1 indicates that the oligomer is cured completely. In addition, the thermal analysis of the resin was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). According to the experimental data, it can be seen from that the resin started to decompose at 293.31 until it is almost completely decomposed at 481.73°C which indicated that the stability of the film was better and the decomposition temperature was higher. In addition: Compared with the thermosetting resin E51 and the modified resin, the glass transition temperature is reduced by about 31 °C, which solves the problem of brittleness and hardness.

Modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes using block copolymer Pluronic F127

The effect of the addition of triblock copolymer polyethylene glycol (PEG)–polypropylene glycol (PPG)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Pluronic F127) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000, Mn = 4000 g mol−1) to the polysulfone (PSF) casting solution on the membrane structure and performance was studied. The phase state, viscosity and turbidity of PSF solutions in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) with the addition of block copolymer Pluronic F127 were investigated. It was found that 18–22 wt.% PSF solutions in DMAc with Pluronic F127 content ≥ 5 wt.% feature a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Membrane structure was investigated using scanning electron and atomic force microcopies. It was revealed that average pore size and pore amount on the surface of the membrane selective layer increase and pore size distribution becomes wider with an increase in Pluronic F127 content in the casting solution. It was found that the average surface roughness parameters of the membrane selective layer for PSF/Pluronic F127 membranes significantly exceed those for PSF/PEG-4000 membranes. It was shown that the increase in the membrane flux and the decrease in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30, Mn = 40,000 g mol−1) rejection are a result of the addition of both Pluronic F127 and PEG-4000 into the casting solution. It was revealed that PSF/Pluronic F127 membranes are characterized by higher pressure resistance in ultrafiltration process, a lower total flux decrease during ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin solutions. The antifouling performance of PSF/Pluronic F127 membranes was found to exceed significantly the antifouling performance of PSF/PEG-4000 membranes.

Photoanodes for Aqueous Solar Cells: Exploring Additives and Formulations Starting from a Commercial TiO2 Paste.

Whereas the commercialization of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is finally proceeding taking advantage of their low cost and tunable optical features, such as colour and transparency for both indoor and building-integrated applications, the corresponding aqueous counterpart is still at its infancy. As the TiO2 electrode is a fundamental component for hybrid solar cells, this work investigates the effect of different molecular (α-terpineol, propylene carbonate) and polymeric (polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose and xanthan gum) additives that can be introduced into a commercial TiO2 paste for for screen-printing (or doctor blade). Among all, the addition of polyethylene glycol leads to the best cell performances, with markedly increased short-circuit current density (+18 %) and power conversion efficiency (+48 %) with respect to the pristine (commercial) counterpart. When further explored at different concentration levels, electrodes fabricated from polyethylene glycol-based pastes show different morphologies, thicknesses and performances, which are investigated through (photo)electrochemical, structural, physical-chemical and microscopic techniques.

Halochromic poly (lactic acid) film for acid base sensor

AbstractA novel strategy to engineer biodegradable halochromic film based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) for pH sensorial substances was presented. The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) compositions and dye amount on the efficiency of halochromic pH film was observed. The interactions between PLA, PEG, and dye was evidence by Fourier transform infrared. UV–VIS results indicated the sensitivity of the halochromic film through color changes. Mechanical performance was investigated by tensile testing to assess the potential of the halochromic film. It was found that the halochromic pH film has a clear color response from yellow to purple at pH 3–11 with a rapid response time within a minute. The results also revealed that varying content of PEG showed a significant effect on response time compared with varying dye compositions. PLA/PEG film and dye formed new interactions where PEG increased the free volume of PLA and made it possible for the PEG and the dye to diffuse and entrap between PLA chain. In term of the film strength, the addition of PEG and dye improved the flexibility of PLA film, which enables great potential in many applications such as medical, textile, and packaging.

Root- and foliar-applied silicon modifies C: N: P ratio and increases the nutritional efficiency of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings under water deficit.

Water deficit limits the establishment of sugarcane plants from pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS). Silicon (Si) can mitigate such stress, and your supply in plants with the active absorption mechanism is carried out through roots. However, foliar spraying has been practiced to supply Si in PSS production nurseries. Althought it is known that Si via roots can alter C: N: P ratios, nothing has been reported about its supply via foliar spraying, nor whether such changes interfere with structural nutrient use efficiency and with plant physiological responses. Thus, this study aimes to asses whether Si foliar spraying changes C: N: P ratios and increases the nutritional efficiency of PSS, as well as whether water deficiency interferes with such a relationships. For these purposes, three experiments were carried out. In experiment I, treatments consisted of two sugarcane cultivars (CTC 4 and RB 966928) and three Si supply forms (in nutrient solution via roots [SiR], via foliar spraying [SiL], and one control with the absence of Si [-Si]). The same Si supply forms were used in the other two experiments. In experiment II, a short-term water deficit was induced by polyethylene glycol addition to nutrient solution (-0.6 MPa) for three days. In experiment III, a long-term water deficit was imposed using levels of soil water retention capacity (70% [no water deficit], 50% [moderate water deficit], and 30% [severe water deficit] for 30 days. Our findings revealed that Si supply decreased C concentrations regardless of water conditions and that N and P concentrations varied with Si supply form and water deficit level. Moreover, root- and foliar-applied Si modified the C: N: P stoichiometry and increased C use efficiency in PSS, which thus increased N and P use efficiencies. Such an increased nutritional performance helped adjust physiological parameters and increase dry matter yield in PSS, both under water stress and non-stress conditions. Further, Si foliar spraying promoted structural effects on PSS regardless of water conditions, even if sugarcane has an active absorption via roots. In conclusion, foliar spraying can be used to supply Si in PSS production nurseries.

Effects of degree of substitution and irradiation doses on the properties of hydrogel prepared from carboxymethyl-sago starch and polyethylene glycol

Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was produced from sago starch via carboxymethylation. The CMS with different degree of substitution (DS) ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 were mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weight and distilled water and the hydrogel was cured by electron beam irradiation with doses ranging from 25 to 35 kGy. The results revealed that CMS-PEG hydrogels with DS 0.4 give the optimum gel content when radiated at 30 kGy and with PEG 600. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that there are two phases exist in CMS with DS 0.4 in contrast to the three steps decomposition occurs in DS 0.6 and 0.8. It shows that the CMS with DS 0.4 is more thermally stable. Surface morphology revealed crosslinking among the blends when subjected into the radiation dose. The study shows both radiation and PEG addition improved most of the properties of CMS irrespective of the DS value.