Addition Of NaF Research Articles

Wide band gap Cu2ZnGe(S,Se)4 thin films and solar cells: Influence of Na content and incorporation method

The influence of the Na content and incorporation procedure into Cu2ZnGe(S,Se)4 (CZGSSe) thin films and solar cells is investigated. The effects of the presence/absence of Se during the deposition of a 15 nm thick NaF layer before and/or after the Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) co-evaporation, are compared. Both the Na content, and Na-supply method significantly influence the incorporation of S into the CZGSe lattice and its distribution in the absorber. A [S]/([S] + [Se])-gradient throughout the CZGSSe layers is observed for all the samples and correlated with effects induced by the Na incorporation procedure. For instance, the evaporation of Se together with NaF leads to an increased S concentration in the surface-region of the CZGSSe layer and a modified surface morphology. CZGSSe-based solar cells with band gap energies of about 2 eV are obtained, regardless of the NaF addition method used, while the absence of the NaF layer reduces the S incorporation and the Eg. However, the evaporation of Se together with NaF results in higher Eg and open circuit voltage VOC, probably related to a higher S accumulation near the surface, demonstrating the importance of the [S]/([S] + [Se]) distribution. CZGSSe-based photovoltaic devices with efficiency of 3.2 % and Eg of 2 eV are obtained.

Study of biocompatibility in ceramic coating doped with NaF on Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb by micro-arc oxidation

ABSTRACT The surface of titanium and titanium alloys can easily form a Ti-OH bond by absorbing water to induce apatite nucleation, and shows good biological activity and osseointegration ability, which is especially suitable for bone implantation. In this study, a calcium-phosphorus-containing ceramic coating was prepared on a non-toxic titanium alloy -Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb (TLM) – by using micro-arc oxidation treatment, accompanied by doping NaF as additive. Micro-morphology, phase composition, pH value, contact angle and clotting time were analysed to study the influence of NaF concentration (1.0–5.0 g L−1) on the biocompatibility performance of the coating in a simulated human body fluid (SBF) immersion experiment. The results showed that, adding an appropriate amount of NaF is beneficial to improving the biocompatibility of the coating, but as the concentration of NaF increases, the biocompatibility of the coating first increases and then decreases. When the NaF addition amount is 3.0 g L−1, the coating has the best wettability and anticoagulant properties.

Flotation separation of dolomite from fluorapatite using NaF as an activator

For the reverse flotation of phosphate ore, a high amount of sulfuric acid is required. In this study, we used NaF as a flotation activator to separate dolomite and fluorapatite to reduce acid consumption in the flotation process. Both single and actual mineral flotations were conducted. The NaF addition significantly improved the floatability of dolomite and reduced the flotation system's acid consumption. We employed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Material Studio simulation to examine the effect of dolomite activator (NaF) on the surface of dolomite and fluoroapatite. The addition of NaF showed much less effect on fluoroapatite than dolomite, thereby increasing the difference in floatability between dolomite and fluoroapatite, which is beneficial to flotation.

Digital light processing of Si-based composite ceramics and bulk silica ceramics from a high solid loading polysiloxane/SiO2 slurry

Nowadays, 3D polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide ceramics (SiOC) can be fabricated by the stereolithography method successfully. However, due to their intrinsically poor ceramic content and the large thermal shrinkage during the pyrolysis, it is difficult for the bulk 3D polysiloxane precursors to be pyrolyzed into dense 3D-ceramics. Herein, the ceramic content of the photocurable polysiloxane precursors was increased by adding a large amount of SiO2 powders into the low solid content epoxy-acrylic siloxane. After being added with proper dispersant, the viscosity of the high solid loading polysiloxane/SiO2 slurry can reach a proper level. Bulk 3D-silica ceramics with the wall-thickness around 8 mm can be conveniently fabricated from the polysiloxane/SiO2 slurry by stereolithography and a two-step sintering process. The addition of a proper sintering aid NaF can promote the 3D-PSO/SiO2 precursor to be converted into dense and crack-free 3D-silica ceramics with good mechanical proprieties.

Synthesis of porous silicate materials using sodium fluride as fluxing agent

Foam glass products are very actively used for thermal and chemical protection of oil and gas infrastructure instead of polymer materials. The main trend in foam glass technology is a search for new raw materials. A presence of refractory alumina in the raw materials necessitates the introduction of substances that reduce the melting temperature of silicate masses (fluxes). The aim of this work was to study the processes that occur during the heat treatment of foam glass batches when sodium fluoride NaF is added as a flux. The synthesis of porous materials was carried out by powder method according to the hydrate mechanism based on the interaction between silicate raw materials and an alkali solution. The initial batch compositions were developed, and their heat treatment was performed. TG/DSC analysis showed that NaF does not affect mass change processes, including the removal of physically bound water, crystalline hydrated water from hydrosilicates, chemically bound water, and decomposition of organic and carbonate impurities. There is also an endothermic effect of the “β-quartz→α  -quartz” transition for both compositions. However, there is a sharp endothermic jump in the composition with the NaF addition at temperatures above 600 оC due to exposure to sodium fluoride. It was shown that ions from fluoride dissociation are concentrated in a less polymerized microphase, sharply changing its viscosity properties and the viscosity of the melt as a whole. It was set that most of the silicate mass is in an X-ray amorphous glassy state. The main crystalline phase is α -quartz in an amount of not more than 25%, and albite crystals can also be distinguished. As a result of studying the internal structure and density of the synthesized samples, it was found that the introduction of sodium fluoride significantly accelerates the process of silicate mass melting, which makes it possible to obtain samples with a density of 313 kg/m3 at 750 оC and subsequently leads to the breakthrough of pore walls, pore coalescence, and severe sedimentation of the foam, which complicates manufacturing process of high-quality materials. Thus, the use of sodium fluoride in the synthesis of porous silicate materials can be recommended in a small amount as an active fluxing agent.This research was carried out by the Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) and funded by the Russian Science Foundation under the Agreement No. 19-79-00015 “Understanding some general regularities related to the synthesis of porous materials on the basis of man-made and natural silicates” (led by B. M. Goltsman).

Comparative Study: Postmortem Long-Term Stability of Endogenous GHB in Cardiac Blood, Femoral Blood, Vitreous Humor, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine with and without Sodium Fluoride Stabilization.

The interpretation of postmortem γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations is challenging due to endogenous existence and postmortem GHB production in body tissues and fluids. As an additional complication, formation of GHB was also described in stored postmortem samples. We examined cardiac blood, femoral blood, vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid and urine of eight different corpses (male/female 5/3, aged 33-92 years, postmortem interval 1-6 days) where no intake of GHB or one of its precursors was assumed. All samples were collected during autopsy and divided into two aliquots. To one of the aliquots, sodium fluoride (NaF, 1% w/v) was added. Both aliquots were vortexed, further divided into seven aliquots and stored at -20°C. GHB concentrations were measured immediately and subsequently 1 day, 7 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, after sample collection using trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography, coupled to single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Similar progression curves of GHB concentrations were obtained for the different matrices in the individual corpses. Femoral and cardiac blood GHB concentrations were always found to be higher than in vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine irrespective of stabilization and storage time. None of the obtained GHB concentrations exceed the cutoff values for postmortem matrices commonly used for the identification of an exogenous GHB intake (urine, venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid: 30 mg/L, cardiac blood and vitreous humor 50 mg/L). No significant differences were found for the GHB concentrations measured immediately and 6 months after autopsy. However, we found a significant increase for the GHB concentrations 4 weeks as well as 3 months after sample collection, which was followed by a decrease nearly to initial values. There were no significant differences between samples with and without NaF addition. The data presented are useful for the interpretation of GHB concentrations in upcoming death cases, with special attention to storage conditions and different postmortem matrices.

Grain growth of MgAl2O4 ceramics with LiF and NaF addition

The effects of LiF and NaF sintering additives on the grain growth of spinel ceramics prepared via spark plasma sintering (SPS) are investigated and compared for dwell times in the range 0–120 ​min. Absence of sintering additives resulted in abnormal grain growth, whereas LiF addition allowed continuous (normal) grain growth, although with final grain size larger by a factor 12 after 120 ​min dwell time. By contrast, NaF is the other extreme, its addition results in very little grain growth (by a factor of only 1.2 after 120 ​min dwell time), thus preserving a grain size very close to nanometric. Occasionally, large highly faceted grains were observed, indicating inadequate homogenization in the case of spinel ceramics with NaF addition. Nevertheless, it seems that addition of NaF is suitable for the preparation of dense nanocrystalline spinel ceramics without any extreme conditions applied (high pressure).

Anionic Tuning of Zeolite Crystallization

Zeolites are of great industrial relevance as catalysts, adsorbents, and ion-exchangers and typically synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Rational regulation of their crystallization process...

Effect of pH and NaF addition on corrosion of Zr-based bulk metallic glass in Na2SO4-containing solution

In order to expand the application of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in the field of biomaterials, it is vital to investigate their corrosion behaviour in different solution environments. However, until now, the corrosion behaviour of Zr-based BMGs in F−-containing solution has been rarely studied, and the corrosion mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of pH and NaF addition on the corrosion behaviour of Zr52Al10Ni6Cu32 BMG in Na2SO4-containing solution has been investigated by employing the standard electrochemical methods. The relationship between the critical pF value and pH has been subsequently obtained, which provides a criterion for judging the state of corrosion of Zr-based BMGs in F−-containing solution. The cathodic reaction mainly involves the reduction of the dissolved oxygen in the solution, and the kinetic mechanism is similar to that of pure Zr. An oxidation peak appearing during the upward polarization scanning is attributed to the active dissolution of Cu caused by SO42− and F−. During upward polarization, different pH values and addition of NaF are observed to result in consequent film breakdown behaviour. For 0.1 M NaF and pH = 8.0, the protective ZrO2 passive film is noted to be replaced by the corrosion product of the Zr–F compound. However, at pH = 4.0 with 0.001 M NaF, the F− concentration is not sufficient to form the Zr–F corrosion products, and the dissolution rate of the passive film is enhanced due to the reduced pH. This study provides a deeper understanding of the corrosion mechanism of Zr-based BMGs alloys in F−-containing solution.

Optimisation of process parameters and characterisation of composite ceramic coating with NaF additive on Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb by micro-arc oxidation

ABSTRACT Ceramic coatings containing calcium and phosphorus were prepared on the surface of Ti-3Zr-2Sn-3Mo-25Nb by micro-arc oxidation. The effects of Ca/P ratio, oxidation time, current density and duty ratio on the coating were studied by orthogonal experiment under a phosphate electrolyte to determine the optimal process parameters. To analyse the effects of NaF additions, 1 g L−1, 2 g L−1, 3 g L−1, 4 g L−1 and 5 g L−1 NaF were added into the electrolyte, respectively. From analysis, the authors draw the following conclusions: NaF can improve the conductivity of electrolyte and facilitate the densification of coating; the hardness, thickness and roughness of the coating have been improved to some extent; the most obvious improvement to the coating is effected by adding 3 g L−1 NaF into the electrolyte. Furthermore, passivation has occurred on the MAO-NaF-coatings immersed in simulated body fluids. The most improved corrosion resistance of the MAO-oxidation coating is gained by adding 3 g L−1.

Accelerated oxidation and microstructure evolution of SiC in the presence of NaF

Oxidation behaviors of SiC in the presence of some impurities are very important for the performance of SiC used in high temperature environments such as aerospace vehicles and nuclear reactors. In this study, the effects of NaF on the oxidation behaviors of SiC powder with grain sizes from 0.3~2 μm were investigated. NaF with contents of 0.2~10 wt.% was added to the 6H-SiC powder (~ 1 μm) and the mixtures were oxidized at 500~800 °C for 30 min in air atmosphere. Compared with pure SiC, enhanced oxidation was observed with the NaF addition as low as 0.2 wt.%. When the content of NaF was increased to 2.0%, the weight gain ratio of SiC reached 23.0% at the oxidation temperature of 700 °C, which was only 0.6% for pure SiC powder. In the TG analysis, the onset oxidation temperature for the SiC-2.0%NaF sample was significantly decreased to 570 °C. The weight gain was increased with the decrease of SiC grain size. The intensive oxidation was confirmed by SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS characterizations. The formation of free carbon during the oxidation process was demonstrated by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. New polytype of SiC of 15R and defects were formed in the 6H-SiC matrix after oxidation. The results showed that NaF could greatly accelerate the oxidation of SiC and played a very important role in the microstructure evolution of SiC. Possible mechanism for the effects of NaF on the oxidation behaviors of SiC was discussed.

Evaluation of new compositions of 10% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agents containing trimetaphosphate and fluoride on enamel demineralization.

This study evaluated the effect on enamel demineralization of 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) gels containing different concentrations of sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) combined with the daily use of fluoridated or placebo dentifrice. Bovine enamel blocks were selected by surface hardness (n=72) and randomly assigned to one of the following experimental treatments: 10% H2 O2 ; 10% H2 O2 +3% TMP+0.1% NaF; and 10% H2 O2 +0.3% TMP+0.05% NaF, each with or without fluoridated dentifrice. H2 O2 -based gels were applied for 30mind-1 followed by treatment with dentifrice (1min). Enamels blocks were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C between sessions during the 14days of experiment. Percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH) was calculated, and the blocks were cut into halves to analyze cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN). Polarized light microscopy images were obtained of the longitudinal sections of the samples. Enamel treated with fluoridated dentifrice presented lower hardness loss than those treated with placebo dentifrice (%SH and ΔKHN). Use of TMP- and NaF-based gels, regardless of concentration, led to the lowest %SH values. Specimens treated with 10% H2 O2 gel had the highest %SH and ΔKHN values. Gels with 10% H2 O2 +3% TMP+0.1% NaF showed the lowest ΔKHN values. Microscopy images clearly showed that the addition of TMP and NaF to the H2 O2 -based gels was effective in reducing the loss of hardness, and the fluoridated dentifrice helped minimize it in all treatments.

A New Method for Plasticization of Inclusions in Saw-Wire Steel by NaF Addition

In this study, a new method is proposed for the plasticization of inclusions by taking advantage of the behavior of alkali metals in lowering the inclusion melting point. A series of experiments with NaF additions to molten steel were carried out using a carbon tube furnace followed by simulated rolling tests using the solidified ingots and characterization of inclusions with the help of automated scanning electron microscopy. Compositional changes of the steel and evolution of gaseous species were evaluated using thermodynamic software FactSage 7.2 (ThermFact Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada). Based on this approach, NaF/steel/inclusion interactions and the effects of NaF addition on the melting point, size and deformability of inclusions were clarified. The modification of MnO-SiO2 inclusions by NaF also promoted the removal of inclusions and improved the cleanliness of steel. The results show that with the addition of NaF, the melting point of inclusions is greatly reduced, the deformability is improved, and the removal of inclusions is enhanced, all of which indicates a good prospect for industrial application.

Influence of NaF on the ionic conductivity of sodium aluminophosphate glass electrolytes

This work elucidated the influence of NaF on the structure and ion conductivity of Na2O-Al2O3-P2O5-Nb2O5 (F-0) glass. The enhancement in ionic conductivity of F-0 glass due to the individual NaF substitution for equal mol% of Na2O, Al2O3 and P2O5 have been thoroughly studied. Irrespective of the substitution for any oxides, the addition of NaF increased the concentration of Al(O,F)6 and isolated the PO43- tetrahedral units. Impedance analysis has shown that the substitution of NaF for Al2O3 has lowered the activation energy and improved the ionic conductivity significantly, which demonstrates this glass composition to be a promising material for solid state sodium ion batteries.

The Effect of Vanadate, Phosphate, Fluoride Compounds on the Aqueous Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 in Dilute Chloride Solutions.

The anodic polarization response of magnesium alloy AZ31 was first characterized during exposure to aerated 0.1 M NaCl solutions with millimolar additions of NaVO3, Na3PO4, Na2HPO4, NaF and various pairings to assess their ability to inhibit corrosion kinetics and retard localized corrosion. Each of the candidate inhibitors reduced the corrosion rate of the alloy to some degree. A Na3PO4–NaVO3 pair produced a good inhibiting effect decreasing the corrosion rate to about 10−7 A/cm2, which was two orders of magnitude lower than the uninhibited control case. A Bliss Independence assessment indicated that this inhibitor pair acted synergistically. A Na2HPO4–NaVO3 pair reduced the corrosion rate to 10−6 A/cm2 but was not assessed to be acting synergistically. The NaVO3–NaF pair did not reduce the corrosion rate significantly compared to the control case and was an antagonistic pairing. SEM imaging showed film formation due to exposure, which appears to be the origin of the observed inhibition. The resistance to localized corrosion was assessed as the difference in the breakdown potential and the corrosion potential, with larger values indicating a lower probability of localized corrosion during free corrosion exposures. The effects of the inhibitors on this characteristic were mixed, but each of the inhibitor pairs yielded potential differences in excess of 100 mV. A conceptual conversion coating process based on a mixture of vanadate and phosphate compounds were demonstrated. A fluoride-bearing formulation produced coatings whose total impedance was increased by a factor of two compared to an uncoated control. A fluoride-free formulation produced coatings whose corrosion resistance was increased by more than a factor of three.

Development and validation of a UPLC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of vicagrel and its major metabolites in rat or human plasma: An optimized novel strategy for the stabilization of vicagrel

Vicagrel is a promising novel antiplatelet drug. However, the quantification of vicagrel in plasma is currently unavailable since it is liable to be hydrolyzed in plasma by esterases. In this study, an optimized strategy was developed and validated to stabilize vicagrel, 2-oxo-clopidogrel (thiolactone metabolite), and H4 (active thiol metabolite) before quantification of the analytes, such as addition of citric acid (for plasma acidification) and NaF (a non-specific esterase inhibitor) to inhibit esterase activity, immediate addition of a thiol-alkylating reagent MPB into blood samples to derivatize H4 for the formation of stable H4 derivative (i.e., MP-H4), use of the anticoagulant K2EDTA to minimize the conversion of 2-oxo-clopidogrel to H-endo, and keeping the analytes at 4 °C or on wet ice to minimize degradation of the analytes when processed and analyzed. The stability was measured as percent of each analyte remained in plasma samples after their storage for 4 h at 4 °C or in blood samples after 1 h at 4 °C. The results indicated that stability of vicagrel was increased significantly in stabilized plasma or blood samples compared with non-stabilized controls for rats and humans, respectively, and that the stability of 2-oxo-clopidogrel was increased to a certain extent. In contrast, MP-H4 formed was stable in plasma immediately after thorough mixture of MPB with blood. We conclude that the above strategy is useful for improving the stability of vicagrel, 2-oxo-clopidogrel, and H4 in rat or human plasma, and that vicagrel and its two major metabolites can be quantified accurately and simultaneously.

Synthesis of Pure Brookite Nanorods in a Nonaqueous Growth Environment

Brookite TiO2 is the most difficult TiO2 polymorph to synthesize. The available methods in the literature to produce brookite nanostructures mostly use water-based techniques for the preparation of water-soluble Ti complexes first, followed by a hydrothermal growth of the brookite nanostructures. Besides its multi-step nature, achieving a single brookite phase and optimizing the aqueous growth environment are all issues to be hardly controlled. In this work, pure brookite TiO2 nanorods are synthesized using tetrabutyl titanate Ti(OBu)4 and Sodium Fluoride (NaF) as precursor materials in a simple non-aqueous one-pot solvothermal process. Alcoholysis of only Ti(OBu)4 in ethanol resulted in pure anatase nanoparticles, while the addition of NaF was essential to promote the growth of highly pure brookite nanorods. The phase purity is confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. The growth mechanism is explained according to the Ostwald’s step rule, where Na+ ions are anticipated to have a potential role in driving the growth process towards the brookite phase.

Effect of NaF and CaO/SiO2 Mass pct. on the Hydrogen Dissolution Behavior in Calcium-Silicate-Based Molten Fluxes

The effect of NaF and CaO/SiO2 mass pct. ratio (C/S) on the hydrogen solubility in terms of the hydroxyl capacity of the CaO–SiO2–NaF welding flux system was investigated at 1823 K. As a cost-effective alternative to CaF2 in welding fluxes, NaF can potentially increase the fluidity, electrical conductivity, and hydroxyl capacity of welding fluxes in advanced high-strength steels. Additions of 1.9 to 5.9 mass pct. of NaF was found to depolymerize the structural units in the flux system. Depending on the flux composition, the dominant hydrogen dissolution mechanism varied. At C/S values less than 1.06, the incorporated-hydroxyl dissolution mechanism was dominant in the present flux system, in which SiO2-based complex structural units were pronounced. At C/S values above 1.06, the free-hydroxyl dissolution mechanism was pronounced due to the strong network-modifying CaO content supplemented by NaF. A combination of Fourier transformed infrared, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis was used to determine the structural implications of NaF additions and C/S, which were correlated to the hydroxyl capacity of the flux. High NaF contents and C/S values were found to depolymerize the complex structural units of the molten flux by supplying greater amounts of network-modifying free oxygen (O2−) and fluorine (F−) anions to the flux system in the compositional range of this work.

Short- and Medium-Range Order in Photothermal Refractive Glass Revealed by Solid-State NMR Techniques

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is an optically transparent photosensitive Na2O–ZnO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass, containing NaF and KBr additives, along with cerium, silver, tin, and antimony oxide dopants. After heating above 500 °C, UV-exposed regions of this glass produce permanent refractive index changes, resulting from precipitation of NaF nanocrystals. Short- and medium-range order of this glass system is studied via multinuclear single- and double-resonance solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in regular PTR glass and in model glasses with simplified compositions. The results, when combined with data from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, indicate that the NaF component modifies the standard aluminosilicate framework, producing small amounts of F-bonded five- and six-coordinated aluminum species. The fluoride speciation is obtained from 19F magic-angle spinning NMR spectra, supported by 19F{27Al} and 19F{23Na} dipolar recoupling experiments. The majority of fluoride within the PTR glass is found within Na-dominated local environments, which also interact strongly with the aluminum. 23Na{19F} rotational echo double resonance reveals that about 1/3 of the Na+ ions have fluoride ions in their first coordination spheres.

A novel NASICON-based glass-ceramic composite electrolyte with enhanced Na-ion conductivity

NASICON type material Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 is considered as an ideal option of solid-state electrolyte (SSE) material for solid-state Na batteries (SSNBs). However, the ionic conductivity of the material essentially needs to be further improved. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to enhance the ionic conductivity of NASICON material by adding NaF into the precursor, improving the ionic conductivity of classical Na3Zr2Si2PO12 from 4.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 to 1.7 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C with an activation energy of 0.28 eV. Furthermore, both qualitative and quantitative analysis are conducted by employing XRD, XPS, SEM, and solid-state NMR techniques to investigate the long-range and local structures as well as compositions for the prepared Na3Zr2Si2PO12-xNaF materials. It is revealed that with the addition of NaF into the precursor, the monoclinic phase of NASICON grains gradually transforms into rhombohedral phase with in-situ formed a ‘binder-like’ glassy phase around them, indicating NaF plays an important role in the modification of grain boundary and the improvement of the ionic conductivity. Moreover, the strategy is also applied to other NASICON system, achieving the optimum conductivity of 3.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C with an activation energy of 0.25 eV for the Na3.2Zr2Si2.2P0.8O12-0.5NaF, which is the highest ionic conductivity among previously reported NASICON-based materials. More importantly, our work provides a simple and low-cost approach to prepare high ionic conducting NASICON materials.