Addition Of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Research Articles

Effect of hybrid filler comprising cryptocrystalline graphite and multi‐wall carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and conductive properties of styrene butadiene rubber

AbstractStyrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites reinforced by cryptocrystalline graphite (CG) and multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared. The SBR composite with 50 phr CG content displays superior mechanical reinforcement achieving 20.7 MPa in tensile strength. However, the electrical conductivity enhancement is modest. After incorporating MWCNTs as a secondary filler, the electrical conductivity significantly improved. The results show that the electrical conductivity of the SBR composite reinforced with 10 phr of CG and an additional 5 phr of MWCNTs surpasses that achieved by using 50 phr of CG solely. This enhancement can be attributed to the inherent excellent electric conductivity and high aspect ratio of MWCNTs, with their presence also preventing the re‐agglomeration of CG. Furthermore, within 10–40 phr content of CG, the mechanical reinforcement of CG‐SBR composites is enhanced with the addition of MWCNTs, whereas a minor decline in tensile strength is noted when the concentration of CG above 40 phr. Overall, the SBR composite reinforced with a synergistic combination of CG and MWCNTs is achieved, demonstrating both exceptional mechanical and conductive properties.Highlights Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites with different cryptocrystalline graphite (CG) phr and additional multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were characterized. CG‐SBR displays good mechanical property but limited electrical conductivity. Proper ratio of CG/MWCNTs significantly enhances various properties. MWCNTs act as a “bridge” structure connecting isolated CG filler in SBR matrix. MWCNTs network effectively prevents the re‐agglomeration of CG nanosheets.

Performance study of activated multi-walled carbon nanotubes on catalyzing amine-based carbon capture

Organic amine solution is currently the most commonly used chemical absorbent for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, but its drawback such as high energy consumption for regeneration of CO2 loaded solution has seriously hindered its wide application in industry. Development of catalysts could reduce the regeneration energy consumption of the process. In this study, the catalytic effects of raw multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and acid-treated MWCNTs in 30 wt% monoethanolamine solution on both absorption and desorption procedures were investigated. The results showed that the addition of raw MWCNTs and acid-treated MWCNTs as catalysts both promoted the CO2 desorption rate and amount, among which the 700 ppm acid-treated MWCNTs increased the CO2 desorption amount by 48.49 %. Furthermore, both MWCNTs shortened the desorption time of CO2 as well. Stability of acid-treated MWCNTs has been examined by 20 cycles in the capture system. Characterization results indicate that the acid treatment increased the surface area of MWCNTs, and created more acid sites on their surfaces through the defected area. Both characteristics contribute to the enhanced CO2 desorption performance. Therefore, acid-treated MWCNTs can be considered as promising catalysts for promoting CO2 desorption and reducing energy consumption for CO2 capture.

A novel magnetoelastic biosensor consisting of carbon quantum dots/nitrocellulose membranes and NiFe2O4/ polylactic acid based on 3D printing for α2-macroglobulin detection

α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) have crucial clinical significance as a potent biomarker for diabetes nephropathy (DN). There is an increasing demand for rapid detection of α2-M. Herein, a magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor with a layered composite structure is developed for α2-M detection. Based on 3D printing, the basal layer of the biosensor is prepared as a grid structure fabricated by polylactic acid (PLA) doped with NiFe2O4. The conductivity of the biosensor was improved significantly due to the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The biological site for capturing α2-M antigen was provided by the carbon quantum dots (CDs) coupled with anti-α-2M (anti-α2-M@CDs) in the nitrocellulose filter (NC) membrane. Meanwhile, the distribution of antibodies on the biosensor surface can be observed more directly due to the fluorescence characteristics of CDs. The biosensor in this work can realize multi-pattern recognition of fluorescent signal and electromagnetic signal. The results show that the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.506 ng/mL in the linear range from 10 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL and the linear equation of fitting curve is: y = 0.21 x - 0.15. The ME biosensors with a simple preparation method have advantages of high sensitivity, good stability and low LOD, showing the great potential for α2-M detection.

Performance and Antiwear Mechanism of 1D and 2D Nanoparticles as Additives in a Polyalphaolefin.

This work is focused on the thermophysical and tribological study of eight nanolubricant compositions based on a polyalphaolefin (PAO 20) and two different nanoadditives: multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Regarding the thermophysical properties, density and dynamic viscosity of the base oil and the nanolubricants were measured in the range of 278.15-373.15 K, as well as their viscosity index, with the aim of evaluating the variation of these properties with the addition of the nanoadditives. On the other hand, their lubricant properties, such as contact angle, coefficient of friction, and wear surface, were determined to analyze the influence of the nanoadditives on the tribological performance of the base oil. The results showed that MWCNTs and h-BN nanoadditives improved the wear area by 29% and 37%, respectively, at a 0.05 wt% concentration. The density and dynamic viscosity increased compared with the base oil as the nanoadditive concentration increased. The addition of MWCNTs and h-BN nanoparticles enhanced the tribological properties of PAO 20 base oil.

Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of iMSCs on GelMA-BG-MWCNT Nanocomposite Hydrogels.

The ability of bone biomaterials to promote osteogenic differentiation is crucial for the repair and regeneration of osseous tissue. The development of a temporary bone substitute is of major importance in enhancing the growth and differentiation of human-derived stem cells into an osteogenic lineage. In this study, nanocomposite hydrogels composed of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), bioactive glass (BG), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were developed to create a bone biomaterial that mimics the structural and electrically conductive nature of bone that can promote the differentiation of human-derived stem cells. GelMA-BG-MWCNT nanocomposite hydrogels supported mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, hereinafter named iMSCs. Cell adhesion was improved upon coating nanocomposite hydrogels with fibronectin and was further enhanced when seeding pre-differentiated iMSCs. Osteogenic differentiation and mature mineralization were promoted in GelMA-BG-MWCNT nanocomposite hydrogels and were most evidently observed in the 70-30-2 hydrogels, which could be due to the stiff topography characteristic from the addition of MWCNT. Overall, the results of this study showed that GelMA-BG-MWCNT nanocomposite hydrogels coated with fibronectin possessed a favorable environment in which pre-differentiated iMSCs could better attach, proliferate, and further mature into an osteogenic lineage, which was crucial for the repair and regeneration of bone.

Chemical mechanical polishing for copper films in integrated circuit wiring layers using an advanced slurry

In the chemical mechanical polishing process of integrated circuits (IC) copper (Cu) wiring layer, it is difficult to balance between material removal rate (RR) and surface quality. To solve this problem, a novel slurry composed of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABI) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was proposed. The Cu surface roughness of 0.63 nm with RR of 5290 Å/min had been achieved. Polishing, electrochemical experiments and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that when DBSA: 2-ABI= 1: 4, the strongest inhibition effect was obtained. Quantum chemical calculations showed that the strong interaction force of hydrogen bonding between 2-ABI and DBSA greatly enhanced the inhibition efficiency. Surface morphology testing showed that the addition of MWCNTs could effectively reduce scratches.

Wear debris analysis of Al-Si/MWCNT nanocomposite during dry sliding wear tests

This study demonstrates the enhancement of wear resistance achieved by incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in LM6 aluminum alloy to form nanocomposites. Experiments on wear resistance study were performed at different test parameters for various compositions of MWCNT in LM6 alloy. The size and nature of debris obtained post experiments were significantly dependent on the MWCNT contents. Wear resistance was found to increase with increase in the MWCNT fraction in the nanocomposite. The worn surface and the shape as well as the size of the debris were studied under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the worn surfaces was used to detect and measure the constituents present in the debris. SEM micrographs of the nanocomposites show that the features of the wear debris are completely altered when MWCNT was added. Further the wear mechanism underwent a change from oxidative in LM6 to that of ploughing in LM6 nanocomposite. The recorded surface roughness values also confirm the above findings and show significantly reduced surface roughness (∼82%, 0.75 wt% MWCNT). These results clearly demonstrate the advantage of addition of MWCNT for enhancing resistance to wear in LM6 alloys.

Design and Optimization of NR-Based Stretchable Conductive Composites Filled with MoSi2 Nanoparticles and MWCNTs: Perspectives from Experimental Characterization and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Stretchable conductive composites play a pivotal role in the development of personalized electronic devices, electronic skins, and artificial implant devices. This article explores the fabrication and characterization of stretchable composites based on natural rubber (NR) filled with molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Experimental characterization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to investigate the static and dynamic properties of the composites, including morphology, glass transition temperature (Tg), electrical conductivity, and mechanical behavior. Results show that the addition of MoSi2 nanoparticles enhances the dispersion of MWCNTs within the NR matrix, optimizing the formation of a conductive network. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) confirms the Tg reduction with the addition of MWCNTs and the influence of MoSi2 content on Tg. Mechanical testing reveals that the tensile strength increases with MoSi2 content, with an optimal ratio of 4:1 MoSi2:MWCNTs. Electrical conductivity measurements demonstrate that the MoSi2/MWCNTs/NR composites exhibit enhanced conductivity, reaching optimal values at specific filler ratios. MD simulations further support experimental findings, highlighting the role of MoSi2 in improving dispersion and mechanical properties. Overall, the study elucidates the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and nanotubes in enhancing the properties of stretchable conductive composites.

Nerve tissue regeneration based on magnetic and conductive bifunctional hydrogel scaffold

The growth of neurons is often influenced by magnetic and electrical physical factors, and there is more and more research focused on designing a magnetic and conductive engineering scaffolds for nerve injury repair. In this study, electrospun poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) fibers containing Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were cryo-cut into magnetic short fibers (MSFs) and subsequently incorporated into sodium alginate (SA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) hydrogel along with the addition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). MSFs can also achieve alignment by external magnetic fields within the hydrogel to construct magnetic and conductive bifunctional MSF/MWCNT/SA/CMCS hydrogel with anisotropic structure. The magnetic-conductive bifunctional hydrogel exhibited good magnetic responsiveness, electrically activity and mechanical property, in which both conductivity and mechanical property increased with the enhancement of MWCNTs contents. Notably, appearing of aligned structure significantly promoted the mechanical property of MSF/SA/CMCS hydrogel. The MSF/SA/CMCS hydrogel with aligned structure also facilitated greater primary neuron cells proliferation than random ones. Compared with individual magnetic or conductive hydrogel, there was a significant increase in cell viability in the primary cultured cortical neurons on MSF/MWCNT/SA/CMCS hydrogel with aligned structure. Simultaneously, electrical stimulation (ES) combined with magnetic stimulation (MS) delivered via magnetic and conductive bifunctional MSF/MWCNT/SA/CMCS hydrogel with aligned structure produced a better effect on promoting neuronal growth compared with individual ES or MS. Besides, hot plate measurement indicated that MSF/MWCNT/SA/CMCS hydrogel with aligned structure and MS significantly decreased the mice licking latency after sciatic nerve injury. Animal behavior studies confirmed the protective role of synergistic MS with magnetic hydrogel. Such hydrogel scaffolds have long-term potential for nerve tissue regeneration.

Influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on thermal behaviour and mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre-based natural rubber composites

Replacing synthetic fibres with natural fibres as reinforcement fillers in natural rubber (NR) tends to yield eco-friendly bio-composites. This study investigated the tensile and hardness properties, and the thermal behaviour of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF)-reinforced NR composites with and without the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The fibre content was varied at 0, 10, 20, and 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr) and the MWCNT content was fixed at 10 phr. The surface morphology of the tensile-fractured specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the rubber-matrix adhesion and tear mechanisms of the fibres in the NR matrix. The results revealed that including the PALF and MWCNT allowed the NR composites to exhibit excellent stretching stress at low elongations. Additionally, the composites displayed enhanced stiffness, further increasing the hardness of the composite, ranging from 46.8 to 62.8 Shore A. However, PALF reduces the thermal stability of the composite, where the initial degradation temperature increases. From the thermogravimetric analysis, the residues remaining in the NR composites ranged from 6 to 13% at various fibre loadings. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the tensile and hardness properties and the thermal behaviour of PALF-reinforced NR composites to improve end-use properties.

Characterization and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Filler Epoxy Composite

The outstanding mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have made them the focus of extensive investigation. To characterize and study the effects of the different volume fraction of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites attempted. The purpose of this work is to use experimental techniques to ascertain the mechanical characteristics of the nanocomposite. Tests on mechanical tensile strength were conducted to see how the MWCNT filler content affected the reinforced epoxy nanocomposite. The result of altered percentage of MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of the composites had been inspected. Results showed that 0.2 wt% MWCNT addition has the best effect on the mechanical properties of the matrix.

Investigation of microstructure evolution and electromagnetic shielding mechanism of absorbed MWCNTs-FeCo composites by one-step in situ deposition using high-speed laser cladding

Electromagnetic shielding materials can inhibit or reduce the harm of electromagnetic radiation and have become an important means to protect against electromagnetic pollution. In order to overcome the inconveniences of in situ or conformal manufacturing on the specific equipment, and the resulting assembly errors lead to the reduction of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). As a new technology, high-speed laser cladding can directly design multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-FeCo alloy composites as absorbents, and it is the first time to realize the rapid manufacturing of electromagnetic shielding materials by one-step in-situ deposition without adding auxiliary materials. According to the temperature field and stress field, it is found that the through-crack defects of electromagnetic shielding coating mainly resulted from the residual stress concentration of microcracks near the bottom fusion line. When the cladding strategy is 1600 W power deposition after preheating at 400 °C, a high-quality cladding layer can be obtained. When the addition of MWCNTs is 1.5 wt%, the material exhibits good electromagnetic shielding performance under the synergistic effect of dielectric loss, conductivity loss, and magnetic loss. And the average EMI SE is 23 dB in the range of 2-18GH. The research shows that high-speed laser cladding can simultaneously meet the requirements of flexible material design and efficient preparation, which realizes the integration of electromagnetic shielding material design and manufacturing.

Effect of nano-Ag addition on the superconducting properties of MWCNT doped magnesium diboride superconductor

Bulk MgB2 superconductor added with nano silver (Ag), multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and both the added (i.e., nano-Ag and MWCNT) samples were synthesized. The influence of nano-Ag and MWCNT addition on the structural and superconducting properties were studied. The XRD analysis confirms the formation of hexagonal MgB2 superconductor. Microstructural studies of all the synthesized samples are carried out by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The superconducting properties such as critical temperature (Tc), magnetic critical current density (Jc), irreversibility field (Birr) and flux pinning properties of all the synthesized samples were investigated at 10 K and field up to 7 T. Nano Ag added MWCNT doped MgB2 shows maximum enhancement in the critical current density i.e., 5.83 × 104 A/cm2 at 5 T and 10 K.

Muti-Filler Composites Reinforced with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Chopped Carbon Fibers for the Bipolar Plate of Fuel Cells

To improve the conductivity and flexural strength of bipolar plates for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, multi-filler-reinforced composites were prepared using graphite, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), chopped carbon fibers (CCFs), and phenolic resin (PF). The effects of CCF content (0–6 wt.%) and MWCNT content (0–8 wt.%) on the flexural strength, electrical conductivity, interfacial contact resistance (ICR), density, hydrophobicity, and corrosion behavior of the composites were investigated. Results showed that the addition of a small number of CCFs (≤4 wt.%) effectively improved the flexural strength but slightly reduced the electrical conductivity and increased the ICR of the graphite/PF/CCF composites. Further addition of MWCNTs (≤6 wt.%) significantly improved the electrical conductivity and ICR of the graphite/PF/CCF/MWCNT composites, while maintaining high flexural strength. When the composites were filled with 4 wt.% CCFs and 2 wt.% MWCNTs, their electrical conductivity, flexural strength, ICR under 1.38 MPa, and contact angle were 272.8 S/cm, 43.1 MPa, 1.19 mΩ·cm2, and 101.5°, respectively. Compared to unreinforced composites, the electrical conductivity was reduced by 27.2%, the flexural strength was increased by 65.1%, and the composite possessed favorable hydrophobicity as well as corrosion behavior. This work reveals that CCFs and MWCNTs can effectively cooperate to improve composites’ electrical and flexural strength properties.

Effectiveness of multi‐walled carbon nanotube on the improvement of tensile, flexural, and low‐velocity impact properties of hybrid Kevlar/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy‐based composites

AbstractIn this study, the effects of hybridizing carbon fibers with Kevlar fibers and incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) particles on low‐velocity impact, tensile, and flexural performance were evaluated experimentally. A manual lay‐up procedure followed by vacuum bag molding was used to construct hybrid composites (carbon and Kevlar) with and without MWCNTs, as well as hybrid composites with varying MWCNT weight ratios of carbon and Kevlar fiber reinforcements. When 0.1 wt% of MWCNT was added to the epoxy to enhance absorbed energy and peak load, the maximum improvements observed were 31% and 28%, respectively. The addition of MWCNTs by 0.5 wt% to the epoxy enhanced the flexural strength and flexural modulus by 66% and 41%, and by 5% with 0.1 wt% and 12.3% with 0.5 wt% MWCNT for tensile strength and tensile modulus, respectively. These improvements were observed in both tensile strength and tensile modulus. As for (C5K10C5), the maximum improvements in absorbed energy and peak load were observed to be 11.2% and 31%, respectively, corresponding to a 0.1 wt% MWCNT addition, whereas the maximum improvement in flexural strength and flexural modulus was 12.28% and 44%, respectively, with a 0.1 wt% MWCNT. These improvements in mechanical properties are primarily attributed to the enhanced stress transfer properties from fibers and nanoparticles to the matrix. This enhancement is a result of the strong interfacial interactions between epoxy and MWCNT nanoparticles.Highlights MWCNT inclusion effects on mechanical properties of carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites. MWCNT inclusion effects on low‐velocity impact properties of Carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites. The effects of Kevlar and carbon stacking sequence with MWCNT incorporation were investigated.

Experimental investigation of thermal energy storage in shell-and-multi-tube unit with nano-enhanced phase change material

This paper deals with thermal energy storage with use of nanoparticle enhanced phase change material in shell-and-multitube unit. The experiments are conducted under atmospheric pressure. Paraffin wax and two different fatty acids are used as base phase change material. Graphite and multi-walled carbon nanotubes serve as nanoparticles. Graphite nanoparticles are tested at the concentrations of 0.1 %, 1 % and 5 % by weight, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes only at 0.1 %wt. Ultrasonic vibration and homogenizer are used in order to stabilize the dispersion of the nanoparticles. Polyvinylpyrrolidone surfactant is used to stabilize the suspension and the tested nano-enhanced phase change material exhibit satisfactory stability. Experimental measurements are performed for a bundle of 7 tubes with outside diameter of 6 mm in a staggered arrangement and a pitch ratio of 4.5. It is found that, regardless of the tested base phase change material, the addition of graphite nanoparticles with mass concentration of 0.1 % does not significantly affect the charging and discharging times compared to base phase change material. The differences in charging and discharging times did not exceed 11 %. For a graphite nanoparticles mass concentration of 5 %, an increase in the charging time by up to 21 % and a reduction in the discharging time by 24 % was observed, depending on the type of base phase change material. An addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with mass concentration of 0.1 % shows an increase in charging time regardless of the type base phase change material up to 144 % with negligible influence on the discharging time. It was also observed that adding a surfactant to the produced nano-enhanced phase change material results in a reduction in charging time by up to 83 % depending on the type of base phase change material.

Influence of carbon nanotubes on the morphology of Cu6Sn5 in Cu/(Sn–Ag–Cu) solder joints

This study delves into the intricate interaction between multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the Sn–Ag–Cu solder system, highlighting its relevance in lead-free soldering applications. Reflow and isothermal aging induce the formation of intermetallic layers at the joint interface, including Cu6Sn5, Cu3Sn, and irregularly shaped Ag3Sn particles. The addition of MWCNTs leads to the flattening of Cu6Sn5 grains, restraining their growth and potentially improving mechanical strength. Notably, MWCNTs exhibit a relatively high affinity with Ag3Sn. Grain size distribution analysis indicates that MWCNTs reduce particle size, effectively suppressing intermetallic compound growth. Over time, grain size increases due to simultaneous coarsening and growth during isothermal aging. In the growth kinetics analysis of intermetallic compounds in SAC305-MWCNTs solder joints, stable behavior is observed for Cu3Sn growth, driven by solid-state diffusion between Cu6Sn5 and Cu. In contrast, Cu6Sn5 exhibits significant variations in growth behavior with temperature changes. Furthermore, the evaluation of activation enthalpy for Cu3Sn growth in the Cu/(SAC305-MWCNTs) and Cu/SAC305 diffusion couples reveals similar n and k values of the power function for the layer growth, indicating a comparable rate-controlling process for Cu3Sn growth. The presence of MWCNTs in the solder does not significantly influence the rate-controlling process or activation enthalpy for Cu3Sn growth, contrasting with the observed effects on Cu6Sn5 growth. This study provides valuable insights into the interactions within the SAC305-MWCNTs solder system, offering significant implications for lead-free soldering applications.

Characterization of airborne dust emissions from three types of crushed multi-walled carbon nanotube-enhanced concretes

Dispersing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) into concrete at low (<1 wt% in cement) concentrations may improve concrete performance and properties and provide enhanced functionalities. When MWCNT-enhanced concrete is fragmented during remodelling or demolition, the stiff, fibrous and carcinogenic MWCNTs will, however, also be part of the respirable particulate matter released in the process. Consequently, systematic aerosolizing of crushed MWCNT-enhanced concretes in a controlled environment and measuring the properties of this aerosol can give valuable insights into the characteristics of the emissions such as concentrations, size range and morphology. These properties impact to which extent the emissions can be inhaled as well as where they are expected to deposit in the lung, which is critical to assess whether these materials might constitute a future health risk for construction and demolition workers. In this work, the impact from MWCNTs on aerosol characteristics was assessed for samples of three concrete types with various amounts of MWCNT, using a novel methodology based on the continuous drop method. MWCNT-enhanced concretes were crushed, aerosolized and the emitted particles were characterized with online and offline techniques. For light-weight porous concrete, the addition of MWCNT significantly reduced the respirable mass fraction (RESP) and particle number concentrations (PNC) across all size ranges (7 nm – 20 μm), indicating that MWCNTs dampened the fragmentation process by possibly reinforcing the microstructure of brittle concrete. For normal concrete, the opposite could be seen, where MWCNTs resulted in drastic increases in RESP and PNC, suggesting that the MWCNTs may be acting as defects in the concrete matrix, thus enhancing the fragmentation process. For the high strength concrete, the fragmentation decreased at the lowest MWCNT concentration, but increased again for the highest MWCNT concentration. All tested concrete types emitted <100 nm particles, regardless of CNT content. SEM imaging displayed CNTs protruding from concrete fragments, but no free fibres were detected.

Physical and Chemical Characterization of Collagen/Alginate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Scaffold with the Addition of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Reduced Graphene Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, and Zinc Oxide Materials

Physical and Chemical Characterization of Collagen/Alginate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Scaffold with the Addition of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Reduced Graphene Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, and Zinc Oxide Materials

Effect of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube and Polyethylene Glycol Addition in Nanofluid Quench Medium for Steel Heat Treatment Application

Effect of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube and Polyethylene Glycol Addition in Nanofluid Quench Medium for Steel Heat Treatment Application