Addition Of Fly Ash Research Articles

On the Flow of a Cement Suspension: The Effects of Nano-Silica and Fly Ash Particles.

Additives such as nano-silica and fly ash are widely used in cement and concrete materials to improve the rheology of fresh cement and concrete and the performance of hardened materials and increase the sustainability of the cement and concrete industry by reducing the usage of Portland cement. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of these additives on the rheological behavior of fresh cement. In this paper, we study the pulsating Poiseuille flow of fresh cement in a horizontal pipe by considering two different additives and when they are combined (nano-silica, fly ash, combined nano-silica, and fly ash). To model the fresh cement suspension, we used a modified form of the power-law model to demonstrate the dependency of the cement viscosity on the shear rate and volume fraction of cement and the additive particles. The convection-diffusion equation was used to solve for the volume fraction. After solving the equations in the dimensionless forms, we conducted a parametric study to analyze the effects of nano-silica, fly ash, and combined nano-silica and fly ash additives on the velocity and volume fraction profiles of the cement suspension. According to the parametric study presented here, larger nano-silica content results in lower centerline velocity of the cement suspension and larger non-uniformity of the volume fraction. Compared to nano-silica, fly ash exhibits an opposite effect on the velocity. Larger fly ash content results in higher centerline velocity, while the effect of the fly ash on the volume fraction is not obvious. For cement suspension containing combined nano-silica and fly ash additives, nano-silica plays a dominant role in the flow behavior of the suspension. The findings of the study can help the design and operation of the pulsating flow of fresh cement mortars and concrete in the 3D printing industry.

Thermal Behavior of Ceramic Bodies Based on Fly Ash and Smectites

Clay minerals have a great influence on the resulting properties of ceramic bodies. Fly ash as a waste material from burning black coal in power plants is a potentially valuable source of oxides (Al2O3, SiO2 or Fe2O3) for this production. Considering the process of ceramic firing, it is important to understand the thermal behavior of individual ingredients. The thermal behavior of natural smectite minerals (montmorillonite, beidellite, hectorite and nontronite) and their mixtures with added fly ash at different ratios (10%, 30% and 50%) was investigated. The phase analysis was obtained using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. Under heating to 1200 °C, the structural changes of smectites were divided into four steps including dehydration, dehydroxylation, decomposition and crystallization of new phases. The addition of fly ash caused a shift in the reaction temperatures for all the mentioned phases. These changes were most noticeable for mixtures with hectorite; on the contrary, they were least noticeable for beidellite mixtures. Total mixture mass loss continually decreased with increasing fly ash amount. The obtained experimental thermal data can be applicable not only in the production of ceramic bodies or energy waste processing but also in construction and ensuring the safety of municipal waste landfills.

Investigation of the effect of additives on the microstructure of clay

In civil engineering, some soils cause many problems in terms of geotechnical engineering. Especially high plasticity clayey soils cause serious problems in road, airport, pavement and highway construction. Such soils can be stabilized using the chemical stabilization method. Additives such as lime, cement, fly ash and blast furnace slag are generally used in chemical stabilization. In addition, in recent years, there have been many studies on the use of natural and artificial fibers in ground stabilization. In this study, the effects of basalt fiber and mineral additives on the microstructure of clay soil were examined. Microstructures of pure and additively mixed clayey soil specimens were investigated for this purpose. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed on compacted soil specimens. In sum, it has been shown that the addition of lime, fly ash, and silica fume is effective in improving the compactivity properties. Pore sizes in SEM images vary depending on additive addition. SEM images showed that the soil particles adhered to the basalt fiber surface, which contributed to the force and friction between the soil particles and the basalt fiber.

Effect of M/P ratio, w/c ratio, and additive contents on rheological properties of seawater mixed magnesium phosphate cement system

Rheological properties play a crucial role in determining the grouting effectiveness of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) slurry. This study aims to investigate the effects of the magnesia-to-phosphate (M/P) ratio, water-to-cement (w/c) ratio, fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) on the rheological properties of seawater-mixed MPC slurries using rheological tests and low-field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Two methods for incorporating FA were explored to modulate the rheological properties of the MPC. The results demonstrated time-dependent viscosity changes with two distinct phases, including a plateau and a subsequent period of sudden change, with the minimum apparent viscosity occurring as hydration progressed. The apparent MPC viscosity was influenced by the MgO-particle content and the theoretical water consumption, with M/P = 3 exhibiting the lowest apparent viscosity within a w/c range of 0.14–0.2. Moreover, the addition of FA increased the minimum apparent viscosity of the MPC slurry. During the pre-hydration stage, using FA as an MPC substitute yielded better rheological properties than using FA as an MgO substitute. The MK increased the apparent MPC viscosity considerably and adversely affected its rheology.

Effects of Ultrafine Fly Ash against Sulphate Reaction in Concrete Structures.

In this study, Afşin Elbistan C-type fly ash (FA) was used, which protects against the sulphate reaction that damages concrete. The detrimental effects of post-reaction decrease with increasing fly ash fineness. The study used 10%, 30%, and 50% weight substitutes of cement. The fly ash was ground in a ball mill for 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min, and Blaine fineness values of 1555, 1632, 2347, 2589, 2766, and 3433 cm2/g were obtained, respectively. The effect of the samples on the sulphate resistance was investigated by exposing the samples to 5% or 10% added sulphate solutions, and the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the concrete were tested. The compressive strength values obtained decreased with the increase in sulphate content, and the increase in the grinding time and the amount of substituted FA increased the compressive strength values. It was observed that weight loss increased with increasing sulphate content and decreased with the addition of FA with a high Blaine fineness. It was determined that as the Blaine fineness value increased, the sulphate content, FA substitution amount, and ultrasonic pulse speed decreased. This study was carried out to determine the effects of fly ash used at different fineness and replacement ratios on the performance and strength of concrete after exposure to external influences such as sulphate. The use of fly ash instead of cement will reduce the use of waste materials and natural resources and prevent environmental pollution. The cost of cement and concrete will be reduced.

Fired clay bricks synergistically valorizing hazardous nickel chrome-plating sludge and fly ash: Performance assessment

Nickel Chrome Plating Sludge (NCPS) is a hazardous waste containing 25%-30% nickel and chromium. Previous attempts to immobilize NCPS into fired clay bricks resulted in weakened strength due to porosity and microstructure deterioration. This study introduces co-valorization of NCPS and fly ash in fired clay bricks to address these issues. Factory-scale firing of green bricks, alongside conventional clay bricks, assessed the commercialization potential. The optimal proportion of NCPS, fly ash, and clay was found to be as 12.5:37.5:50.0, respectively. Fly ash addition significantly improved brick properties, causing compressive strength to increase from 3.2 MPa to 11.6 MPa for a NCPS content of 12.5%. Microstructural analysis highlighted fluxing oxides in NCPS, amorphous silica-alumina in fly ash, synergistic ceramic bond formation, enhanced sintering and pore filling during vitrification. The study also demonstrated substantial fuel savings of 40%-50% due to NCPS's high heat of combustion causing internal firing of green bricks. The developed bricks exhibited almost double linear attenuation coefficients, indicating enhanced gamma radiation shielding. Leaching tests confirmed successful heavy metal immobilization. This co-valorization approach not only overcomes previous drawbacks but also offers significant environmental and economic benefits in utilizing NCPS in brick production.

Estimation of the addition of fly ash and its environmental impact in the manufacture of cement pastes

Estimation of the addition of fly ash and its environmental impact in the manufacture of cement pastes

Design automation of sustainable self-compacting concrete containing fly ash via data driven performance prediction

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable and segregation-resistant material, effectively facilitating proper filling and ensuring exceptional structural performance in confined spaces. Incorporating fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material in SCC mixtures yields numerous benefits, including enhanced cost-effectiveness in construction and the advancement of environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, the addition of fly ash in SCC poses significant challenges in modelling and predicting the properties of SCC due to lack of understanding of its influence on material rheology and bonding. It is therefore desirable to develop more appropriate machine learning approach to compliment the large scale and costly laboratory-based experiments. This paper presents four well trained supervised machine learning models for the prediction of fresh and hardened properties of SCC containing fly ash: support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, random forest, and artificial neural network (ANN). Training datasets gathered from publicly available existing relevant literature, were analysed and processed prior to shape the required machine learning models. Optimization strategies of hyperparameters were also implemented for each model. To evaluate the performance of these machine learning models and to compare their accuracy, regression error characteristic curves and Taylor diagrams were utilized. The findings reveal that all models demonstrate promising results, with the random forest model outperforming the others in predicting SCC properties with higher accuracy. This underscores the potential of random forest algorithms in accurately modelling and predicting the properties of fly ash-infused SCC. Finally, a data driven implementation framework has been developed, thereby offering robust and logical strategy for experimental designs and guidance for developing sustainable SCC.

Fly ash as a cost-effective catalyst to promote sorbent regeneration for energy efficient CO2 capture

The use of catalysts to promote sorbent regeneration is currently considered an effective method to reduce the energy required in CO2 capture processes. Aiming at identifying stable and cost-effective catalysts with high CO2 desorption efficiency, here we investigated the performance of fly ash (FA) during thermal regeneration of aqueous amine solutions. The desorption rate, cyclic capacity and heat duty of a CO2-saturated aqueous ethanolamine with the addition of FA were experimentally measured, and the results were compared with those obtained for the same solution without and with eight different catalysts. Experimental results showed that catalysts significantly improved the regeneration compared to the non-catalyzed system, and FA was the most efficient of these. Further studies of CO2 desorption at different temperatures showed that FA provided desorption performance comparable to that of the non-catalyzed system at temperatures at least 5 °C higher and always significantly reduced the heat duty at the same temperature, especially at the beginning of the process. Finally, recycling tests demonstrated that FA had good stability and its catalytic efficiency remained high even after 20 cycles. In conclusion, FA could be considered a cost-effective catalyst for energy-efficient CO2 capture, deserving further investigation to promote its application in industrial-scale plants.

Optimization of printing precision and mechanical property for powder-based 3D printed magnesium phosphate cement using fly ash

Fly ash (FA) is employed to optimize the hydration process of powder-based (inkjet) 3D printed magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), aiming to enhance the printing precision and mechanical properties of powder-based 3D printed structures. This paper systematically evaluates the effects of FA on the printability, printing precision, and mechanical properties of printed MPC. In addition, SEM, XRD, and X-CT are used to analyze the hydration morphology, products, and pore structure of printed MPC, respectively. The test results reveal that the proper addition of FA can effectively optimize the penetration process between the binder and powder bed to improve the printing precision of powder-based 3D printed MPC with the minimum printing size error controlled within 1%, which also achieves the maximum compressive strength of 10.1 MPa at 28d under room environment curing. Due to the pozzolanic and micro-aggregate effects, FA can significantly improve the hydration degree and optimize the pore structure of printed MPC with the total porosity decreased by 24%. The high precision of the printed complicated electromagnetic metasurface models further demonstrates the applicability of powder-based 3D printing with FA-optimized MPC.

Laboratory mechanical properties and frost resistance of vibration-compacted cement–fly ash slurry and cement–fly ash-treated macadam mixtures

The objectives of this study were to characterize the compaction and mechanical characteristics and frost resistance of vibration-compacted cement–fly ash slurry (CFAS) and cement–fly ash-treated macadam (CFATM) mixtures and recommend the optimal ratio and dosage of cement–fly ash (CFA) based on laboratory compaction experiments, unconfined compressive testing, indirect tensile testing, and frost resistance testing. The effects of the CFA ratio and dosage, curing age, and gradation type on the mechanical strength and frost resistance were analyzed, and strength prediction equations were presented. Then, the optimal CFA ratio and dosage are recommended. The results show that the mechanical strength of CFAS and CFATM mixtures increased nonlinearly with increasing curing age. Gradation type, CFA ratio, and CFA dosage affected the conventional, initial, and ultimate mechanical strengths of these mixtures. A CFATM mixture cured for a longer duration with self-developed skeleton-dense gradation and the addition of less fly ash exhibited better frost resistance. To maximize the mechanical strength of CFAS and CFATM mixtures, the CFA ratio should not exceed 1:1 and 1:1–1:1.5, respectively. In addition, 3.5%–4.0% cement and 4.0%–7.0% fly ash should be used in the CFATM base or subbase to obtain optimal results. This paper provides a new option for the design of CFAS and CFATM mixes.

Bond-slip behaviour of textile-reinforcement in 3D printed concrete

Integration of reinforcement in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is one of the significant challenges that limit its structural application. Providing textile reinforcement having high tensile strength, easy formability and non-corrosive nature as a potential reinforcement for 3DCP members enhances their structural performance. However, the bond between the printed concrete and the textile reinforcement is an essential factor that affects the composite action. This study investigates the bond-slip behaviour of three types of textile reinforcements (i.e., AR-glass, basalt and carbon) in high-performance 3D printable concrete. The bond characteristics were evaluated using pull-out load test specimens. The effect of rheological properties like viscosity and yield strength on the bond behaviour was evaluated by varying the cement content with two different replacement dosages of fly ash and slag. The modification of the nozzle to incorporate textile reinforcement as an in-process reinforcement method for 3DCP is also discussed. Test results showed that the addition of fly ash reduced the viscosity and yield strength, thereby enhancing the bond strength and pull-out load. However, reduced viscosity and yield strength resulted in poor buildability. When compared to the control mix, the mix with 15% slag replacement showed 40% increased bond strength with good buildability and easy pumping. The modified nozzle incorporates the textile reinforcement during printing, and scanning electron microscopy images show that the printable concrete was observed to bond well with the multifilament yarns of the textile. Furthermore, analytical modelling was conducted to predict the pull-out load versus slip behaviour, and a comparison of the predicted and experimental behaviour is presented.

Toughness and strength of PVA-fibre reinforced magnesium phosphate cement (FRMPC) within 24 h

Cement with high toughness and early strength are widely utilized in the field of rapid repair. This study is focused on the development of PVA fibre reinforced magnesium phosphate cement (FRMPC) that possesses these properties. The compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of the FRMPC were measured at various ages, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 h. The relationships of the element contents, hydration products, hydration process, and the microscopic morphology with the mechanical properties were analyzed. Importantly, the mechanical formation process of the 6 h was analyzed in detail. Results show that the tensile strain of the FRMPC exceeded 3% at all ages, and the flexural strength was greater than 10 MPa at all ages. The compressive strength reached 15.53 and 25.63 and 32.48 MPa after 1 h, 6 h and 24 h, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength and compressive strength of 6 h reached 98%, 90% and 78% of the final strength of 24 h.The incorporation of fly ash and quartz sand mitigates the exothermic rate of hydration and optimizes the filler structure. Furthermore, the addition of fly ash engenders an amorphous phase gelling material and MgSiO3, characterized by effective filler properties.This results in an enhanced integration of PVA fibres with the cement matrix, thereby exhibiting improved toughness.The main hydration product was MgKPO4 × 6 H2O, and its formation rate and amount affected the mechanical properties. The nature of the hydration products and the density of the specimen structure were determined to be key factors in the progression of uniaxial tensile properties. FRMPC's strength, toughness and shrinkage are in a relatively good state, and the potential for its early-stage mechanical properties still can be improved.

Significance of addition of carbon nanotubes and fly ash on the wear and frictional performance of aluminum metal matrix composites

AbstractIn order to improve the wear and frictional behavior of the aluminum metal matrix composites, carbon nanotube, and fly ash were added as reinforcements. Powder metallurgy technique was used to fabricate the hybrid metal matrix composites. Experimentations were carried out using pin on disc type wear test rig. The analyzed experimental results showed that, in comparison to the pure aluminum and mono reinforcement combination, the wear loss and coefficient of friction of hybrid metal matrix composites were greatly reduced. It was noted that compared to pure aluminum wear loss was decreased to 89.58%, 86.97%, 83.3% by adding 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 wt% carbon nanotube (CNT), respectively. By the addition of 4, 8 and 16 wt% FA to pure Al wear loss was decreased to 83.85%, 89.58%, and 78.12%, respectively. It was also noted that compared to Al/8 wt% FA mono reinforced composites, wear loss was decreased to 77%, 71.26%, and 53.22% with the addition of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 wt% CNT, respectively. With the addition of 4, 8, 16 wt% FA, wear loss decreased to 81%, 88%, and 75% over Al/0.25 wt% CNT composites, respectively. The microstructural study of the worn‐out surfaces revealed low abrasive and adhesive wear by the presence of carbon nanotubes and fly ash in aluminum metal matrix. The reinforcing mechanisms of the wear and frictional properties were also discussed.

Impact of SCMs and fibres in ECC on the fire resistance of hot-jointed SCC/ECC composites

The influence of various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and fibres on the fire resistance of composite systems that combine engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) in tension with self-compacting concrete (SCC) in compression was examined. The study was designed to determine the ideal ECC formulation for optimising mechanical properties and bonding performance at ambient and elevated temperatures. The SCC and ECC were hot-joined without vibration or surface preparation, using a fresh-to-fresh casting method. Modifications to the chemical composition of the ECCs included the addition of class F fly ash (FAF), class C fly ash (FAC) or slag, as well as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres or steel fibres. The samples were exposed to temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C, followed by comprehensive testing to evaluate their flexural strength, tensile strength and interfacial properties. The results indicate that the incorporation of an ECC layer within the SCC system significantly improved mechanical strength and thermal stability, both at ambient temperatures and under high-temperature conditions. Notably, the addition of FAF (rather than FAC or slag) in the ECC layer offered superior thermal stability and ensured the retention of desirable residual mechanical properties. Moreover, steel fibre reinforcement greatly improved the SCC/ECC bonding, outperforming PVA reinforcement at elevated temperatures.

Study of Residual Soil Permeability Coefficient Post Addition of Coal Fly Ash

Residual soil is soil that is often used as barrier cover soil at the closure of B3 waste storage facilities. This is because the shear strength of the soil is quite good. The minimum value of the soil permeability coefficient (k) for barrier hoods at the closure of B3 waste storage facilities is 10-7 cm/sec. Many residual soils have a soil permeability coefficient (k) of less than 10-7 cm/sec. Because the dominant compound in coal fly ash is silica, mixing this fly ash with residual soil can reduce the value of the soil permeability coefficient (k) and is also expected to increase the shear strength value of the soil. In this study, residual soil samples were mixed with fly ash at 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 35% of the dry weight of the soil. This research aims to determine the effect of adding fly ash on the parameters of dry density, shear strength and soil permeability. The tests carried out were standard proctor testing, direct shear test, and Falling-Head permeability testing. The residual soil used in this research came from Hamlet I, Bintang Meriah Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency. Based on standard proctor testing, the maximum density (gd max) of original soil is 1,410 gr/cm3. The largest maximum density (gd max) was obtained when adding 15% fly ash, namely 1.471 gr/cm3. In the direct shear test, the original soil cohesion value was 0.024 kg/cm² with an internal shear angle of 37.96º. In the variation of adding 15% fly ash, the cohesion value was 0.131 kg/cm² with an internal friction angle of 53.08º. Based on the Falling-Head permeability test, the original soil permeability coefficient value was 1.98 x 10-6 cm/s. The permeability coefficient value for variations in adding 15% fly ash was obtained at 8.02 x 10-8 cm/s.

Manufacturing non-sintered ceramsite from dredged sediment, steel slag, and fly ash for lightweight aggregate: production and characterization.

Green and low-carbon materialization for dredged sediment (DS) is limited due to its low pozzolanic activity. In this study, a novel DS-based non-sintered lightweight aggregate (LWA) is developed by steel slag (SS) and fly ash (FA) activation. Process optimization is performed by the response surfaces, and the basic properties and characterization of the optimal product are investigated. Results indicated that the optimized design ceramic aggregate (ODCA) was prepared as follows: raw pellets comprising of 59.2% DS, 5% SS, 35.8% FA, 5% MK, 5% H2O2, and 2‰ foam stabilizer were activated by alkali activator (1.5 weight ratio of 14 M NaOH to water glass) and then cured at 80 °C and 95% humidity for 24 h. The basic and environmental performances of ODCA were in accordance with standards, whose bulk density was as low as 665.8 kg/m3, the high cylinder compressive strength was 6.143 MPa, and leaching concentrations of heavy metals were controllable. The regulation mechanism of LWA performances could be summarized as follows. SS and FA additives played the role for the mechanical strength enhancement and passivation of heavy metals, which promoted the formation of sillimanite, chabazite, and C-S-H / C-S-A-H gels in ODCA. The bulk density of ODCA was greatly reduced by H2O2 addition, where ODCA had an open-pore structure with a median pore size of 4969.75 nm. Note that C-S-H/C-S-A-H were the key hydration products to give ODCA light density and high mechanical strength, simultaneously.

Influence of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates on Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Mixes in Rigid Pavements

The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates in rigid pavements instead of conventional aggregates in Himalayan regions solves the problem associated with shrinking natural resources and dumping of wastes. This study studied the effect of partial replacement of conventional coarse aggregates by RAP in Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) mixes suitable for rigid pavements. A total of 114 specimens (cubical and cylindrical) were cast and tested for mechanical and durability properties as per ASTM and IS code guidelines, partially replaced with CRAP by 25%, 50%, and 75% by weight. The simultaneous effect of fly ash addition by partial replacement of cement by it was also studied. The study concludes that 25% partial replacement by CRAP with 10% fly ash as partial replacement of cement led to the achievement of the strength benchmark as mandated by IRC SP 44 (2014). It was also observed that durability properties such as resistance to acid attack, sulphate attack and carbonation also improved in DLC mixes, including CRAP and fly ash, when compared to control mixes.

Impact on casting die diameter size on microstructure and fractographic studies of Al2024 alloy reinforced with fly ash and SiC hybrid composites

AbstractThe development of metal matrix composites is important for industrial applications that require lightweight materials with high strength, stiffness, and wear resistance. In this investigation, Al2024 alloy was reinforced with fly ash and silicon (SiC) carbide hybrid composites using the stir‐squeeze cast technique. Two sets of composites were fabricated: one with 3 wt% fly ash and 3 wt% SiC, and the other with 3 wt% fly ash, 5 wt% SiC, and 3 wt% fly ash, 7 wt% SiC The composites were prepared using 25 and 75 mm diameter dies. Microstructural characterization of the specimens was performed using scanning electron microscope, X‐ray powder diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Mechanical properties, such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness, were determined according to American Society for Testing and Materials standards. The hybrid composites fabricated in the 25 mm diameter cast iron molds exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to those prepared in the 75 mm diameter molds. The addition of fly ash and SiC particulates enhanced the mechanical properties of the Al2024 alloy. These composites showed improved strength, toughness, and ductility.

Effect of flyash addition to flocculation and freezing and thawing treatment on consolidation of oil sands fluid fine tailings

The total volume of fluid fine tailings (FFT), reached 1,270 Mm3 in 2019. Extensive research is underway by a number of operators to develop dewatering technologies for oil sand tailings reclamation to comply with Directive 085 issued by the Alberta Energy Regulator. A promising technology for the disposal of FFT is to add flocculents and then use thickeners or centrifuges to decrease the water content. Following this treatment, freezing/thawing processes can then be utilized to further dewater the tailings. The effect of flocculation/flyash addition and thickening coupled with freezing/thawing treatments on FFT was investigated by performing large-strain consolidation and shear strength tests on the treated flocculated TTs. It was found that flocculation and thickening treatment increases the hydraulic conductivity of the treated TT which will result in the TT consolidating much faster than the untreated TT. The most important benefit of the flyash addition is the increase in shear strength and hydraulic conductivity of the flyash-treated TTs. The benefit of the freezing/thawing treatment processes coupled with flyash treatment is the increase in the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity at effective stresses lower than 100 kPa and void ratios greater than 1.2, respectively. This will facilitate earlier progressive reclamation required to support hydraulic sand capping.