Addition Of Ether Research Articles

Novel Antibacterial Resin Coating for Dental Provisional Crowns to Suppress Biofilms and Inhibit Secondary Caries

Provisional crowns are often used in dentistry for prolonged periods, but bacterial attachment and dental plaque often lead to gingival inflammation and secondary caries. The aims of this research were to develop a novel resin-based antibacterial provisional crown coating to prevent secondary caries and investigate the physical properties and antibacterial efficacy. The resin-based coating was prepared by addition of triethylene glycoldivinylbenzyl ether and urethane dimethacrylate, with the antibacterial monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) incorporated at different mass fractions. Surface characteristics including surface roughness and contact angle were assessed. The antibacterial effects were evaluated by 48 h biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on provisional crowns coated with the resin-based coating. No statistically significant difference was observed in surface roughness across all groups (p > 0.05), showing that adding DMADDM did not have a negative impact on surface roughness. The contact angle results revealed a significant difference in hydrophilicity between different concentrations of DMADDM (p < 0.01), but overall hydrophilicity did not negatively affect the performance of the coating. The incorporation of 5% DMADDM demonstrated a significant antibiofilm effect on S. mutans biofilm CFU with a 4-log reduction compared to controls (p < 0.01). Significant reductions of 4–5 folds were observed in biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production (p < 0.01). The findings suggest that the novel coating material could enhance the long-term performance and clinical outcomes of provisional crowns, contributing to better patient oral health.

Reconfiguring Zn2+ Solvation Network and Interfacial Chemistry of Zn Metal Anode with Molecular Engineered Crown Ether Additive

AbstractThe practical deployment of rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (RAZBs) in the scaled power system suffers from unregulated Zn dendrite growth as well as parasitic reactions at the zinc foil/aqueous electrolyte interface, leading to insufficient zinc utilization and severe electrode corrosion. Herein, a novel crown ether additive is developed, with tailored molecular engineering, to stepwise regulate the Zn2+ solvation network and interfacial chemistry of Zn metal anode. The designed crown ether (C5SeCN), featuring zincophilic cyano group and hydrophobic selenium, efficiently reconstructs the solvation sheath of Zn ions at the 0.3 wt.% dose amount. Additionally, the ozone plasma treatment tethers the O2‐ groups onto the thin‐layer zinc foil, which thus binds Se atoms of the C5SeCN to the Zn anode. The Zn||Zn symmetric cells exhibit a lifespan of over 4500 h at 1 mA cm−2 and high current density endurance of up to 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, the 2 mAh cm−2 Zn||V2O5 full cell model, at the low N/P ratio of 2.8 with a lean electrolyte (E/C ratio = 10 µL mAh−1), enables robust cycling endurance at 2 A g⁻¹ for 300 cycles. This study unravels the interfacial design rationales for maximizing zinc utilization and highlights the commercial potential of crown ether additives for RAZBs development.

Functionalized α‐Fluorinated Amines from Imines and Enol Ethers

AbstractWe report the addition reaction of lithium enol ethers to fluoroalkyl imines. A range of different fluoroalkyls and lithiated reagents are well tolerated. Diastereoselective addition of lithium vinyl ethers to fluoroalkyl N‐tert‐butylsulfinylimines is disclosed, providing enantiomerically enriched α‐fluorinated amines in up to 98% yield. This general approach led to the diastereoselective formation of various amino alcohols and amino ethers, which are difficult to obtain by other methods.

Hazard evaluation of ignition sensitivity and explosion severity for aluminum and aluminum powder-petroleum ether mixtures

The safety implications of aluminum powder and petroleum ether have garnered significant attention as two typical materials in the production process of energetic materials. To investigate the effect of the common solvent petroleum ether on the ignition and explosion characteristics of aluminum powder, ignition energy, flame propagation characteristics, and explosion pressure of three aluminum powder sizes and their mixtures with petroleum ether through a Hartmann tube test device and a 20 L spherical explosion vessel test system. Findings show that the ignition energy of aluminum powder initially decreases and then increases with the increase of petroleum ether content. At the petroleum ether concentration of 5.5 % and 11 %, the minimum ignition energies of the mixed systems of Al-Flake, Al-T4, and Al-T2 are 1–20 mJ, 5–30 mJ, 450–485 mJ, and 1–20 mJ, 5–25 mJ, 440–480 mJ, respectively. Lower than the minimum ignition energy of the original sample (1–30 mJ, 10–40 mJ, 470–510 mJ), indicating that the aluminum powder dust containing low concentration solvent (5.5%, 11 %) is more sensitive to an electric spark. The ignition energy of the mixed system is rather increased when the content of petroleum ether is further increased to 16.5 %. On the contrary, the probability of ignition and the electric spark sensitivity are decreased. With the addition of petroleum ether to Al-Flake and Al-T4, the flame propagation speed slightly decreases and the phase duration lengthens. The flame propagation characteristics and combustion state of Al-T2 with large particles remained largely unchanged after the addition of petroleum ether. During the 20 L spherical explosion vessel test, the maximum explosion pressure and explosion index of the mixed samples initially increase and then decrease with the increase in petroleum ether concentration. A small quantity of petroleum ether intensifies the reaction intensity of aluminum dust. At an aluminum powder dust concentration of 250 g m-3, the explosion pressure and explosion index of Al-Flake and Al-T4 peak at a petroleum ether content of 5.5 %, while Al-T2 reaches its peak at 11 %.

Influence of glycol ether additive with low molecular weight on the interactions between CO2 and oil: Applications for enhanced shale oil recovery

The high-efficient development of shale oil is one of the urgent problems in the petroleum industry. The technology of CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has shown significant effects in developing shale oil. The effects of several glycol ether additives with low molecular weight on the interactions between CO2 and oil were investigated here. The solubility of glycol ether additive in CO2 was firstly characterized. Then, the effects of glycol ether additives on the interfacial tension (IFT) between CO2 and hexadecane and the volume expansion and extraction performance between CO2 and hexadecane under different pressures was investigated. The experimental results show that diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEG), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEG), and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TTEG) all have low cloud point pressure and high affinity with CO2. Under the same mass fraction, DGE has the best effect to reduce the IFT between hexadecane and CO2 by more than 30.0%, while an overall reduction of 20.0%–30.0% for TEG and 10.0%–20.0% for TTEG. A new method to measure the extraction and expansion rates has been established and can calculate the swelling factor accurately. After adding 1.0% DEG, the expansion and extraction amounts of CO2 for hexadecane are respectively increased to 1.75 times and 2.25 times. The results show that glycol ether additives assisted CO2 have potential application for EOR. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the optimization of CO2 composite systems for oil displacement.

Acridine-Isoxazole and Acridine-Azirine Hybrids: Synthesis, Photochemical Transformations in the UV/Visible Radiation Boundary Region, and Anticancer Activity.

Easy-to-handle N-hydroxyacridinecarbimidoyl chloride hydrochlorides were synthesized as convenient nitrile oxide precursors in the preparation of 3-(acridin-9/2-yl)isoxazole derivatives via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with terminal alkynes, 1,1-dichloroethene, and acrylonitrile. Azirines with an acridin-9/2-yl substituent attached directly or via the 1,2,3-triazole linker to the azirine C2 were also synthesized. The three-membered rings of the acridine-azirine hybrids were found to be resistant to irradiation in the UV/visible boundary region, despite their long-wave absorption at 320-420 nm, indicating that the acridine moiety cannot be used as an antenna to transfer light energy to generate nitrile ylides from azirines for photoclick cycloaddition. The acridine-isoxazole hybrids linked at the C9-C3 or C2-C3 atoms under blue light irradiation underwent the addition of such hydrogen donor solvents, such as, toluene, o-xylene, mesitylene, 4-chlorotoluene, THF, 1,4-dioxane, or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), to the acridine system to give the corresponding 9-substituted acridanes in good yields. The synthesized acridine-azirine, acridine-isoxazole, and acridane-isoxazole hybrids exhibited cytotoxicity toward both all tested cancer cell lines (HCT 116, MCF7, and A704) and normal cells (WI-26 VA4).

Evaluating bottle liquid-liquid extraction technique for monitoring residual levels of organochlorine pesticides in wastewater treatment-associated matrices

The gold standard for recovering residual organochlorine pesticides from wastewater and aqueous environmental matrices is the continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) technique that requires methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) as solvent at its refluxing temperature. In light of a recent USEPA proposed prohibitions and workplace protections for CH2Cl2 (due to its toxicity) and the fact that CLLE requires expensive and hard-to-acquire glassware, an alternative to CLLE as currently practiced is needed. The bottle liquid-liquid extraction (BLLE) technique, demonstrated for extracting semi-volatile organic contaminants from surface water, is potentially a low cost and high throughput alternative for such recovery. BLLE is cheaper and has a smaller laboratory footprint. The technique, performed at ambient temperature in a tightly capped bottle, requires less amount of solvent and contains solvent vapor within the bottle. The latter means less CH2Cl2 is encountered in the workplace. In this study, BLLE was performed directly in 1-L amber sampling bottles and shown to recover 21 organochlorine pesticides as efficiently as CLLE from influents and effluents of two wastewater treatment plants Because no statistical differences were found between CLLE (mean = 77.4, SD = 9.28) and BLLE (mean = 79.1, SD = 14.3); t(22) = 0.548, p(same mean) = 0.58, even though CLLE recovered more pesticides than BLLE by 5.18 ± 8.15%, these techniques are amenable to interchangeable usage. The systematic bias so far detected fits the expression BLLE = 1.4[CLLE] – 35 (r = 0.88). Both CLLE and BLLE recoveries were consistently higher for 4,4′-DDD and lower for aldrin, heptachlor and endrin aldehyde. Diethyl ether addition, as some suggested, did not improve BLLE.Synopsis: There is need to find a cheap, reliable and high throughput technique for purifying SVOCs from aqueous environmental media efficiently. BLLE, a little known technique, fulfils this need.

Experimental and kinetic modeling investigation on the co-pyrolysis of benzene, acetylene, and dimethyl ether: Insights into the fuel component interactions

The addition of dimethyl ether (DME) to hydrocarbons is proposed to be a feasible strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in engines. In order to unravel the interaction between hydrocarbons and oxygenated fuels, the co-pyrolysis of benzene, acetylene, and dimethyl ether (DME) is investigated in a flow reactor at 880–1250 K and 1 atm using gas chromatography in this work. Additionally, pyrolysis of pure benzene and co-pyrolysis of benzene and acetylene are also performed. It is observed that the pyrolysis of pure hydrocarbon components and co-pyrolysis of benzene and acetylene can hardly happen in the investigated temperature region, while the addition of DME to the pyrolysis of benzene and acetylene significantly accelerate their decompositions and enhance the formation of key aromatics, such as toluene and indene, showing remarkable synergistic effects on pyrolysis reactivity and aromatics growth. A kinetic model describing the combustion of the three components is developed and used to perform numerical investigation on fuel decomposition and PAH formation. Modeling analysis shows that the addition of DME can effectively activate the pyrolysis system through fast C-O bond dissociation reactions, thereby reducing the decomposition temperatures of benzene and acetylene. The phenyl radical produced from the H-abstraction of benzene can react with acetylene to produce phenylacetylene, while phenylacetylene can further combine with another phenyl radical to form b-phenyl-a-styryl radical which can readily convert to phenanthrene. The addition of DME also generates abundant methyl radical, which further reacts with benzene or other aromatics to form large aromatics such as toluene and methylated PAHs.

Effect of Crown Ether Additives on the Enhanced Performance of Metallic Bipolar Plates for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

One of the key components of the fuel cell stack is a metallic bipolar plate (MBP) that plays multiple roles, such as current collector, fuel and oxidant distributor, and mechanical support. However, corrosion and consequent metal elution are major drawbacks of the MBP because they diminish the efficiency and power performance of membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs). Herein, we show that the crown ether (CE) additive can simultaneously inhibit surface corrosion of the MBP and act as a scavenger for eluted metal ions to alleviate contamination of other components. From the electrochemical measurement, high-resolution imaging, and elemental analysis, we have found that the CE undergoes electrolytic decomposition and makes an efficient protective layer in an in situ manner. This layer prevents direct contact between the MBP and electrolyte as well as the dissolution of metal ions into the electrolyte. In addition, we demonstrate that the CE can improve the recovery protocol of the MEA owing to the formation of host-guest complexes between the CE and metal cations. These results provide key insights into the design of high-performance MBPs for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

Catalyst-free readily dual-recyclable acetal-based covalent adaptable cellulose networks

Despite covalent adaptable networks (CANs) imparting the favorable features of crosslinked polymers, as well as the functionality of reprocessing, reshaping and welding, due to exchange reaction enabled topology changes; it is still a huge challenge to design catalyst-free, fast reprocessing, controlled degradation and polymer recyclable biomass base CANs. Herein, for the first time, acetal-based covalent adaptable cellulose networks (ACCs) were utilized to synthesize readily reconstructable cellulose-based thermosets with mechanical tunability. ACCs were synthesized via catalyst-free “click” addition of cellulose and divinyl ether without releasing small molecule byproducts. Different crosslinking densities and crosslinkers were used to explore the structure-property relationship, the mechanical and thermal properties of the ACCs were strongly influenced by these factors. ACCs can obtain enhanced tensile strength or elongation at break by changing the structure of the crosslinker. Furthermore, the reworking, welding and shape memory properties of these ACCs, based on the dynamic exchange reaction of acetal bonds, were investigated. In addition, these ACCs can be degraded under acidic conditions, and closed-loop utilization of polymer was possible. Thus, ACCs can be mechanically and chemically double-cycled, which will contribute to solving the white pollution problem and resource waste as a new class of sustainable plastics.

Synthesis of well‐defined aromatic poly(amide‐ether)s via chain‐growth condensation polymerization

AbstractSince their advent over 50 years ago, aromatic polyamides have remained desirable for their thermal stability, mechanical strength, and overall versatility. Chain‐growth condensation (CGC) polymerization has made possible the synthesis of well‐defined polyamides with narrow molecular weight distributions for applications ranging from block copolymers to polymer brushes. However, the solubility of aromatic polyamides has always been a major obstacle to overcome due to aromatic π‐π stacking and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. In this article, we introduce an aryl ether functionality into the polyamide backbone to increase backbone flexibility and overall solubility. Through dropwise addition of the aryl ether functionalized monomer with a lithium disilazide base and a phenyl 4‐(dimethylcarbamoyl)benzoate initiator, we report the synthesis of a series of substituted poly(amide‐ether)s through CGC polymerization with low polydispersities (<1.1) and well‐defined molecular weights. Computational methods revealed that the polymerization mechanism is unlike other similar amino ester monomers bearing naphthalene and biphenyl aromatic units in that monomer self‐deactivation is weakened by the ether linkage. The self‐condensation of the amide‐ether monomer was nevertheless suppressed through reaction optimization, challenging the traditional requirement of monomer self‐deactivation to achieve a well‐defined CGC polymerization. The side‐chain on poly(amide‐ether) backbone was also modified from an octyl group to a 4‐(octyloxy)benzyl protecting group for postpolymerization removal with trifluoroacetic acid to yield the unsubstituted aromatic poly(amide‐ether), which showed a significant improvement in solubility from traditional unsubstituted aromatic polyamides, such as poly(p‐benzamide).

Feasibility on equivalence ratio measurement via OH*, CH*, and C2* chemiluminescence and study of soot emissions in co-flow non-premixed DME/C1–C2 hydrocarbon flames

The effects of dimethyl ether (DME) addition to methane and ethylene fuels on the combustion characteristics of heat release, soot emissions, and flame temperature were investigated experimentally and numerically in a non-premixed laminar flame configuration. The flame-heat release soot-volume fraction was measured experimentally using CH*, OH*, and C2* chemiluminescence and planar two-color soot pyrometry, respectively. The CH*, OH*, and C2* were used to locate flame-heat release regions as well as to investigate the soot signal’s effect on their measurements. The ratios of the chemiluminescence pairs (OH*/CH* and OH*/C2*) were studied for the feasibility of map local equivalence ratios. Numerical calculations across a full range of DME mixing ratios were performed through 1D laminar flame simulations implemented with a detailed mechanism to provide an indication of the flame structures and profiles of key species including OH*, OH, CH*, CH, CH3, C3H3, C2H2, heat release rate (HRR), and flame temperature. An existing developed soot model was used in a 2D computational study to investigate its validity for modeling soot for DME (oxygenated fuel)/C2H4/N2 flames. Parametric studies have been carried out on some key parameters in the soot model to find optimum values that can be used in future studies. Although soot radiation intensities increased at a small amount (25%vol) of DME addition in the DME/methane flames, the soot pyrometry results showed a reduced soot volume fraction with an increased DME mixture ratio in both DME/methane and DME/ethylene flames studied, agreeing with the key conclusion of 1D numerical results. The flame HRR decreases with the increasing addition of DME to methane and ethylene flames and correlates with the trend of OH* and CH* profiles. The 1D simulation showed a non-monotonic correlation between OH*/CH* ratios and equivalence ratios, implying a limited use of OH*/CH* for the equivalence ratio measurement in non-premixed flames with DME additions.

Coronenes with push-pull geometries from macrocycle-forming Perkin condensations.

Although the Perkin reaction has been successful in producing ester-substituted conjugated macrocycles with four or six building blocks, macrocycles composed of only two elements remained elusive until now. Through the development of a building block derived from phenanthrene with two glyoxylic acid substituents in a pincer-like arrangement, formation of a two-block macrocycle was induced when paired with a complementary phenylenediacetic acid unit. The addition of ether functions to the phenanthrene building block not only improved the yields, but led to macrocycles with push-pull geometries. Photocyclisation of the resulting cyclophanes efficiently yield tetra- and hexasubstituted coronenes.

Effects of Adding Waste Oil Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether to Diesel Fuel

This study focuses on the improvement of fuel properties of waste frying oils and their direct use without chemical processing. For this purpose, 10% filtered waste frying oil was added to the diesel fuel. Afterwards, the test fuels were formed by adding 5%, 10% and 20% volumes of Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether to this mixture. The obtained fuel mixtures were run in a diesel engine at a con-stant engine speed of 3000 rpm at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% engine loads, and the changes in engine fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and ego emissions were investigated. The results showed that all the goose emissions increased with the direct use of waste oil, but the exhaust emissions decreased with the addition of Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether. With the addition of Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether, the viscosity and density values decreased and the heating value in-creased. The best fuel mixture was obtained with DAGD20 mixture with 20% Di Ethylene Butyl Glycol Ether added. In this fuel mixture, BSFC decreased, Ex-haust Gas Temperature increased, NOx increased, CO increased, CO2 decreased, HC increased, and smoke decreased.

Effects of Sodium Gluconate on the Fluidity and Setting Time of Phosphorus Gypsum-Based Self-Leveling

To comprehensively utilize industrial by-products of gypsum while reducing the consumption of natural river sand, this experiment was conducted to prepare gypsum-based sandless self-leveling (PGSL) materials by using phosphorus-building gypsum (PBG) and portland cement (PC) as gelling raw materials with the addition of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE), cellulose ethers (CE), and retarders. However, employing phosphogypsum as the source material results in a significant 30 min fluidity loss in the gypsum-based self-leveling system. Therefore, to enhance the flow characteristics of gypsum self-leveling, sodium gluconate was chosen for usage in this research. The impact of single and compound mixing of protein-based retarder (PR) and sodium gluconate (SG) on gypsum-based sandless self-leveling materials was evaluated in terms of heat of hydration analysis, pore structure, fluidity, strength, and setting time. According to the experimental findings, it was possible to considerably decrease the fluidity loss of gypsum-based sandless self-leveling materials, postpone the setting time, boost strength, and enhance pore structure when combined with 0.4% SG and 0.03% PR.

Installing a Single Monomer within Acrylic Polymers Using Photoredox Catalysis.

Incorporating exactly one monomer at a defined position during a chain polymerization is exceptionally challenging due to the statistical nature of monomer addition. Herein, photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET) enables the incorporation of exactly one vinyl ether into polyacrylates synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Near-quantitative addition (>96%) of a single vinyl ether is achieved while retaining >99% of the thiocarbonylthio chain ends. Kinetic studies reveal that performing the reactions at 2 °C limits unwanted chain breaking events. Finally, the syntheses of diblock copolymers are reported where molecular weights and dispersities are well-controlled on either side of the vinyl ether. Overall, this report introduces an approach to access acrylic copolymers containing exactly one chemical handle at a defined position, enabling novel macromolecular architectures to probe structure-function properties, introduce sites for de/reconstruction, store information, etc.

Tert-Butyl Ethers of Renewable Diols as Oxygenate Additives to Automobile Gasolines. Part II: Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and 2,3-Butanediol

The results obtained in the second part of the study of vicinal (tert-butoxy)alkanols as additives to automobile gasolines are presented. Mono-tert-butyl ethers of ethylene glycol (ETBE) and 2,3-butanediol (BTBE) were prepared by direct acid-catalyzed alkylation of the corresponding diols with tert-butanol. The substances obtained were characterized by main physical properties (density, viscosity, boiling point, crystallization point, specific heat of combustion) and were studied as additives to automobile gasolines. The effect of ether additives on the main physicochemical properties of gasolines (fractional composition, saturated vapor pressure, concentration of actual resins, knock resistance), including ethanol-containing gasolines, was studied. The mean research/motor blending octane numbers for ETBE and BTBE were 130/103 and 115/97, respectively. Inclusion of ETBE/BTBE into the formulations of ethanol-containing gasolines allowed the cloud point to be considerably reduced without unambiguous synergistic effect on the knock resistance.

Rheology of low‐clinker suspensions: Multiscale comparison of the effect of PCE on thixotropy

AbstractAddressing climate change requires reducing the carbon footprint of cement‐based building materials on a global scale. One promosing approach involves decreasing the clinker content by incorporating fine supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), which, however, can increase the stickiness of fresh concrete. Along with viscosity, thixotropic structural build‐up is a critical rheological parameter that impacts the stickiness of the SCM‐rich suspensions. Thus, it is essential to gain a precise understanding of how the molecular structure and mode of addition of polycarboxylate ethers (PCE) affect the thixotropic structural build‐up in low‐clinker suspensions. To address this issue, we investigate key parameters affecting thixotropy, specifically PCE adsorption and early hydration kinetics at the cement paste and mortar level, using a multiscale approach. In an application‐oriented concept, we maintain a constant yield stress by varying the PCE dosage to achieve constant workability. Our results demonstrate that higher thixotropy correlates with increased PCE charge density and direct addition in cement pastes and mortars. Moreover, it is indicated that increasing specific surface area and ettringite contents promote additional thixotropy‐enhancing mechanisms.

Comprehensive analysis of the effects of alternative fuels on diesel engine performance combustion and exhaust emissions: Role of biodiesel, diethyl ether, and EGR

The use of petroleum-based fuels in vehicles poses environmental pollution concerns as well as the need to shift towards alternative fuels due to the diminishing availability of petroleum-based fuels in the future. Therefore, biodiesel fuel stands out among the alternative fuels that could be used in diesel engines. However, when biodiesel fuels are used as fuel in engines, the emission values released from the exhaust do not comply with EURO standards. For this purpose, additional measures to prevent emissions must be taken in addition to alternative fuel usage. In this study, two different methods were simultaneously employed to achieve both the use of alternative fuels and compliance with EURO standards in diesel engines. In the first stage of the study, different proportions of diethyl ether were added to biodiesel fuel. In the study's second stage, a 10% EGR application was performed on the intake manifold to achieve EURO standard-level NO emissions from the exhaust. The biodiesel used in the study was obtained from corn oil through transesterification. Diethyl ether was added to biodiesel at 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% proportions. As a result of the study, improvements were achieved in effective power and efficiency with the addition of biodiesel and diethyl ether, while NO emissions increased compared to standard diesel fuel. Based on the experimental results, the best combination in terms of both performance and NO emissions was achieved with a 5% diethyl ether-biodiesel blend with a 10% EGR application. While both the biodiesel-diethyl ether mixture and EGR application resulted in a 3% decrease in engine torque, NO emissions decreased by up to 70% compared to diesel fuel.

In Silico Study of Corticosteroids Drugs

Molecular Docking has become an important component of the drug discovery process. Since first being developed in the 1980s, advancements in the power of computer hardware and the increasing number of and ease of access to small molecule and protein structures have contributed to the development of improved methods, making docking more popular in both industrial and academic settings. In this research Molecular Docking we are perform on triamcinolone and methyl testosterone by using Autodock and Discovery Studio software. QSAR study revealsed that substitution of different electron donating or withdrawing group at different position on triamcinolone and methyl testosterone lead nucleus elaborate change in pharmacological activity. Molecular Docking done by substituting or replacing different group at different position affected the potency of drug on addition of hydroxy, Methyl at different position where reduced the potency of triamcinolone while addition of ether or ester group enhance the potency of triamcinolone. In methyl testosterone, introduction of heterocyclic system into a steroidal nucleus in ring A enhances the potency while removal of hydroxy group, addition of O atom reduces the potency.