Addition Of Chloride Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF X-RAY METHODS FOR STUDYING PROTEIN PLANAR SYSTEMS ON A LIQUID SURFACE USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

The structure of Langmuir lysozyme films on a liquid surface, formed from crystallization solutions with addition of metal chlorides as a precipitant, have been investigated. The thicknesses and densities of the films were determined using the X-ray reflectivity technique, and the concentration distribution profiles of the sulfur atoms present in protein molecules, as well as precipitant ions in the subphase surface region, have been obtained by the X-ray standing waves technique. Based on the experimental results, the dependence of the film structure on the precipitant used, as well as some specific features of application of X-ray reflectivity and X-ray standing waves techniques in the study of Langmuir films of globular proteins on a liquid surface, are analyzed.

Ion-induced changes in DNA gels.

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements are reported for DNA gels under near physiological conditions in which the concentration of monovalent and divalent counter-ions and the pH are varied. The scattering intensity I(q) is described by a two-term equation, one due to osmotic concentration fluctuations and the other coming from static inhomogeneities frozen in by the cross-links. SANS in the low q range indicates the presence of large clusters and the size of which exceeds the resolution of the experiment. In the intermediate q-range, the intensity increases with the CaCl2 concentration and the slope approaches -1, corresponding to linear (rod-like) scatterers. In the highest q region, the scattering response is governed by the local chain geometry. Screening of electrostatic interactions by sodium chloride causes a moderate increase in the SANS intensity that is accompanied by an increase in the mesh size L of the network. Addition of calcium chloride, or a decrease in pH, produces similar trends, and ultimately leads to phase separation. The scattering intensity at q = 0, estimated from independent measurements of the osmotic pressure Π, is in excellent agreement with I(0) from the SANS measurements. Anomalous small angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) measurements on the uncross-linked DNA show that the monovalent ion cloud is only weakly influenced by the addition of divalent ions. Conversely, the divalent counter-ion cloud tightly follows the contour of polymer chains.

Application of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems in the Extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin

Request PDF |Protein partitioning in an Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) has been found to be a powerful method for extracting and separating mixtures of biomolecules. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, many factors influence the Partition coefficient (K) (which is the ratio of protein concentration in the top phase to that in the bottom phase) and the Recovery percent (Rec%). Two systems of ATPS were used: first, polyethylene glycol (PEG4000)/sodium phosphate (SPH), and second, PEG4000/Dextran. The behavior of Rec% and (K) of pure Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in (ATPS) has been investigated throughout the study of the effects of five parameters: (temperature (T), the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG4000), the concentration of sodium phosphate or Dextran, pH, and the addition of sodium chloride as a supporting agent). In both systems, pH was the more significant parameter on a Recovery percent (Rec%) and partition coefficient (K). In the first system, the maximum (Rec%) and (K) was 98.08% and 50.99, respectively, at a temperature of 31°C, the concentration of PEG4000 of 1.5 g/10 ml, the concentration of sodium phosphate at 2.4 g/10 ml, pH 10, and the concentration of NaCl at 0.5 M. While in the second system, the parameter that has a more significant effect on (Rec%) and (K) was the temperature. The maximum (Rec%) and (K) were 97.54% and 39.7 respectively at a temperature of 31°C, with a concentration of PEG4000 1.5 g/10 ml, the concentration of Dextran 2.4 g/10 ml, pH 5, and concentration of NaCl at 0.1 M.

Combination of gastroprotectors and probiotics in the eradication of H. pylori infection: results of a randomized comparative clinical trial

Objective. To compare efficacy and safety of 14-day triple eradication therapy with the addition of methylmethionine sulfonium chloride and a probiotic complex and 14-day triple eradication therapy boosted with bismuth tripotassium dicitrate and a probiotic complex in a prospective comparative randomized clinical trial. Materials and Methods. A total of 70 patients with confirmed H. pylori infection were enrolled into the study. The first group (n = 35) received esomeprazole 20 mg 2 bid, clarithromycin 500 mg bid and amoxicillin 1000 mg bid for 14 days, methylmethionine sulfonium chloride 300 mg once a day for 1 month, probiotic complex (bifidobacteria [Bifidobacterium longum CBT BG7, Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3, Bifidobacterium bifidum CBT BF3], lactobacilli [Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CBT LR5], Streptococcus thermophilus CBT ST3) 1 capsule once a day for 1 month. The second group (n = 35) received esomeprazole 20 mg 2 bid, clarithromycin 500 mg 2 bid, amoxicillin 1000 mg 2 bid and bismuth tripotassium dicitrate 240 mg 2 bid for 14 days, probiotic complex (bifidobacteria [Bifidobacterium longum CBT BG7, Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3, Bifidobacterium bifidum CBT BF3], lactobacilli [Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CBT LR5], Streptococcus thermophilus CBT ST3) 1 capsule once a day for 1 month. Eradication of H. pylori was assessed using stool antigen test. Results. Eradication rates for the first and second groups in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population were 77.1% and 88.6% (p = 0.205), respectively. In the per-protocol (PP) population, eradication rates were 81.8% and 96.9% (p = 0.051), respectively. Adverse events were reported in 34.3% of patients in the first group and 34.3% of patients in the second group (p = 1). Conclusions. 14-day standard triple therapy boosted with bismuth tripotassium dicitrate and a probiotic complex demonstrates high efficacy and safety profile, and therefore can be recommended as first-line therapy for H. pylori infection in adults.

Electro-mechanochemical approach towards the chloro sulfoximidations of allenes under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill.

An electro-mechanochemical protocol for the synthesis of vinylic sulfoximines has been developed. Utilising mechanochemically strained BaTiO3 nanoparticles, the catalytic active system is generated in situ by the reduction of copper(II) chloride. Various combinations of electron-donating and -withdrawing groups are tolerated, and the approach leads to products with difunctionalised double bonds in good to excellent yields. Attempts to add a sulfoximidoyl chloride to an alkyne proved difficult. Additions of a sulfonyl iodide to allenes and alkynes proceeded smoothly in the presence of silica gel without the need for activation by a piezoelectric material.

Исследование влияния добавок LiCl и LiF на кинетику электроимпульсного плазменного спекания мелкозернистого оксида алюминия

The effect of the lithium chloride and lithium fluoride additives (2 wt. %) on the kinetics of Spark Plasma Sintering of industrial fine alumina powder was investigated. The Al2O3 + 2 % LiF powder was obtained by mixing the α-Al2O3 fine powders with the aqueous solution of LiF. The Al2O3 + 2 % LiCl fine powder was obtained by joint grinding of the components in a planetary mill. The sintering of the powders was performed with the heating rates of 10 and 50 °C/min up to the temperature corresponding to the end of the shrinkage. The ceramics sintered with the heating rate of 10 °C/min had the relative density of 97.4 – 98.7 %. The addition of lithium fluoride into the alumina powder was found to allow reducing the temperature of the beginning of the intensive powder shrinkage from 1400 – 1500 °C down to 1255 – 1335 °C. LiCl was shown to evaporate at low heating temperatures and not to affect the compaction intensity of the Al2O3 powder. The presence of the overheated LiF melt (not having enough time to evaporate from the specimen volume completely) in the ceramics leads to the appearance of the residual porosity and to the reduction of the hardness of the ceramics. Using the Young – Cutler equation, the powder compaction mechanisms were determined for pure alumina α-Al2O3 and for the powder compositions with the LiCl and LiF additives in the rapid heating conditions. The sintering activation energy was shown to be close to the one of the grain boundary diffusion. The LiF melt was found to promote the sliding of the Al2O3 fine particles during the low-temperature compaction stage.

Curcumin encapsulated zein/caseinate-alginate nanoparticles: Release and antioxidant activity under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Curcumin-loaded zein/sodium caseinate-alginate nanoparticles were successfully fabricated using a pH-shift method/electrostatic deposition method. These nanoparticles produced were spheroids with a mean diameter of 177 nm and a zeta-potential of −39.9 mV at pH 7.3. The curcumin was an amorphous, and the content in the nanoparticles was around 4.9% (w/w) and the encapsulation efficiency was around 83.1%. Aqueous dispersions of the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles were resistant to aggregation when subjected to pH changes (pH 7.3 to 2.0) and sodium chloride addition (1.6 M), which was mainly attributed to the strong steric and electrostatic repulsion provided by the outer alginate layer. An in vitro simulated digestion study showed that the curcumin was mainly released during the small intestine phase and that its bioaccessibility was relatively high (80.3%), which was around 5.7-fold higher than that of non-encapsulated curcumin mixed with curcumin-free nanoparticles. In the cell culture assay, the curcumin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in hydrogen peroxide-treated HepG2 cells. The results suggested that nanoparticles prepared by pH shift/electrostatic deposition method are effective at delivering curcumin and may be utilized as nutraceutical delivery systems in food and drug industry.

دراسة تأثير درجة الحراره واضافة أمالح على موصلية البواليتروليت متعدد سلفونات الصوديوم سأئده فوزي عصفور، احمد حسن عياد، فهد ماجد تكروري، جامعه الخليل، فلسطي

The conductivity of sodium (polystyrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) aqueous solutions as a function of NaPSS concentration 0.15 g – 2.0 g NaPSS in 100 mL of distilled water, sodium chloride concentration (NaCl) in the range of 0.1 M - 0.4 M and in temperature range of 278 K – 328 K have been studied. The study found that conductivity increases with increasing NaPSS concentration both in pure water and in salt solution. It is also found that conductivity increases with increasing either NaCl concentration or temperature. The interesting finding here is that additivity rule, that the conductivity of the polyelectrolyte kps in the salt solution is the sum of its conductivity kp in pure water plus the conductivity of the salt ks only holds at low NaPSS concentration and deviates at high NaPSS concentration. This additivity rule holds better the higher the temperature and the higher the salt concentration. What is more interesting is that the contribution of NaPSS to the conductivity of the solution is more in pure water than in salt solution. This latter behaviour is only found at high NaPSS concentration while it is inverted at low NaPSS concentration. These findings will certainly contribute to the understanding of the complex behaviour of the conductivity of polyelectrolytes solutions.

Preservation Activity of the Selected Preservatives Incorporated in Eye Drop Dosage Forms Marketed in Iraq

Ophthalmic preparation, especially drops, is one of the common pharmaceutical dosage forms intended to be applied to the eye cavity for different pharmacological purposes. Sterility and freeing of microorganisms M.O. are considered one of the most important requirements of the ocular drops, so the manufacturers are very concerned about keeping the sterility of their products. As well as post-marketing pharmaceutical tests must be performed to verify that the eye drop meets the desired properties and withstand the storage condition in pharmacy and during the period after opening the container. The present study aimed to evaluate the preservation activity of different types of preservatives and concentrations utilized in selected eye drops marketed in Iraq Seven eye drops products were selected and purchased from the Iraqi pharmacies each product was cultured for four weeks at nutrient agar first, then if there is growth identified, the eye drop cultured in MacConkey and mannitol agar for determination of the type of MO. The addition of benzalkonium chloride (BK) in a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL as in both products (Apisulfa® by API and Orchadexoline® by Orchidia) can guarantee the product protection for 21 days and 14 days respectively. While the addition of benzalkonium chloride in concentration of 0.2 mg/mL does not protect dexamethasone® eye drop by Eipico. (Xolamol® by Jamjom pharma) results revealed that the 0.75 mg/mL of BK has different and variable protection levels between full to nil protection. Tymer® eye drop shows no growth at all samples cultured in the present study and from all patches in spite of the low concentration of BK. Some samples from apisulfa® and Dexamethasone® as the preservative agent lose their activity totally before 6 months of the expiration date (show M.O. growth at day zero). Tears natural® II by alcon contains (polidronium chloride) (PQ) in a concentration of 0.001%. Data obtained showed diverse results since samples from one patch show growth of M.O. since the first day while products from different patches show protection for three weeks. Samaphenicol® eye drop by SDI contains a mixed preservative (Thiomersal plus Poly quad (polidronium chloride)) in a concentrations of 0.005 and 0.001%, respectively. Results revealed that all samples survived without bacterial growth for three weeks and one out of three succeeded in staying sterile for the entire period of allowance. However, Staphylococcus aureus is only pathogen identified in the eye drops cultured.

Effect of Organic Chloride Additives on the Photovoltaic Performance of MA‐Free Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

The use of chloride additives to achieve high performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is extensively reported in perovskite research. However, few studies are dedicated to understanding and comparing the underlying effects of ammonium cations in organic chloride additives. Herein, the effect of ACl additives (A: ethylammonium [EA], propylammonium [PA], butylammonium [BA]), with increasing ammonium size, on the performance of MA‐free Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 PSCs is investigated. The obtained results indicate that Cl promotes the growth of large grains, while organic cations facilitate grain favorable orientation. Moreover, it is observed that EACl evaporates during thermal annealing despite the similar ionic size of EA to that of FA, which would lead to A‐site incorporation. However, PACl and BACl remain in final films, passivating grain boundaries. Moreover, by using double BACl–EACl additive, the films show considerably increased grain dimensions, passivated grain boundaries, and longer carrier lifetime. As a result, planar PSCs based on engineered Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 layers achieve higher power conversion efficiency of 20.98%, 20.07%, 19.64%, and 19.03% for BACl–EACl, BACl, PACl, and EACl, respectively, compared to 17.58%‐efficiency for control PSCs. Moreover, this additive‐based approach also increases moisture resistance of the Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 films, which consequently enhances the device ambient stability.

Catanionic vesicles and their complexes with hyaluronan – A way how to tailor physicochemical properties via ionic strength

This article offers a comprehensive description of how a change in ionic strength influences the physicochemical properties of dilute solutions of catanionic vesicular systems. Catanionic vesicles are formed from HTMA-DS (hexadecyltrimethylammonium-dodecyl sulphate) ion pair amphiphiles, which were doped by cholesterol and positively charged double-chained surfactant. Due to this positive charge, they can interact with oppositely charged polymers, such as hyaluronan, to form hyaluronan-coated vesicles. Vesicle kinetic stability can be affected by changes in the ionic strength of the environment, which are represented by the addition of sodium chloride. In our study, with the increasing addition of salt, the ζ-potential, as the main parameter of kinetic stability, decreased to zero both for coated and uncoated vesicles. Furthermore, the size of vesicles increased above a concentration of 15 mM NaCl. The membrane rigidity represented by fluorescence anisotropy, of uncoated vesicles decreased rapidly, and slight dehydration of their outer part was observed, which was confirmed by high resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy. Hyaluronan-coated vesicles formed visible aggregates with gradual additions of salt, which were subsequently disintegrated, the degree of disintegration varying for different polymer concentrations. The viscosity of the whole system also decreased significantly with increasing salt concentration.

The rpoS gene confers resistance to low osmolarity conditions in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi are enteropathogens that differ in host range and the diseases that they cause. We found that exposure to a combination of hypotonicity and the detergent Triton X-100 significantly reduced the viability of the S. Typhi strain Ty2 but had no effect on the S. Typhimurium strain SL1344. Further analysis revealed that hypotonicity was the critical factor: incubation in distilled water alone was sufficient to kill Ty2, while the addition of sodium chloride inhibited killing in a dose-dependent manner. Ty2's loss of viability in water was modified by culture conditions: bacteria grown in well-aerated shaking cultures were more susceptible than bacteria grown under less aerated static conditions. Ty2, like many S. Typhi clinical isolates, has an inactivating mutation in the rpoS gene, a transcriptional regulator of stress responses, whereas most S. Typhimurium strains, including SL1344, have the wild-type gene. Transformation of Ty2 with a plasmid expressing wild-type rpoS, but not the empty vector, significantly increased survival in distilled water. Moreover, an S. Typhi strain with wild-type rpoS had unimpaired survival in water. Inactivation of the wild-type gene in this strain significantly reduced survival, while replacement with an arabinose-inducible allele of rpoS restored viability in water under inducing conditions. Our observations on rpoS-dependent differences in susceptibility to hypotonic conditions may be relevant to the ability of S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium to tolerate the various environments they encounter during the infectious cycle. They also have implications for the handling of these organisms during experimental manipulations.

Unraveling C-phycocyanin extraction by dark incubation from marine cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya valderiana

The sustainable production of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) has accelerated the evolution from a chemical to a green paradigm. Thus, the current study investigated green C-PC extraction using a renewable source such as water as solvent from a marine cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya valderiana BDU 41001 without any chemical treatment by employing the dark incubation at room temperature (25 °C). The effects of different drying methods and standardization of two vital cultural parameters, such as variation in light intensity and salt concentration, were studied for an effective C-PC yield. Wet biomass was found to be the best for C-PC extraction (76 mg g−1) with a food-grade purity (∼0.8), which was further purified up to a reagent grade (∼2.8) using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis. C-PC yield from L. valderiana was enhanced by ∼1.2 and ∼1.3-fold under 60 μmol photon m −2 s −1 light intensity and 8.33 g L −1 NaCl treatment, respectively, indicating the necessity for adjusting the culture condition for augmentation of C-PC accumulation. Studies on the stability of C-PC at various temperatures, pH levels, and preservatives showed that a concentration of 97% could be maintained at 5 °C for 30 days with 2% sodium chloride addition. As a final point, the cost comparison of the extraction process to the present market value of C-PC predicted that implementing such a simple green extraction procedure could generate >1500-fold higher earnings. Thus, the findings of the current study contribute towards low-cost green extraction of C-PC for establishing a feasible cyanobacterial biorefinery.

Removal of drug dexamethasone from aqueous matrices using low frequency ultrasound: Kinetics, transformation products, and effect of microplastics

Sonochemical oxidation was employed for the degradation of the drug dexamethasone (Dex). The oxidation at 20 kHz followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and increased with applied ultrasound power density. Acoustic cavitation at 71 W/L was able to eliminate 500 μg/L of dexamethasone from ultrapure water at inherent pH in less than 60 min. The oxidation was enhanced at pH 3 and decreased at increased Dex concentration. Scavenging experiments with tert-butanol showed that hydroxyl radicals play a crucial role in decomposition, where the reaction mainly occurs on the gas-liquid interface of the formed cavities. The addition of chloride did not affect Dex removal, while in the presence of 10 mg/L of humic acid or bicarbonate, the apparent kinetic constant decreased from 0.0423 ± 0.004 min−1 to about 0.03 ± 0.002 min−1. The rate in secondary effluent was 3.3 times lower than in ultrapure water due to the complexity of the actual matrix. Six transformation products were identified via high resolution LC-MS during the sonochemical oxidation of 3 mg/L Dex in ultrapure water. The presence of polyethylene or polystyrene microplastics slightly enhanced DEX sonodegradation. The effect of ultrasound irradiation at 71 W/L for 60 min on the microplastics surfaces was inconsiderable.

α-FAPbI3 powder presynthesized by microwave irradiation for photovoltaic applications

The development of up-scalable and high-throughput methodologies to fabricate high-efficiency lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on α-phase formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) is one of the main challenges of making solar energy economical. In this context, PSCs based on α-phase formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) are receiving special attention as this perovskite has the highest theoretical photoconversion efficiency (PCE). This manuscript reports an easy, fast and environmentally-friendly way to prepare α-FAPbI3 black powders by a microwave-assisted synthesis and their application in solar cells. The α-FAPbI3 powders consist of micrometric particles that can be stored for weeks in a closed vial at ambient conditions. This technique presents an enormous potential for upscaling FAPbI3 powders synthesis prerequisite necessary for large scale commercialization. The performance of the presynthesized FAPbI3-based solar cell was comparable with that of PSCs fabricated with the conventional procedure from precursors solutions, leading to a maximum PCE value of 18.15%, with an VOC=1.07 V, a Jsc=24.28 mA/cm2 and an FF=70%. The presynthesized FAPbI3-based solar cell was further modified through the addition of methylammonium chloride (MACl) in order to study the generality of the approach. The optical band gap for the presynthesized perovskite shifted from ∼1.43 eV to ∼1.55 eV with the MACl addition (30 mol%), indicating the formation of a mixed methylammonium and formamidinium based perovskite material (MAFAPbI3). In addition, the incorporation of MACl led to an increase in the grain size and the disappearance of the residual δ-phase perovskite, thus improving the efficiency of the final device.

Influence of charged and non-charged co-solutes on the heat-induced aggregation of soy and pea proteins at pH 7.0

This study investigated the influence of calcium chloride (CaCl2; 0–10 mM) and glucose syrup (GS; 0–20 wt%) addition on the heat-induced aggregation (95 °C for 15 min) of commercially available soy (SPI) and pea (PPI) protein isolates (3.5 wt%) at pH 7.0.Concentrations of CaCl2 above 5 mM promoted aggregation of both SPI and PPI dispersions, as inferred from the decrease in protein solubility and the increase in particle size. Furthermore, heat treatment of the PPI dispersion in the presence of 8 mM CaCl2 led to the formation of protein aggregates (D[4,3] = 11 μm) with a rather narrow particle size distribution (PSD), which resulted in a relatively high viscosity (>40 mPa s at 10 s−1). On the other hand, addition of GS had no influence on the heat-induced aggregation of SPI and PPI dispersions, with the increase in viscosity with increasing GS concentration being mainly due to the increase in total solids.Heat treatment of the PPI dispersions in the presence of both CaCl2 and GS provided an increase in both aggregation yield and viscosity (up to >70 mPa s 10 s−1) when compared with the dispersion heated in the presence of 8 mM CaCl2, although this was dependent on the processing method used.The pea protein aggregates produced in this study may be used as sustainable and clean label thickening agents in a variety of liquid and semi-solid vegetarian and vegan foods, thus allowing replacement of the food additives which are typically added to these products.

Cytosolic Sodium Influx in Mesophyll Protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana, wt, sos1:1 and nhx1 Differs and Induces Different Calcium Changes.

The sodium influx into the cytosol of mesophyll protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia, wild type, was compared with the influx into sos1-1 and nhx1 genotypes, which lack the Na+/H+ antiporter in the plasma membrane and tonoplast, respectively. Changes in cytosolic sodium and calcium concentrations upon a 100 mM NaCl addition were detected by use of epifluorescence microscopy and the sodium-specific fluorescent dye SBFI, AM, and calcium sensitive Fura 2, AM, respectively. There was a smaller and mainly transient influx of Na+ in the cytosol of the wild type compared with the sos1-1 and nhx1 genotypes, in which the influx lasted for a longer time. Sodium chloride addition to the protoplasts' medium induced a significant increase in cytosolic calcium concentration in the wild type at 1.0 mM external calcium, and to a lesser extent in nhx1, however, it was negligible in the sos1-1 genotype. LiCl inhibited the cytosolic calcium elevation in the wild type. The results suggest that the salt-induced calcium elevation in the cytosol of mesophyll cells depends on an influx from both internal and external stores and occurs in the presence of an intact Na+/H+ antiporter at the plasma membrane. The Arabidopsis SOS1 more effectively regulates sodium homeostasis than NHX1.

NEW SYNTHESIS OF 3- AND 1,3-PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES BASED ON 1-CYCLOALKYL-2,3-DICHLORO-1-PROPANONES

1-Cycloalkyl-2-propene-1-ones were synthesized by electrophilic addition of cycloalkanecarboxylic acid chlorides and its mono- and dichloride-substituted derivatives to ethylene in the presence of an AlCl3 catalyst at a temperature of –10 ÷ –150C in a dichloroethane medium. The resulting vinyl ketones were converted by chlorination in CCl4 at –50C to the corresponding 1-cycloalkyl-2,3-dichloro-1-propanones, which form 1-R´-3-cycloalkylpyrazoles with hydrazine and phenylhydrazine in ethanol or toluene. The structure of the obtained pyrazoles was confirmed by the data of IR and H1NMR spectra and the determination of physical-chemical constants. Thus, preparative methods for the synthesis of 3- and 1,3-pyrazole derivatives have been developed for the first time

Multifarious feed additives on lamb performance on Kuwait farms

A change in the livestock feeding strategy is of utmost importance for the stability of animal health and sustainable livestock productivity to overcome the problem of subsiding the environmental effects of sheep production. Supplementing dietary feed with safe and efficient additives provides optimal animal performance and maximizes productivity. This study aimed to assess the effects of adding various feed additives to lamb rations for optimizing feed efficiency in weaned lambs for meat production in Kuwait. The feed additives, namely, ammonium chloride, urea, algae, fishmeal, and humic acid, were investigated on the physical performance of lambs for their effect on body weight, length, height, and waist length. The total feed consumption rate and feed efficiency were also measured. Each treatment comprising five healthy lambs was randomly allocated into six treatments comprising 30 lambs. The six treatments were the basal ration supplemented with ammonium chloride (50-100 g/day/head), urea (30 g/day/head), fishmeal (35 g/day/head), algae (Spirulina platensis) powder (50 g/day/head), humic acid (2.5 g/day/head), control group with only basal ration. The study was conducted for around 27 months and the data were recorded once in 2 weeks. The results indicated a positive elevation in the physique of lambs with all tested additives, showing an affirmative insignia for lamb fattening. The growth parameters in terms of augmented length, height, and waist length of lambs' bodies amplified significantly with ammonium chloride and fishmeal supplement, while the other additives reported a non-significant increment. The feed consumption was significantly elevated for ammonium chloride, algae, and fishmeal supplementation, while humic acid was recorded the least. Concerning feed efficiency of young lambs, fish meal and ammonium chloride were reported best, followed by urea. In contrast, algae and humic acid exhibited a non-significant effect on feed efficiency. This study exposed noteworthy influence on a lamb body's performance with the addition of fish meal and ammonium chloride in lamb rations, trailed by urea and algae.

Simultaneous determination of three components of sodium nitrophenolate in foodstuffs of animal origin by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

Sodium nitrophenolate (SNP) is a widely used universal growth regulator consisting of 5-nitroguaiacol sodium (5NG), 4-nitrophenol sodium (PNP), and 2-nitrophenol sodium (ONP). SNP has a positive influence on plants and animals as a feed additive that accelerates growth but is potentially hazardous to humans. SNP has been reported to be cytotoxic and mutagenic, which may increase the risk of cancer and pose a great threat to food safety. There are neither mature detection nor standard methods for the trace analysis of SNP in animal food. Therefore, the development of an accurate and precise analytical method is imperative. This innovative method has theoretical and practical significance for the control of SNP residues, offering advantages such as cost-effectiveness and time efficiency. It will be beneficial for the establishment of detection standards and management measures in foodstuffs of animal origin.In this study, a reliable method for the simultaneous determination of SNP residues in animal food (porcine muscle, chicken tissue, fish, and liver) was developed. For realizing the perfect limit of quantification, the application of back extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) was proposed to combine high sensitivity and high selectivity. The optimal method was as follows. First, 2.0 g samples were extracted with 10 mL 0.5 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, followed by adjustment of the pH to acidity with 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid and the addition of sodium chloride (5.0 g) to saturate the inorganic phase. After back-extraction twice with 16 mL acetonitrile, the solution was merged and again saturated with 5 mL of sodium chloride solution. Second, the merged organic phase was cleaned up with 10 mL of n-hexane for defatting. The middle acetonitrile layer was then concentrated to nearly 1.5 mL at 40 ℃ in a N2 stream before dilution with the mobile phase to a volume of 3.0 mL and filtered. Finally, the analytes were separated on a C18 column (100 mm×4.6 mm, 3 μm) and subjected to gradient elution with a mixed solution of methanol and water. Mass spectrometric analysis, which was quantified using the external standard method, was carried out with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization negative ion source and based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The key parameters, such as the extraction solvent, extraction steps, and purification method, were optimized.The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 0.5-10 (5NG), 1.0-20 (PNP), and 2.5-50 μg/L (ONP) with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9999. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for 5NG was 1.0 μg/kg, double for PNP, and five times for ONP. The recoveries of the three different concentration levels in all the four matrices were in the range of 81.5%-98.4%, 81.5%-102%, and 81.4%-95.1%. The repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the three compounds, ranged from 1.51% to 5.98%, 1.10% to 8.85% and 0.91% to 8.61% (n=6). The developed method is characterized by an excellent purification effect, sensitivity, and accuracy. This method is suitable for the simultaneous and quantitative determination of SNP residues in foodstuffs of animal origin.