Addition Of Chloride Research Articles

SYNTHESIS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF 4-THIAZOLIDINONE ANALOGUES OF 2-AMINO-5-CHLOROPYRIDINE

The synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine was performed by novel method of stirring involving the cyclocondensation of the appropriate Schiffs bases (2a–c) with thioglycolic acid, followed by the addition of zinc chloride in the presence of molecular sieves. Characterization of the synthesized compounds, determination of purity and identity of the compounds using following spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques- Solubility,Thin Layer Chromatographic studies, Ultra-Violet studies,Rotational and vibrational studies (FT-IR), 1H-NMR studies. The compounds were investigated for their Anticonvulsant activity by isoniazid induced convulsions in mice model.Compound3-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl) thiazolidin-4-one(3c)was found to be the most activeand compound 3-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) thiazolidin-4-one (3a) was found to be less active among the tested compound according to pharmacological evaluation exhibited anticonvulsant activity.

The altered treatment efficiency of the bisulfite/permanganate process by chloride

Bisulfite-activated permanganate (S(IV)/Mn(VII)) process has proven to be a promising method for rapidly degrading micropollutants. Previous studies have shown that the treatment efficiency of the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process suffer from significant water matrix effects while the mechanism still remains unclear. This study systematically investigates the influence of chloride, which is a common water constituent, on the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process. Addition of chloride decreased the removal of methyl phenyl sulfoxide, phenol, benzoic acid and carbamazepine by the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process but increased dimethoxybenzene removal. The distribution of reactive species in the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process in the absence and presence of chloride was determined with relative rate method. The S(IV)/Mn(VII) process primarily relies on SO4•− and reactive manganese species (RMnS) for pollutant abatement while dosing chloride decreased the concentration of these reactive species. Reactive chlorine species (RCS), such as Cl2•– and ClO•, are formed through the reaction of SO4•– with chloride, and become more important at high concentrations of chloride. RMnS includes Mn(VI), Mn(V) and Mn(III), but none of these species are capable of oxidizing chloride. However, chloride retarded the consumption of bisulfite which reduced RMnS and RCS in turn. DOM inhibited pollutant removal by the S(IV)/Mn(VII) process while the impact mechanism was significantly altered by chloride. Additionally, the study observed a synergistic inhibition of DOM and chloride on the degradation of pollutants that are highly reactive towards Cl2•– and ClO•.

A Generic Platform for Upcycling Polystyrene to Aryl Ketones and Organosulfur Compounds.

Polystyrene (PS) is one of the least recycled large-volume commodity plastics due to bulkiness of foam products and associated contaminants. PS recycling is also severely hampered by the lack of financial incentive, limited versatility, and poor selectivity of existing methods. To this end, herein we report a thermochemical recycling strategy of "degradation-upcycling" to synthesize a library of high-value aromatic chemicals from PS wastes with high versatility and selectivity. Two cascade reactions are selected to first degrade PS to benzene under mild temperatures, followed by the derivatization thereof utilizing a variety of acyl/alkyl and sulfinyl chloride additives. To demonstrate the versatility, nine ketones and sulfides of cosmetic and pharmaceutical relevance were prepared, including propiophenone, benzophenone, and diphenyl sulfide. The approach is also amenable to sophisticated upcycling reaction designs and can produce desired products stepwise. The facile and versatile approach will provide a scalable and profitable methodology for upcycling PS waste into value-added chemicals.

A Generic Platform for Upcycling Polystyrene to Aryl Ketones and Organosulfur Compounds

AbstractPolystyrene (PS) is one of the least recycled large‐volume commodity plastics due to bulkiness of foam products and associated contaminants. PS recycling is also severely hampered by the lack of financial incentive, limited versatility, and poor selectivity of existing methods. To this end, herein we report a thermochemical recycling strategy of “degradation‐upcycling” to synthesize a library of high‐value aromatic chemicals from PS wastes with high versatility and selectivity. Two cascade reactions are selected to first degrade PS to benzene under mild temperatures, followed by the derivatization thereof utilizing a variety of acyl/alkyl and sulfinyl chloride additives. To demonstrate the versatility, nine ketones and sulfides of cosmetic and pharmaceutical relevance were prepared, including propiophenone, benzophenone, and diphenyl sulfide. The approach is also amenable to sophisticated upcycling reaction designs and can produce desired products stepwise. The facile and versatile approach will provide a scalable and profitable methodology for upcycling PS waste into value‐added chemicals.

A novel high-performance concrete based on calcium oxide-activated materials reinforced with different fibers

In this study, a high-performance concrete based on calcium oxide-activated materials (HPC-CAM) was developed and studied. Calcium chloride and calcium nitrate additives were used to improve the microstructure of such concrete. In addition, different fibers including steel, recycled PET, basalt, glass, and modified synthetic macro fibers were used to overcome the brittleness of the HPC-CAM geopolymer matrix. Compressive, flexural, water absorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were performed to evaluate the overall characteristics of the specimens thus prepared. The results showed that adding calcium chloride and calcium nitrate increased the compressive strength of HPC-CAM by 69% and 29%, respectively. All samples containing calcium chloride had flexural strengths that were 20% higher than those with calcium nitrate. HPC-CAM samples reinforced with recycled PET fibers and modified synthetic macro-fibers recorded flexural toughness values that were 8- and 6-fold greater than those for steel fibers. The highest calcium silicate hydrate gel (C–S–H) and Si–O-T (T = Si or Al) peaks were obtained in HPC-CAM containing calcium chloride.

Mechanical, gamma rays and neutron radiation transmission properties for some ZnO–TeO2–P2O5-ZnX glasses

Oxyhalide glasses are utilized in the process of immobilizing nuclear waste and function as scintillating agents for the purpose of radiation detection. The objective of this study is to examine the enhanced mechanical and radiation attenuation characteristics of newly developed oxyhalide glasses by incorporating zinc-iodide. This study investigates the synthesis process, mechanical properties, and experimental gamma-neutron radiation transmission properties. A halogen-free base glass, consisting of an oxide mixture of P2O5, TeO2, and ZnO, was synthesized. Following that, the initial glass composition was further strengthened by the addition of zinc bromide (ZnBr2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), zinc fluoride (ZnF2), and zinc iodide (ZnI2) in a successive manner. The experimental configuration entailed positioning circular glass samples between a 133Ba radioisotope and a Canberra High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The determination of attenuation coefficients is achieved through the measurement of individual attenuation properties. Afterwards, theoretical approaches are utilized to determine the mechanical characteristics of halogenated glasses, including Young's modulus (Y), Bulk modulus (K), Shear modulus (G), Longitudinal modulus (L), and Poisson's modulus (v). The results of the study suggest that the implementation of the halogenation process on the P2O5–TeO2–ZnO base composition led to a significant enhancement in the examined properties. The incorporation of zinc-iodide in the halogenation process resulted in a significant improvement in the gamma absorption properties. The utilization of zinc in the halogenation process demonstrates multifunctional capabilities, which involve the potential to enhance various glass properties, including durability and gamma-ray absorption properties. It can be concluded that zinc-iodide demonstrates enhanced halogenation capabilities in comparison to zinc bromide, zinc chloride, and zinc fluoride.

Effects of nitrogen addition on greenhouse gas fluxes during continuous freeze-thaw cycles in a cold temperate forest.

Both nitrogen (N) deposition and soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) induce pulses of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cold temperate zones due to changes in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover. However, the combined effects of N addition and FTCs on GHG fluxes have received little research attention, particularly in boreal forests. We conducted a laboratory incubation experiment using intact soil cores from Rhododendron dauricum-Larix dahurica plots to investigate the GHG flux response to these combined effects. We separated the soil samples into seven groups (no, low, medium, and high sodium nitrate addition and low, medium, and high ammonium chloride addition) and exposed each group to continuous FTC conditions. The N2O and CO2 emissions were eventually stimulated by the FTCs, while CH4 uptake was inhibited by FTCs but responded differently under different N addition treatments. All the treatments had substantially increased N2O emissions compared to the control. However, the soil respiration rate significantly increased only with medium sodium nitrate addition, and high levels of N addition (regardless of form) inhibited CH4 uptake. These findings demonstrate that FTCs and N addition (in various forms and levels) have considerable effects on GHG emissions in temperate forest ecosystems. Moreover, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and inorganic nitrogen in soil are potential factors that drive GHG emissions and are necessary considerations in predicting future feedback effects of GHG emissions on climate change.

Effect and mechanism of DC magnetic field combined with calcium chloride on saltiness and flavor enhancement of low salt pork gel

This study intended to investigate the synergistic effect of direct current magnetic field (DC-MF) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on improving the saltiness and quality of pork gel and to explore the potential adjustment mechanisms involved. Pork mince was subjected to low-salt treatment of DC-MF for 3 h (T1), CaCl2 substitution (T2) or DC-MF combined with CaCl2 (T3) respectively under high and low salt controls (HC and LC). Heat-induced gels of pork mince were prepared and analyzed in terms of gel texture, saltiness perception, moisture status, salt release and protein structure. Results indicated that DC-MF combined with CaCl2 treatment could reduce the addition of sodium chloride by 5% while maintaining the saltiness and overall acceptability of mince as well as improving its texture and yield. Further studies revealed that DC-MF in concert with CaCl2 treatment could not only increase the moisture content of mince gel, but also enhance saltiness perception by causing gel matrix to release salt-bearing juices under external forces. The energy spectrum analysis also illustrated that co-treatment technique could avoid the salt loss of minced meat during cooking process. Finally, a possible potential regulatory mechanism was speculated that the synergistic action of DC-MF and CaCl2 could alter the gel texture and sodium salt availability by modifying protein conformation and inducing a competitive binding reaction site for calcium and sodium ions. In conclusion, synergistic treatment by DC-MF and CaCl2 was a potential strategy in meat salt reduction.

A comparative study on the physicochemical characteristics and protein digestibility of tofu induced by magnesium chloride or combined with transglutaminase

SummaryIn this study, tofu was prepared through the addition of transglutaminase (TGase) for pre‐crosslinking at varying durations (1, 2 and 3 h), followed by the addition of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) to soymilk. The physicochemical properties and protein digestibility were analysed. Results indicated that, with the prolongation of TGase pre‐crosslinking time, the zeta‐potential absolute value and the average particle size of soymilk increased gradually. In contrast, the pH value remained unchanged (P > 0.05), suggesting that the colloidal stability of soymilk improved with TGase treatment. Both the water‐holding capacity (WHC) and gel strength of tofu gels exhibited a first increasing and then decreasing trend with prolonged pre‐crosslinking time. Notably, the highest WHC and hardness values of tofu gels prepared by adding MgCl2 after pre‐crosslinking with TGase for 1 h were 96.5 ± 0.5% and 363.9 ± 28.3 g, respectively. Subsequently, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of tofu samples prepared under this condition was conducted to determine changes in soluble protein content, small peptide content and protein hydrolysis spectrum. Gastric and intestinal digestion phases were the primary stages of protein hydrolysis, and the bioavailability of proteins in TGase+MgCl2‐induced tofu was higher than in MgCl2‐coagulated tofu. Therefore, tofu prepared through TGase pre‐treatment was more conducive to soybean protein digestion and absorption.

Structure, chemical durability, and mechanical properties of alkaline tungsten phosphates glasses

Chloro-tungstate-phosphate glasses, LiCl–Li2WO4–P2O5, were synthesized using the melting-quenching route. The introduction impact of lithium chloride on the alkali tungstate phosphate network is investigated through the structural, chemical, and mechanical characteristics. The findings show that vitreous materials may be produced with lithium chloride contents below 30 mol%. It is also found that the addition of lithium chloride into the phosphate glass network affects the chemical durability of the glasses. Examination of the mechanical characteristics reveals that lithium chloride causes a decrease in the elastic constants of the glasses, including the longitudinal modulus (L), shear modulus (S), Young's modulus (E), bulk modulus (K), and Poisson coefficient. The bond strength approach is used to estimate and interpret the Vickers hardness values of the glasses. On the other hand, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is performed to study their structural arrangement.

The Prokaryotic Community Structure of Oil-Contaminated Chernozem during the Introduction of Nitrate and Potassium Chloride

The effect of nitrate and potassium chloride salts, on the structure of the metabolically active prokaryotic community of oil-contaminated chernozem has been studied. Molecular biological approaches and bioinformatic methods of analysis were used in the study. The objects of the study were samples of chernozem selected in the Voronezh region (N 51°1′41″, E 40°43′31″). The phylogenetic and functional diversity of the prokaryotic complex of oil-contaminated chernozem was considered when introducing nitrate and potassium chloride under conditions of a slightly alkaline reaction of the medium. Contamination of chernozem with oil in an amount of 5% of the soil mass led to alkalinization of the medium from 7.1 to 7.9. The introduction of nitrate and potassium chloride, both separately and together in a total dose of 2 mmol/100 g of soil removed this negative effect. The combined addition of nitrate and potassium chloride led to a more than twofold increase in the biomass of metabolically active prokaryotic cells and the number of copies of functional genes responsible for the synthesis of alkanmonooxygenase enzymes involved in the decomposition of oil. In the presence of oil, the formation of a specific complex of bacteria was revealed, in which representatives of A-ctinobacteria (Rhodococcus erythropolis) and Alphaproteobacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) prevailed. Rhodococcus erythropolis and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, being autochthonous organisms in uncontaminated soil, began to occupy dominant positions in oil-contaminated samples, and the introduction of nitrates enhanced this effect.

Boron removal from high sulfate-containing coal-fired power plant wastewater by an ultrasound/bipolar electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes

Boron in coal-fired power plant (CFPP) wastewater is difficult to remove by the electrocoagulation (EC) process due to its high sulfate concentration. Sulfate significantly decreases the aluminum ions released from aluminum anodes by forming low-solubility aluminum-sulfate-hydroxides on the surface of electrodes. Moreover, boron can cause repassivation after pitting corrosion initiated by chloride due to borate's alkalinity. Previously, adding chloride was perceived as a solution to induce pitting, thereby enhancing the boron removal. However, adding chloride, was ineffective in causing pitting to improve boron removal by EC in the presence of high sulfate concentrations. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the application of ultrasound and chloride could improve the efficiency of boron removal via electrocoagulation when present of high sulfate concentration. We combine ultrasound (US) and chloride addition to overcome the repassivation and evaluate the effect of restraining repassivation by current efficiency. The results demonstrated that the US application effectively eliminates the passive film, significantly improving the current efficiency from 52.4 % to 102 %. Integration of US and chloride addition could dramatically enhance boron removal by BEC, elevating the removal capacity from 11 mg/L to 29 mg/L. Through the synergistic effect of ultrasound and chloride ions, we can prevent repassivation and the associated decline in current efficiency, significantly extending the practical application range of electrocoagulation.

Mechanochemical synthesis of spinel cobalt ferrite nanopowders: Mathematical modeling and experiment

The mechanochemical synthesis of a three-component powder mixture in a high-energy mill has been experimentally and theoretically studied using a macroscopic mathematical model. The modes of mechanochemical synthesis of nanoproducts with the required characteristics were determined. The discrete operating mode of the mill automatically ensures the development of the chemical process under “soft”, almost isothermal conditions, rather than in an explosive mode. The addition of inert sodium chloride optimizes the mechanochemical synthesis of nanoparticles. An analytical formula linking the degree of mechanochemical conversion with the time of mechanical treatment and the concentration of the inert component in the starting mixture was derived. Theoretical calculations were analytically compared with experimental data on the mechanochemical synthesis of spinel cobalt ferrite nanopowders.

A rapid and simple multi-residue methodology for quantification of anthelmintic macrocyclic lactones in cow, sheep and goat milk by HPLC: development, validation and application for the real samples

Anthelmintic macrocyclic lactones (MLs) [ivermectin (IVM), abamectin (ABA), doramectin (DRM), eprinomectin (EPR) and moxidectin (MXD)] are used worldwide for the treatment of parasitic infections in large and small ruminants because of their low mammalian toxicity and higher efficacy against internal and external parasites at low dose levels. A rapid, simple and sensitive HPLC and a modified QuEChERS extraction method were developed and validated for the analysis of five anthelmintic MLs residues in cow, sheep and goat milk. The analytes were extracted from milk samples by acetonitrile deproteinization, followed by the addition of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride to generate a phase partition. HPLC separation was conducted at 50⁰C using a C18 analytical column (Zorbax, Eclipse Plus, 250 mm × 4,6 mm, 5µ). The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile: methanol: water (58:38:4, v/v/v), delivered by an isocratic program at the flow rate of 1.3 ml/min. The elution of five analytes was completed within 11 min. The fluorescence detector (FLD) was set at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm and an emission wavelength of 470 nm. Recoveries ranged between 78.44% and 92.66%. The quantification limits (LOQ) of anthelmintic MLs in the milk samples from 3 different ruminant species ranged between 2.01 and 3.10 ng/g. The developed method was validated in accordance with the criteria of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity, decision limit, detection and quantification limits, recovery, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity were determined, and satisfactory results were obtained. This developed and validated method is rapid, simple, sensitive and environmentally friendly, and can be used for multiple residue analyses of anthelmintic MLs in cow, sheep and goat milk for human consumption. The quantification limits for all drugs were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs), making the method appropriate for routine testing. Finally, the application of this method was assessed using real samples of cow, sheep and goat milk. The presence of MLs was confirmed in 8 out of 70 tested milk samples, which shows the method can be successfully used to determine the residue of anthelmintic MLs in three types of milk.

Complexation between egg yolk protein hydrolysate, phytic acid and calcium ion: Binding mechanisms and influence on protein digestibility and calcium uptake

Phytic acid (PA) is an antinutrient that can affect calcium (Ca2+) and nutrient absorption in the human body. In this study, a novel egg yolk protein hydrolysate (EYPH) with high Ca2+-binding ability was prepared. The interaction between EYPH, PA and Ca2+ and the influence of these interactions on protein digestibility and Ca2+ transport was studied. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) technology was used to explore the interaction mechanism between EYPHs, PA and Ca2+ at pH 2.0 and 7.0. Results showed that the binary interactions (PA and Ca2+, Ca2+ and EYPHs, EYPHs and PA) and ternary interaction occurred (PA, Ca2+ and EYPHs) at pH 7.0. However, under the condition of pH 2.0, only the binary interaction between EYPH and PA was performed and the ternary complex was not found. The above interaction significantly (p < 0.05) influenced protein digestibility and Ca2+ transport in vitro. PA significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the digestibility of EYPH and an increase was seen after the calcium chloride addition in the PA-EYPH reaction system. Besides, PA significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the Ca2+ transport (77%) in the small intestine, but it presented a significant (p < 0.05) increase after the EYPH addition (3.62 time). These results can provide important insights for studying the interactions, protein behavior and Ca2+ uptake of complex mixtures.

Constructing in-situ SOCl2-induced protective layer on Li anode for high-performance Li–O2 batteries containing LiI redox mediator

Li–O2 batteries have attracted wide attention on account of the ever-increasing demand of high energy density systems. However, their practical application is still facing many critical problems, especially the slurry reaction rate/serious side reactions on cathodes and the fast growth of Li dendrites/passivating layers on anodes. Therefore, we design an in-situ formed coating layer on Li metal anode by introducing thionyl chloride (SOCl2) additives into the Li–O2 system with a redox mediator (RM), LiI. The robust and uniform SOCl2-derived layer can effectively prevent the attack of O2/O2–, which inhibits the surface passivation of Li metal anode and greatly supresses the infinite dendrite growth. Additionally, the SOCl2 additive also contributes to a certain specific capacity of the Li–O2 cells at full discharge/charge conditions. Moreover, the SOCl2-derived coating layer can almost completely stop the diffusion of the soluble I-based RM on Li metal anode to eliminate contiunous side reactions between them. The symmetrical batteries containing SOCl2 display lower overpotentials and longer cycling life than those of cells without SOCl2. More importantly, the SOCl2 based Li–O2 batteries with LiI exhibit the extra-high capacity (31000 mAh g−1), ultra-small voltage polarization (∼1.4 V), and extended operation life (190 cycles).

Технология извлечения полезных компонентов из горючих сланцев месторождения Актау

This paper describes technologies for processing of oil shales and determines parameters of thermal decomposition without oxygen access (pyrolysis) and hydrometallurgical methods for extracting useful components. The following methods are presented: leaching to extract valuable components into a sulfuric acid solution, and selective extraction to ion-exchange resins by sorption of valuable components of vanadium and molybdenum. The presented methods are not implemented on an industrial scale, since there is no oil shale processing in the Republic. Perspective technological schemes of oil shale ash processing are analyzed. The process involves the addition of sodium chloride to the process of thermal decomposition without access to oxygen (pyrolysis). The resulting ash is leached in vats with sulfuric acid 160 g/l, at room temperature, T : W = 1 : 5, duration 60 minutes. The resulting metal-bearing sulfuric acid solution is filtered and sent to sorption and precipitation. Extraction of vanadium and molybdenum into solution is more than 60–70 %. It should be noted that with an increase in the consumption of sulfuric acid over 160 g/l, the concentration of metals in the productive solution does not increase. The ion-exchange resins of the English company PUROLITE were used to extract metals from the productive solutions of leaching of oil shale ash from the Aktau deposit: for the extraction of molybdenum — A-100 Mo grade, and vanadium — A-109 grade.

Chloride-Based Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells.

Metal halide perovskite based tandem solar cells are promising to achieve power conversion efficiency beyond the theoretical limit of their single-junction counterparts. However, overcoming the significant open-circuit voltage deficit present in wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells remains a major hurdle for realizing efficient and stable perovskite tandem cells. Here, a holistic approach to overcoming challenges in 1.8eV perovskite solar cells is reported by engineering the perovskite crystallization pathway by means of chloride additives. In conjunction with employing a self-assembled monolayer as the hole-transport layer, an open-circuit voltage of 1.25V and a power conversion efficiency of 17.0% are achieved. The key role of methylammonium chloride addition is elucidated in facilitating the growth of a chloride-rich intermediate phase that directs crystallization of the desired cubic perovskite phase and induces more effective halide homogenization. The as-formed 1.8eV perovskite demonstrates suppressed halide segregation and improved optoelectronic properties.

Extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin by Aqueous Two-Phase System Using PEG4000/Sodium Citrate and PEG8000/Sodium Phosphate

Aqueous Two Phase System (ATPS) or liquid-liquid extraction is used in biotechnology to recover valuable compounds from raw sources. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, many factors influence the Partition coefficient, K, (which is the ratio of protein concentration in the top phase to that in the bottom phase) and the Recovery percentage (Rec%). In this research, two systems of ATPS were used: first, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000/Sodium citrate (SC), and the second, PEG8000/ Sodium phosphate (SPH), for the extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The behavior of Rec% and K of pure (BSA) in ATPS has been investigated throughout the study by the effects of five parameters: temperature, concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG4000 and PEG8000), the concentration of Sodium citrate or Sodium phosphate, pH, and the addition of sodium chloride as a supporting agent. The recovery percentage of BSA and its partition coefficient are significantly influenced by these factors to various degrees. The most influential variable in this study is PEG concentration for both systems. In addition to the PEG concentration, the stabilizing impact of NaCl is a crucial factor. The interaction between biomolecules and PEG gets more hydrophobic as the PEG concentration is raised. In the first system (PEG4000/SC), the maximum recovery percentage and partition coefficient were 98.99% and 97.69, respectively, at 31°C, PEG4000 concentration 1.5g/10 ml, Sodium citrate concentration 2.7 g/10 ml, pH 10, and 0.5 M NaCl concentration. While in the second system (PEG8000/SPH), the maximum recovery percentage and partition coefficient was 98.93% and 92.12, respectively, at 31oC, PEG8000 concentration 1.5 g/10 ml, Sodium phosphate concentration 2.4 g/10 ml, pH 10, and concentration of NaCl 0.5 M.

Review of the utilization of plastic waste in asphalt pavements in hot climate conditions – KSA as a case study

In recent years, many global efforts have been made to advocate for the incorporation of recyclable waste materials into construction projects that utilize versatile asphalt. Hence, this review presents the use of modified asphalt with recyclable plastic materials in road construction as it relates to stability under extreme high temperatures. As per previous analysis, the addition of plastic does increase permanent resistance along with the increased work capacity of the asphalt. Although the effect of temperature on the asphalt shows no clear-cut results, the work capacity preferably increases at low temperatures. Current results have shown that the addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) does not provide strength to the asphalt because of its high melting nature; however, the addition of polypropylene (PP) provides substantial strength to asphalt when used in the construction of roads. Moreover, the addition of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) does not provide much more strength when implemented on a large scale. This report presents bonding interactions between asphalt and plastic waste that demonstrate that chemical molecular modeling can be used to predict recyclable modified asphalt stability. Hence, FTIR data supports that adhesive interactions exist between the asphalt and plastic polymer materials. Modified asphalt mixtures demonstrated high levels of improvement with the addition of ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) and styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS), as these structures provide strength characterized by C–H and C-O bond stretching generated with Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR). Furthermore, identifying the microstructural changes of asphalt modified with plastics and following the physical dispersions are made easier with the use of SEM imaging analysis.