Addition Of Carbendazim Research Articles

Highly sensitive fluorescent quantification of carbendazim by two-dimensional Tb-MOF nanosheets for food safety.

Carbendazim (CBZ), a well-known benzimidazole pesticide, is utilized in agriculture to prevent and cure plant diseases caused by fungi. Residual CBZ in food poses serious threat to human health. Herein, a fluorescent two-dimensional terbium-based metal-organic framework (2D Tb-MOF) nanosheet sensor was developed for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of CBZ. The 2D Tb-MOF nanosheets, prepared with Tb3+ ions and 5-borono-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BBDC) as the precursors, exhibited excellent optical properties. Upon the addition of CBZ, the fluorescence of Tb-MOF nanosheets was quenched because of the inner filter effect (IFE) and dynamic quenching. The fluorescence sensor offered two linear ranges of 0.06-4 and 4-40µg/mL with a low detection limit of 17.95ng/mL. Furthermore, the proposed sensing platform was successfully applied to assay CBZ in apples and tea, and satisfactory results were obtained. This study provides an effective alternative strategy for the qualitative and quantitative determination of CBZ to ensure food safety.

Occurrence and impact of carbendazim and hymexazol residues on yeast and ochratoxin A contamination during wine production.

Grapes are vulnerable to carbon black aspergilli, which can produce the mycotoxin, Ochratoxin A (OTA). Carbendazim and hymexazol, are widely applied to control grape diseases. Fungicides, toxigenic fungus and OTA can be transferred from grapes to wine causing potential safety issues. But during the vinification, the impact of these residues per fungal populations and OTA are currently unclear. Here we investigated the effects of carbendazim and hymexazol on viability of A. carbonarius and OTA contamination during an indoor wine processing experiment. The population size of A. carbonarius substantially increased at 24 h then significantly decreased at 72 h after destemming and crushing, but carbendazim and hymexazol notably inhibited the amounts of A. carbonarius in must samples. Yeast growth was substantially slowed by carbendazim, hymexazol, and OTA during the first 3 d compared with the control. Carbendazim, hymexazol and OTA residues declined over time, and the processing factors for carbendazim and hymexazol throughout vinification were 0.164, 0.074 and 0.185-0.476, respectively. In addition, carbendazim and hymexazol individually reduced OTA concentrations. However, there was no significant difference after 48 h. Addition of carbendazim or hymexazol significantly reduced the level of A. carbonarius while had no significant effect on the final concentration of OTA in mature wine. While the wine-making process can reduce the residues of OTA, carbendazim and hymexazol in grapes, it is recommended to choose grapes that are free of A. carbonarius contamination to make wine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Nanogold sol plasmon discattering assay for trace carbendazim in tea coupled aptamer with Au3+-glyoxal-carbon dot nanocatalytic reaction.

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a broad-spectrum fungicide, which is toxic to mammals. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish a sensitive detection for food safety. An experiment found that CDFe exhibited excellent catalysis for the nano-indicator reaction of HAuCl4-glyoxal to produce gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and that the generated AuNPs have a very strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect at 1613 cm-1 in the presence of Victoria blue B molecular probes, and resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) signals at 370 nm. The aptamer (Apt) suppressed the catalysis of CDFe to cause the SERS and RRS signals decreasing. With the addition of CBZ, the specific Apt reaction occurred to restore the catalysis of CDFe, and resulting in a linear increase in the signals of RRS and SERS. As a result, this new nanocatalytic amplification indicator reaction was coupled with a specific Apt reaction of carbendazim (CBZ), to construct a new CDFe catalytic amplification-aptamer SERS/RRS discattering assay for ultratrace CBZ, which was used to analyze CBZ in tea samples with satisfactory results. In addition, this biosensoring platform can be also used to assay profenofos.

A highly sensitive detection of carbendazim pesticide in food based on the upconversion-MnO2 luminescent resonance energy transfer biosensor

Carbendazim (CBZ) pesticide residues in food products have become a growing concern in recent years. Herein, a sensitive biosensor for detecting CBZ was developed based on luminescent resonance energy transfer (LRET) from aptamer labeled upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs, donor) to manganese dioxide (MnO2, acceptor) nanosheets. The strong overlap between the absorption spectrum of MnO2 and the UCNPs fluorescence emission allowed the luminescence quenching. With the addition of CBZ, it tended to bind with specific aptamers, which culminated in the UCNPs-aptamer dropping off MnO2 nanosheets and restoring the fluorescence. A linear calibration plot between logarithmic CBZ concentration and fluorescence intensity was acquired in the range of 0.1–5000 ng·mL−1, with a limit of detection 0.05 ng·mL−1, indicating that the UCNPs- MnO2 aptasensor is a rapid, sensitive and specific quantitative detection platform for CBZ. Furthermore, the precision and accuracy of the developed LRET biosensor was validated by HPLC method with no significant differences.

Study on infection of blueberry explants with different antibiotics

The effects of streptomycin sulfate, carbendazim, penicillin and nystatin on the inhibition of fungi and bacteria in blueberry explants were studied. The results showed that the addition of streptomycin sulfate or penicillin with different concentrations in the medium had a certain inhibitory and killing effect on bacteria in blueberry explant contamination, while the addition of carbendazim or nystatin had a certain inhibitory and killing effect on fungi in blueberry explant contamination. When the concentration of streptomycin sulfate in the medium reached 60units / mL, the highest survival rate was 44.0%, and the bacterial infection rate was the lowest. When the concentration of carbendazim in the medium was 0.4 mg/mL, the survival rate reached 40.5%, and the fungal infection rate decreased greatly. When the penicillin concentration in the medium reached 40mg/mL, the lowest infection rate of bacteria was 4.0%, and the highest survival rate was 31.5%. When the concentration of nystatin in the medium reached 40mg/L, the highest survival rate was 34.5%. Therefore, streptomycin sulfate had better inhibitory effect on bacteria, while carbendazim had better inhibitory effect on fungi, which provided reference for future research.

Influence of fungicides on toxigenic properties of phytopathogenic fungi

Fusarium infection promotes losses of yield and death of plants. Fusarium infections are dangerous because grains contain fusariotoxins that cause intoxication in humans and animals, as well as necrosis of plant tissues and changes in plant growth. Fungicides inhibit the growth of mycelium, but strobilurins are known to promote the production of mycotoxins by fungi, and triazoles, on the contrary, reduce the production of deoxynivalenol. The toxigenic effect of fungicides was assessed by biotest method. Wheat grains were germinated with the addition of disinfected culture fluid. The culture fluid after the cultivation of Fusarium oxysporum with addition of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in small doses was toxic for grains. The death of a significant part of the grains was noted in it. The fungistatic effect of small doses was not expressed. Therefore, the adaptation of the fungus was realized as a change in metabolism. High doses of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in culture fluid increased seed germination. Those doses had a fungistatic effect. The addition of carbendazim increased the fungistatic effect and decreased the toxicity of the strain. Development of combined fungicides with sufficient doses of active substances reduces the risk of inhibition of the growth of the protected crops.

A novel and sensitive ratiometric fluorescence assay for carbendazim based on N-doped carbon quantum dots and gold nanocluster nanohybrid

A novel fluorescence “turn on” ratiometric fluorescent sensor was employed to determine carbendazim. The sensing process was achieved through the strong fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) and gold nanocluster (AuNCs). The photoluminescence intensity of N-CQDs can be deactivated by AuNCs through FRET effect and recovered by the addition of carbendazim. The ratiometric detection of carbendazim is achieved by recording the photoluminescence and second-order Rayleigh scattering (SRS) signal of N-CQDs/AuNCs system. With the introduction of carbendazim to the sensing platform resulted in the photoluminescence and SRS signal of N-CQDS/AuNCs enhancing. UV–vis absorption, Zeta potential and fluorescence lifetime analyses indicate that the fluorescence turn on process can be attributed to the aggregation of AuNCs breaks the FRET process and increases SRS intensity. N-CQDs/AuNCs probe present a good sensitivity and selectivity for carbendazim detection, with two linear response ranges (1−100 μM, 150−1000 μM), low detection limit of 0.83 μM and 37.25 μM. Furthermore, real sample analyses indicate that the as-presented sensor has potentials in carbendazim determination in real sample analyses.

Carbendazim dissipation in the biomixture of on-farm biopurification systems and its effect on microbial communities

The impact of repeated carbendazim (CARB) applications on the extent of CARB dissipation, the microbial diversity, the community level physiological profile (CLPP), and the enzymatic activity within the biomixture of an on-farm biopurification system was evaluated. After three successive CARB applications, the CARB dissipation efficiency was high; the efficiency of dissipation was 87%, 94% and 96% after each application, respectively. Although microbial enzymatic activity was affected significantly by CARB application, it could recover after each CARB pulse. Likewise, the numbers of cultivable bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes (as measured in CFUs) were slightly affected by the addition of CARB, but the inhibitory effect of the pesticide application was temporary. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and Biolog Ecoplate assays demonstrated that the microbial populations remained relatively stable over time when compared to the control. The results obtained herein therefore demonstrate the high dissipation capacity of this biomixture and highlight the microbiological robustness of this biological system.

Impact of coexistence of carbendazim, atrazine, and imidacloprid on their adsorption, desorption, and mobility in soil

The effect of coexisting pesticide on adsorption/desorption and mobility of another one was investigated with carbendazim (CBD), imidacloprid (IDP), and atrazine (ATR). The data indicated that adsorption of CBD, ATR, and IDP on the tested soil was fitted well by Freundlich equation and increased with an order of IDP < ATR ≪ CBD. Adsorption of a pesticide was decreased by the coexistence of another one through their competitive adsorption. The presence of coexisting solute of the more adsorbability played a more important role than that of the lesser adsorbability. The adsorption of IDP and ATR was easier to be affected by 28.9-52.0% and 31.1-60.7% with the addition of CBD, while that of CBD was much less influenced by 3.4-18.1% and 6.9-31.8% with the presence of ATR and IDP, respectively. An adsorbability-related enhancement in desorption of the three pesticides by the co-adsorbed solute was also observed. As a result of competitive adsorption/desorption, the mobility of the pesticides estimated from soil thin-layer chromatography was altered. The results clearly illustrated that adsorbability and concentration-related alteration in adsorption/desorption and mobility will be caused by the coexistence of pesticides.

Relationship between Solubility, Moisture Sorption Isotherms and Morphology of Chitosan/methylcellulose Films with Different Carbendazim Content

Chitosan and methylcellulose are popular biopolymer materials that are used in films and as coatings for food products. The addition of carbendazim which is an antimicrobial agent to these biopolymers can lead to changes in solubility, moisture sorption isotherm and the morphology of the chitosan/methylcellulose films (C/MC) at various carbendazim contents (0.8; 1.6; 3.2 and 4.8 g/100 g of solid C/MC). C/MC films with carbendazim had lower solubility values than control films. The moisture sorption isotherms of C/MC films incorporated with carbendazim were examined for water activities in the range of 0.11-0.86 at 25±0.5oC. These isotherms showed that carbendazim content affected the equilibrium moisture content (%EMC) of the films and the %EMC of all films dramatically increased above aw=0.66. The C/MC films incorporated with carbendazim exhibited lower %EMC than that of the control films under all relative humidity conditions. The changes of the moisture sorption isotherms of the C/MC films at different carbendazim contents can be related to changes in cross-section morphology of these films. By understanding the behavior of the sorption isotherms, it is possible to predict the moisture sorption properties of C/MC films via moisture sorption empirical models. The Guggenheim–Anderson–deBoer (GAB), Brunauer-Emett-Teller (BET) and Oswin sorption models were used to fit the experimental data. Our results show that the GAB model was the best-fit model for C/MC films incorporated with carbendazim at 25±0.5oC.

Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil

Carbendazim, a systemic benzimidazole fungicide, is applied repeatedly to control plant diseases including soilborne diseases, over a growing season. Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil. The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency. The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d(-1) to 0.79 d(-1). The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications. No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment, but a slight increase in average well color development (AWCD) was shown after second, third, and fourth applications. It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application. Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil, indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application. However, after first, second, and third addition of carbendazim, McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly higher compared with the control, suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.

Toxic effects of carbendazim and n‐butyl isocyanate, metabolites of the fungicide benomyl, on early development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

We investigated the toxic effects of carbendazim and n-butyl isocyanate (BIC), metabolites of the fungicide benomyl, on development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. To test the toxic effects, frog embryo teratogenesis assays using Xenopus were performed. Embryos were exposed to various concentrations of carbendazim (0-7 microM) and BIC (0-0.2 microM). LC(100) for carbendazim and BIC were 7 and 0.2 microM, respectively, and the corresponding LC(50), determined by probit analysis, were 5.606 and 0.135 microM. Exposure to carbendazim concentrations > or = 3 microM and BIC concentrations > or = 0.1 microM resulted in 10 different types of severe external malformation. Histological examinations revealed dysplasia of the brain, eyes, intestine, and somatic muscle, and swelling of the pronephric ducts. These phenomena were common in both test groups. The tissue-specific toxic effects were investigated with an animal cap assay. Neural tissues are normally induced at a high frequency by activin A, however, the induction of neural tissues was strongly inhibited by the addition of carbendazim. Conversely, the addition of BIC resulted in weak inhibition of neural tissues. Electron micrographs of animal cap explants revealed degeneration of cell junctions in the carbendazim-treated group, but not in the BIC-treated group. Numerous residual yolk platelets and mitochondrial degeneration were commonly observed in both test groups. The gene expression of cultivated animal cap explants was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and revealed that expression of the neural-specific marker neural cell adhesion molecule was more strongly inhibited in the carbendazim-treated group than in the BIC-treated group.

Effect of carbendazim and physicochemical factors on the growth and ochratoxin A production of Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from grapes

Carbendazim is a systemic fungicide that is commonly used on several crops (tobacco, fruit, vegetables, cereals, etc.). This fungicide is used to control fungal infections in vineyards. It is indicated against Botrytis cinerea, Uncinula necator, Plasmopara viticola and other fungi and can be used either alone or coupled with other fungicides. However, there is a lack of in-depth studies to evaluate its effectiveness against growth of Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from grapes and OTA production. A medium based on red grape juice was used in this study. Preliminary studies were performed at 0.98 a w and 25 °C using carbendazim concentrations over a wide range (1–2000 ng/ml medium) to control both growth of a strain of A. carbonarius isolated from grape and its ability to produce OTA. As the lag phase increased considerably at levels > 1000 ng/ml of medium, detailed studies were carried out in the range 50–450 ng/ml of medium at 0.98–0.94 a w and 20–28 °C. Statistical analysis (multifactor ANOVA) of the data revealed that the three factors assayed and the interactions a w–carbendazim concentration and a w–temperature had significant effects on lag phase duration. The highest lag-times were observed at 0.94 a w, 20 °C, and with 450 ng carbendazim/ml. The three factors also had significant effects of the growth rate and there was an interaction between a w and temperature. The growth rate of A. carbonarius in these cultures is favoured by high water availability and relatively high temperatures. However, addition of carbendazim at the assayed levels did not significantly influenced fungal growth rate. Accumulation of OTA was studied as a function of four factors (the three previously considered, and time). All factors had significant effects on the accumulation of OTA. There were also two significant interactions ( a w–temperature and temperature–time). On the basis of the results obtained, carbendazim does not increase the lag phase of A. carbonarius except at relatively low a w and temperatures. It does not substantially decrease fungal growth rate once growth is apparent but it appears to cause an increase in OTA accumulation in the medium at the doses assayed. Carbendazim, which is widely used against fungal infections in grape, can positively influence OTA production by A. carbonarius in field, which can increase OTA content in grape juices and wines.

Direct Measurement of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Phosphorus Uptake into Field‐Grown Winter Wheat

The aim of the study was to measure hyphal P uptake by native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using a test system designed for field conditions. Phosphorus uptake by external hyphae of a native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community was studied in the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Stava) crop of an organic cropping rotation. Mesh containers containing a soil volume accessible only to external hyphae were buried in the ground. The soil inside these hyphal compartments (HCs) was labeled with 32P to distinguish P taken up from inside the HCs from overall P uptake. As an additional control treatment, half of the HCs received the fungicide carbendazim [methyl benzimidazol 2‐y carbamate] at a rate known to disrupt AM hyphal P uptake. Wheat tillers were harvested throughout the experimental period to monitor the time course of hyphal P uptake. Final harvest was at plant maturity, at which time the HCs were excavated and the soil inside was analyzed for hyphal length, NaHCO3–extractable P and specific activity of the extracted P. External hyphae of the native AM fungi grew into the HCs without added carbendazim and took up substantial amounts of P. Addition of carbendazim at a rate known to inhibit hyphal P uptake resulted in no P uptake from inside those HCs. This is due to the design of the HCs used in this study, which successfully prevented P uptake by plant roots and root hairs from inside the HCs. The HCs are therefore well suited for field measurements of plant P uptake via external hyphae of the native AM fungi. Estimates for length‐specific hyphal P uptake per unit time (37.8 ± 5.2 fmol P m−1 s−1) were similar to published estimates obtained in growth chamber studies with cultured isolates of AM fungi (1–430 fmol P m−1 s−1). The results of this study demonstrate the considerable contribution of native AM fungi to overall P uptake of field‐grown winter wheat, even at typical field soil fertility levels (28 μg NaHCO3–extractable P g−1 soil).

Evaluation of fungicides for control of eyespot disease and yield loss nationships in winter wheat

Following the discovery of resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the cereal eyespot pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in the UK in 1981, and an initial in vitro screen to select the fungicides with greatest activity against the pathogen, 40 field experiments were carried out between 1983 and 1986 to evaluate alternative fungicides for control of eyespot. At the majority of experimental sites, benomyl‐resistant strains of the pathogen were present, and carbendazim did not control eyespot. Prochloraz was the most effective fungicide, reducing the eyespot index by 30–60%. There was no extra benefit from adding carbendazim to prochloraz. Flusilazole was almost as effective as prochloraz, but other fungicides had little or no effect. At sites with a high incidence of eyespot, prochloraz, with or without the addition of carbendazim, generally gave the largest yield increase. The mean yield increases each year were in the range 0·36–0·85 t/ha, and the greatest yield increase at any site was 2·27 t/ha. Most other fungicides increased yield, but carbendazim did not from 1984 to 1986. There were also yield increases at many sites with a low incidence of eyespot. Yield increases were associated with increases in thousand‐grain weight at the majority of sites, but in only a few instances were there associated increases in specific weight. Prochloraz application at GS30‐31 was cost effective at 71% of sites. At most sites, in regression of yield on eyespot, eyespot accounted for less than 25% of the variance in yield. The mean relationship between severe eyespot lesions and yield loss was such that each 1% increase in the percentage of tillers affected by severe eyespot was associated with a yield loss of 0·21 %. There was a significant positive correlation between eyespot at GS75 and GS30‐31, and between yield increase from prochloraz treatment (at GS30‐31) and eyespot at GS75, but not between yield increase and eyespot at GS30‐31. The ADAS threshold for fungicide application of 20% tillers affected at GS30‐31 was a reliable indicator of the cost‐effectiveness of treatment at 60% of sites.