Adding Sodium Bicarbonate Research Articles

Chalk in the prime.

After observations of cloudiness in the perfusion circuit at open intracardiac operations, laboratory experiments showed a precipitate in a Hartmann's solution (compound sodium lactate solution, Ringer-lactate) and sodium bicarbonate based priming fluid used for cardiopulmonary bypass. The precipitate was found to consist of calcium carbonate crystals. The crystals were not dissolved by adding plasma proteins, nor were they sufficiently cleared from the extracorporeal circuit by a 40 microns filter in the arterial line. The crystals may embolise in microvascular beds and thus be a cause of postoperative morbidity. The practice of adding sodium bicarbonate to the pump prime may be unnecessary.

Response of Dairy Cows to Sodium Bicarbonate and Limestone in Early Lactation

A total of 108 dairy cows at three locations were fed a diet supplemented with sodium bicarbonate and limestone during the first 16 wk of lactation. Complete mixed diets were fed for ad libitum intake and consisted of concentrate and corn silage (60:40, dry matter). The four treatments were: 1) basal diet, 2) basal plus 1.2% sodium bicarbonate, 3) basal plus 1.4% limestone, and 4) basal plus 1.2% sodium bicarbonate plus 1.4% limestone. Dry matter intake was increased for 8 wk by sodium bicarbonate, then decreased from wk 9 to 16. Intake was decreased by limestone alone or in combination with sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate increased milk production for 8 wk and 4% fat-corrected milk for 16 wk. Average dry matter intake, milk production, and 4% fat-corrected milk (kg/day) for the 16 wk were: 1) 20.2, 31.1, 27.3; 2) 19.8, 32.0, 28.7; 3) 18.9, 31.4, 27.9, and 4) 18.4, 29.7, 27.2 for diets 1 to 4. Ruminal pH was decreased, and volatile fatty acid concentration was increased by added sodium bicarbonate and appeared to result from increased feed intake. Digestibility of nutrients was unaffected by supplements. Sodium bicarbonate affected regulation of blood and urine pH and concentration of electrolytes more than limestone. Serum magnesium was reduced with sodium bicarbonate, although not beyond normal physiological reference range.

Interrelationship Between Phosphorus, Sodium, and Chloride in the Diet of Laying Hens

Two experiments were conducted with commercial egg production type hens to determine the effects of dietary phosphorus, sodium, and chloride levels as related to levels of plasma calcium and phosphorus, blood acid-base balance, and production characteristics. Sodium and chloride were supplied to the diet as sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid, respectively. In Experiment 1, five treatment groups were fed diets ad libitum containing .2, .6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8% total phosphorus. The remaining treatment group was fed a diet containing .4% total phosphorus from 1400 to 2030 hr and 1.4% total phosphorus from 600 to 1100 hr. In Experiment 2, a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used that consisted of three levels of total phosphorus (.2, .6, and 1.4%) and four levels of added sodium (0, .06, .22, and .45%) provided by sodium bicarbonate. Three other treatment groups were fed diets containing .36% supplemental chloride supplied by hydrochloric acid and either .2, .6, or 1.4% total phosphorus.Egg production was decreased in hens fed diets containing 1.8% total phosphorus. Egg specific gravity was decreased by both low and high phosphorus levels. Hens fed .4% total phosphorus in the afternoon produced eggs with higher specific gravity as compared with hens fed 1.4% total phosphorus during the entire experiment. At 1.4% dietary phosphorus, a significant increase in specific gravity was observed when .2 or .8% sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet.Increasing dietary phosphorus resulted in elevated plasma phosphorus and calcium concentration. Plasma phosphorus of hens fed .2 through 1.8% total phosphorus declined slowly from oviposition until 6 hr after oviposition and then reached a peak at 21 hr after oviposition.Blood pH did not change by increasing the dietary phosphorus level or by adding sodium bicarbonate and chloride to the diet. Base-excess (non-HCO3−), bicarbonate, and total CO2 were found to be inversely related to the dietary phosphorus levels.

Asparagine and Glutamine Metabolism in Chicks

In a series of four experiments, asparaginase and glutaminase activity was measured in liver and kidney tissue of 7- to 19-day-old male broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, chicks were fed purified amino acid diets with 14.8 and 44.6% protein equivalents (PE) with 1, 3, or 5% added sodium bicarbonate. In Experiments 2, 3, and 4 the chicks were fed a 23% protein basal control diet, basal diet containing 5% ammonium chloride, and basal diet containing 5% ammonium chloride with 5 or 10% sodium bicarbonate, asparagine, or glutamine. In Experiments 2 and 4 the chicks were also fed 25, 50, or 75% protein-isolated soy-purified diets. The 44.6% PE diet increased liver and kidney asparaginase activity in chicks as compared to chicks fed a 14.8% PE diet. The addition of sodium bicarbonate to the 44.6% PE amino acid diet decreased the kidney asparaginase activity equivalent to kidney asparaginase activity of chicks fed the 14.8% PE diet. Asparaginase activity increased 4-fold in the kidneys of chicks fed the 23% protein basal diet containing 5% ammonium chloride and the pH of the urine from the chicks was 4.9. Chicks fed basal diets with 5% ammonium chloride plus 10% sodium bicarbonate or asparagine had the same kidney asparaginase activity and urine pH as chicks fed the 23% protein basal control diet. Glutamine added to chick diets containing 5% ammonium chloride did not decrease the kidney asparaginase activity or the urine acidity. Liver asparaginase activity was not increased in acidotic chicks fed diets with 5% ammonium chloride. The asparaginase activity of liver and kidney tissue were both significantly increased in chicks fed 75% protein-isolated soy purified diets and the pH of their urine was 5.6. The increase in liver asparaginase of chicks fed 75% protein or 44.5% PE diets was probably due to an endocrine gluconeogenic response producing increased catabolism of the majority of amino acids. The increase in kidney asparaginase of chicks fed 75% protein, 44.5% PE diets, and 23% protein basal diets with 5% ammonium chloride was primarily related to metabolic acidosis.Phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity was localized in chick kidney mitochondria and was heat sensitive (55 C for 30 sec). The phosphate-independent glutaminase (PIG) activity was primarily localized in chick kidney mitochondria but was stable to a temperature of 55 C for 30 sec. The PDG activity of kidney mitochondria was greater by 4.3-, 15.1-, and 23.9-fold than the PIG activity of kidney mitochondria, kidney cytoplasm, and liver cytoplasm, respectively. Kidney mitochondria PDG activity increased 51% in chicks fed 23% protein basal diets containing 5% ammonium chloride compared to chicks fed basal diet alone. The kidney PDG, kidney PIG, and liver PIG activity were not increased in chicks fed the 75% protein diet compared to chicks fed the 23% protein basal diet. The large increase in kidney asparaginase activity compared to small increases in kidney PDG in chicks fed ammonium chloride diets and the more normal urine pH in chicks fed additional dietary asparagine suggest asparagine is more important than glutamine in regulating acidosis in chickens.

The effect on egg production of adding sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate to a practical‐type layer's diet

AbstractEighty laying hens (40 Hisex white, 40 Hisex brown) were given, for ten 28‐day periods, a control diet and four experimental diets in which the relationship between Na, K and Cl (Na+KCl) expressed as mEq kg−1 diet was elevated by adding increasing amounts of NaHCO3 and K2CO3. Increasing the (Na+KCl) mEq kg−1 diet had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured but the breed x diet interaction significantly affected mean egg weight.

Addition of Sodium Bicarbonate to Calf Starter Rations Varying in Protein Percent

The influence of added sodium bicarbonate on calf performance and on a possible sparing effect on dietary protein was studied with 48 Holstein calves. Calves were assigned randomly to one of four starter diets containing 10% chopped hay in a 2×2 factorial designed experiment: 1) 12% crude protein, 0% sodium bicarbonate; 2) 12% crude protein, 3% sodium bicarbonate; 3) 17% crude protein, 0% sodium bicarbonate; and 4) 17% crude protein, 3% sodium bicarbonate. All calves were fed fermented colostrum for 5 wk and offered their respective starter diets from birth until 10 wk of age. Average daily gains and daily dry matter intakes for wk 0 to 5 were .24, .25;.28, .24;.26, .19; and .27, .24kg for diets 1 to 4 and for wk 6 to 10 were .52, 1.64; .50, 1.73; .67, 1.78; and .63, 1.87kg. Addition of sodium bicarbonate (diets 2 and 4) stimulated greater growth (0 to 5 wk) and higher feed intake for the 10-wk trial. Digestibilities of all nutrient measures at wk 9 were lower with added sodium bicarbonate and may be related to higher feed intake. Added sodium bicarbonate did not influence nitrogen digestibility. However, the higher protein diet with sodium bicarbonate improved nitrogen utilization. Rumen samples collected at 9 wk tended to have a higher pH and ratio of acetate:propionate with added sodium bicarbonate. Calves fed the high protein diets gained more weight and consumed more feed than calves fed the low protein diets.

Sugarcane Silage, Sodium Hydroxide- and Steam Pressure-Treated Sugarcane Bagasse, Corn Silage, Cottonseed Hulls, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Aspergillis oryzae Product in Complete Rations for Lactating Cows

Five experiments compared silages, by-product roughages, and added sodium bicarbonate. Thirty-four cows were fed diets containing 1) 30% cottonseed hulls, 2) corn silage to supply 25% of dry matter intake from nongrain portion, 3) alkali-treated sugarcane bagasse silage, or 4) sugarcane silage both to supply 25% of dry matter intake. Only dry matter intake differed for diets 1 and 2 which excelled 3 and 4 for daily dry matter intake, milk yield, and protein percent. With 36 cows, sugarcane silage, enzyme-treated sugarcane silage, nongrain portion of corn silage, and pelleted cottonseed hulls with sodium bicarbonate (0 or 1%) and an enzyme product from Aspergillus oryzae (0 or 56.7 g/day) were compared. Milk yield was decreased and fat percent increased by silage compared with pelleted cottonseed hulls. Bicarbonate increased milk fat percent and fat-corrected milk in silage-containing rations. For the effect of sodium bicarbonate in early lactation, 36 cows were in a continuous feeding trial of corn silage, cottonseed hulls, or steam pressure-treated sugarcane bagasse, with sodium bicarbonate (0 or 170 g/cow per day). Lactation curves for feed intake, milk yield, and milk fat percent showed no effects of sodium bicarbonate. Cottonseed hull diets excelled corn silage diets. For the same cows and diets plus additional forms of steam pressure-treated bagasse (pelleted and wetter), bicarbonate was detrimental to feed intake and milk yield in pelleted bagasse diets but tended to be beneficial to milk yield in corn silage. Four groups of cows (152 cows/group) receiving 0 or 150g sodium bicarbonate in a corn silage-based ration for 30 days did not differ in a field study.

Effects of 1.2% Sodium Bicarbonate with Two Ratios of Corn Silage:Grain on Milk Production, Rumen Fermentation, and Nutrient Digestion by Lactating Dairy Cows

Four multiparous Holstein cows in mid lactation fitted with rumen cannulae were in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to study the effects of sodium bicarbonate and ratio of corn silage:grain on milk production and composition, feed intake, rumen fermentation, and nutrient utilization. Cows were fed diets of 50:50 or 75: 25 corn silage:grain with 0 or 1.2% sodium bicarbonate. Experimental periods were 21 days with 15 days for adaptation to diet and 6 days for data collection.Milk fat percent and 4% fat-corrected milk production (kg/day) were higher for cows fed diets containing 1.2% sodium bicarbonate (3.69 and 23.1 versus 3.03 and 19.3). Sodium bicarbonate and ratio of corn silage:grain had no effect on dry matter intake. Rumen pH was higher 1 and 3h postfeeding with added sodium bicarbonate (5.64 versus 5.83). Sodium bicarbonate increased total volatile fatty acids (91 versus 105 mm/liter), increased molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, and isovalerate, and decreased propionate and valerate. Dry matter, organic matter, and neutral-detergent fiber digestibilities were higher for cows fed diets composed of 50% grain compared with diets with 25% grain. Acid-detergent fiber digestibility was increased by sodium bicarbonate (47.7 versus 52.9%). Protein digestibility and nitrogen utilization were not affected by added sodium bicarbonate or the ratio of forage:grain. In summary, sodium bicarbonate added at 1.2% of the total dry matter to diets containing 50:50 and 75:25 corn silage:grain increased milk fat percent, fat-corrected milk production, rumen acetate:propionate, and utilization of acid detergent fiber.

Addition of Sodium Bicarbonate to Complete Pelleted Diets Fed to Dairy Calves

During two trials, 35 and 27 Holstein calves were fed ad libitum complete, pelleted diets containing either 35% alfalfa (Trial 1) or 35% grass (Trial 2) hay from birth to 12 wk of age. Calves in Trial 1 were fed one of the following diets: control, control + 3.5% sodium chloride, or control + 5% sodium bicarbonate. In Trial 2, diets were: control, control + 5% sodium bicarbonate, or control + 5% sodium bicarbonate + loose, chopped grass hay. Intake of dry matter, gain in body weight, ruminal pH, or fecal starch did not differ. Calves fed sodium bicarbonate in Trial 1 but not 2 had a reduced feed efficiency compared with control and supplemented diets. In Trial 1 added sodium bicarbonate did not alter intake of digestible energy. Addition of sodium bicarbonate increased concentration of ruminal acetate and butyrate and decreased propionate in both trials. Fecal pH was elevated in calves fed sodium bicarbonate diets during both trials. Sodium chloride increased water intake in Trial 1, and sodium bicarbonate increased water intake in Trial 2. Incidence of free-gas bloat was higher in calves fed sodium bicarbonate in both trials. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to complete pelleted diets containing 35% alfalfa or 35% grass hay appeared to have no benefit for young, growing dairy calves in performance and health.

Stability of Carmustine in the Presence of Sodium Bicarbonate

The stability of carmustine in 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, with and without added sodium bicarbonate, was studied at room temperature. Solutions of carmustine (0.1 mg/ml) in dextrose or saline with and without added sodium bicarbonate (1 meq/ml) were prepared. After 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, aliquots of each test solution were analyzed for carmustine using the Bratton-Marshall test with absorbance at 540 nm. There was no significant decomposition of carmustine in dextrose or saline alone. However, the addition of sodium bicarbonate increased carmustine degradation; after 90 minutes, approximately 73% of the active drug remained. It is recommended that carmustine be neither admixed with nor administered piggyback with parenteral infusion solutions containing sodium bicarbonate.

Effect on intake of adding sodium bicarbonate to silage

Abstract Addition of NaHCO3 at 2.5% wet weight to high-moisture grass silage had no effect on Voluntary intake by sheep.

The Effect of Feeding Low Chloride Diets with Added Sodium Bicarbonate on Egg Shell Quality and Other Economic Traits

Diets with and without sodium bicarbonate were fed to commercial Leghorn type hens in an attempt to improve egg shell quality. Trials were conducted with layers housed on the floor and in cages during hot weather and with caged layers during the winter season. An attempt was made to adjust the sodium level to 0.23% of the diet and the chloride level to 0.18% of the diet.In all three trials, no significant differences were found in shell thickness, albumen quality, egg production or egg weight. In the hot weather cage trial, hens receiving the sodium bicarbonate diet produced significantly fewer rough shelled eggs than controls. The control hens clearly displayed an increase in rough shelled eggs which was associated with the first hot weather period of the season.

The Influence of Ethoxyquin and Sodium Bicarbonate on Egg Yolk Pigmentation

Each of four diets containing no additive, .0125% ethoxyquin, .325% sodium bicarbonate or both additives at these levels were subdivided and stored for three weeks at 3°C. or 47°C. prior to feeding. Egg collection from White Leghorn hens in individual cages were made after 12, 14, 16, 24, 26 and 28 days on test for carotenoid determinations. Egg yolk pigmentation was decreased due to 47°C. storage when ethoxyquin was not in the diet. Adding sodium bicarbonate alone to the diet resulted in significantly improved yolk pigmentation when feed was stored at 3°C., but not at 47°C.

Destruction of Molar Teeth in Rats Fed Amino Acid Diets

Serious molar breakdown was found in rats receiving free glutamic acid contained in either amino acid or casein based diets for only 4 weeks. Gross appearance of the lesions was similar to that of typical caries except for an occlusal erosion frequently observed. Also, a favorable response resulted from diet supplementation with cariostatic materials, including sodium phosphate, penicillin and fluoride, and from decreasing the sucrose content of the diet. Diet acidity (pH 5.0) was shown to be a causal factor since increasing the pH by adding sodium bicarbonate or by replacing glutamic acid with casein or monosodium glutamate decreased tooth damage. However, extensive molar breakdown was also noted with a nearly neutral (pH 6.7) amino acid diet. The importance of bacteria in this problem was indicated by penicillin supplementation to the acid diets which nearly eliminated damage except for relatively minor occlusal erosion. Fluoride, provided in the rat's drinking water at 50 ppm, was more effective than penicillin in protecting the teeth from erosion when the acid diets were fed.

Renal excretion of para-aminosalicylic acid: a two-way transport system in the dog.

The renal excretion of free para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) was studied in dogs. With increasing loading and sustaining infusion of the compound alone, a negative T (rate of urinary excretion minus the rate of filtration of PAS) was observed, but a positive T was obtained during added sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate infusion. While the positive T values were greater during acetate than in bicarbonate infusion, urinary pH was higher in the latter. Studies with intrarenal arterial injection and stop-flow techniques showed evidence of a bidirectional transport of free PAS. The reabsorption of PAS was influenced by the urinary pH. Sodium bicarbonate infusion reduced the reabsorption; lactic acid infusion increased it. Secretion of the free PAS does not require a high urinary pH and is augmented by acetate and blocked by probenecid. This suggests that the secretion of free PAS involves an active process, analogous, though not necessarily identical to the system for PAH and for other related substances.

Serological Tests with Amino Acids

Abstract In the course of studies on the immunological specificity of peptides (1, 2) it was found necessary to establish to what extent amino acids which are contained in proteins can be differentiated by immune sera.1 Preparation of Para-Nitro- and Para-Aminobenzoyl Derivatives of Amino Acids. Nitrobenzoylation of the amino acids was mostly carried out by the method used previously for the preparation of p-nitrobenzoyl peptides (2). In the case of histidine a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide was used instead of sodium bicarbonate (3). Phenylalanine and tryptophane were dissolved in a small amount of normal sodium hydroxide before adding sodium bicarbonate. For the nitrobenzoylation of glutamic and aspartic acid the directions given by E. Fischer for the preparation of the benzoyl derivatives were followed (4). The products were freed from nitrobenzoic acid by extraction with ether, and if the nitrobenzoyl amino acid was appreciably soluble in ether, the ether solution was concentrated to a small volume and the substance precipitated by addition of petroleum ether (boiling point 90 to 100°).