Adding Sodium Carbonate Research Articles

Lithium carbonate sedimentation using flocculants with different ionic bases

Lithium has become a metal of enormous interest worldwide. The extensive use of recharge-able batteries for a range of applications has pushed for rapid growth in demand for lithium carbonate. This compound is produced by crystallization, by reaction with lithium chloride (in solution) and by adding sodium carbonate. Low sedimentation rates in the evaporation pools present a problem in the crystallization process. For this reason, in this work, mineral sedimen-tation tests were carried out with the use of two flocculant types with different ionic charges. The tests were carried out at a laboratory level using different dosages for each flocculant and measurements were performed to obtain the increase in the content of solids in the sediment. The anionic flocculant had better performance as compared to that of the cationic flocculant, increasing the sedimentation rate of lithium carbonate by up to 6.5. However, similar solids contents were obtained with the use of the cationic flocculant at 3.5 times lower dosage making it the flocculant of choice regarding the economic point of view.

Effect of Sodium Aluminate Dosage as a Solid Alkaline Activator on the Properties of Alkali‐Activated Slag Paste

Extensive research into alkali‐activated slag as a green gel material to substitute for cement has been done because of the advantages of low‐carbon dioxide emissions and recycling of industrial solid waste. Alkali‐activated slag usually has good mechanical properties, but the too fast setting time restricted its application and promotion. Changing the composition of alkaline activator could optimize setting time, usually making it by adding sodium carbonate or sodium sulfate but this would cause insufficient hydration reaction power and hinder compressive strength growth. In this paper, the effect of sodium aluminate dosage as an alkaline activator on the setting time, fluidity, compressive strength, hydration products, and microstructures was studied through experiments. It is fair to say that an appropriate amount of sodium aluminate could obtain a suitable setting time and better compressive strength. Sodium aluminate provided enough hydroxyl ions for the paste to promote the hydration reaction process that ensured obtaining high compressive strength and soluble aluminium formed precipitate wrapped on the surface of slag to inhibit the hydration reaction process in the early phase that prolonged setting time. The hydration mechanism research found that sodium aluminate played a key role in the formation of higher cross‐linked gel hydration products in the late phase of the process. Preparing an alkali‐activated slag with excellent mechanical properties and suitable setting time will significantly contribute to its application and promotion.

Determining the Catalyst Properties That Lead to High Activity and Selectivity for Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation with Ruthenium Pincer Complexes

Ten ruthenium pincer complexes were evaluated as catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction on a lignin monomer surrogate, vanillyl alcohol. Four of these complexes are reported herein with the synthesis and full characterization data for all and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for three complexes bearing OH/O–, NMe2, and Me substituents on the pincer. A systematic study of these CNC pincer complexes revealed that the π-donor substituent on the pyridine ring plays a key role in enhancing the yield of the desired deoxygenated product. While OMe, OH, and NMe2 are all effective as π-donor substituents on the central pyridine ring in the pincer, the highest conversion to products and the best selectivity was observed with OH substituents and added sodium carbonate as a base. Base serves to deprotonate the OH group and form 1O- as observed spectroscopically. Furthermore, efforts to use other catalysts have revealed that free or labile sites are needed on the ruthenium center and an electronicall...

Nutrients recycle and the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus in synthetic wastewater under different sodium carbonate concentrations

This study illustrated the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus and recycle of nutrients in wastewater combined with inorganic carbon under autotrophic conditions. Scenedesmus obliquus was cultivated under different conditions by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) at 15–40 mg l−1 separately in wastewater containing high nitrogen and phosphorus content. The growth characteristics of S. obliquus, pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) changes of microalgae liquid, the recycle rate of ammonia and phosphorus and lipid content were determined. The changes of pH and DIC showed that S. obliquus could use Na2CO3 to grow, with lipid contents of 18–25%. Among all Na2CO3 concentrations, 20 mg l−1 was the optimum, of which S. obliquus had the highest NH3-N recycle of 52% and recycle of 67%. By the 14th day, its biomass production also reaches the maximum of 0.21 g l−1. However, inorganic carbon fixation rate was inversely proportional to its concentration. Moreover, the biomass was in positive correlation with the Na2CO3 concentration except 20 mg l−1, which provided a possibility that S. obliquus could be acclimatized to adjust to high concentrations of inorganic carbon to promote biomass accumulation and recycle of nutrients.

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on the Reduction Process of Nickel Slag from Sulawesi

Nickel slag is one of the results of the nickel ore smelting process which is still a waste and has not been used optimally. Considering the amount of nickel slag waste in Indonesia, the effort to utilize it into a more valuable product becomes very important. Therefore, in order to extract the precious metal content in nickel slag, this study aims to analyze the effect of adding sodium carbonate in the reduction process of nickel slag. In this study, the reduction process is carried out using coal as a reducing agent, where the variation of the reduction temperature is 800, 900, and 1000°C; while the variation of the ratio between nickel slag and additives is 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The XRD analysis results show that the temperature rise up to 1000 °C and the addition of sodium carbonate will increase the amount of sodium magnesiosilicate up to 29.4% and also hematite up to 25.1%. The same thing happened in samples with a ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 where the amount of sodium magnesiosilicate increased from 29.4% to 30.0% and hematite from 25.1% to 28.8%.

Self-acidity induced effervescence and manual shaking-assisted microextraction of neonicotinoid insecticides in orange juice.

A novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction that combines self-induced acid-base effervescent reaction and manual shaking, coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous determination of ten neonicotinoid insecticides and metabolites in orange juice. An innovative aspect of this method was the utilization of the acidity of the juice for a self-reaction between acidic components contained in the juice sample and added sodium carbonate which generated carbon dioxide bubbles in situ, accelerating the analytes transfer to the extractant of 1-undecanol. The total acid content of juice sample was measured to produce the maximum amount of bubbles with minimum usage of carbonate. Manual shaking was subsequently adopted and was proven to enhance the extraction efficiency. The factors affecting the performance, including the type and the amount of the carbon dioxide source and extractant, and ionic strength were optimized. Compared with conventional methods, this approach exhibited low limits of detection (0.001-0.1µg/L), good recoveries (86.2-103.6%), high enrichment factors (25-50), and negligible matrix effects (-12.3-13.7%). The proposed method was demonstrated to provide a rapid, practical, and environmentally friendly procedure due to no acid reagent, toxic solvent, or external energy requirement, giving rise to potential application on other high acid-content matrices.

Band Gap Engineering in Zinc Doped Sodium Hexa-titanate

Objectives: In this article Zinc doped Sodium Hexa-titanate ceramic materials were prepared for investigating of optical behaviors. Methods and Analysis: Pure and Zinc doped Sodium Hexa-titanate (Na2 Ti6 O13) ceramic materials have been synthesized using solid state route method, by adding sodium carbonate and titanium dioxide in a proper ratio and passes through different process. Structure and phase of all synthesized ceramic materials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, and found single phase and monoclinic structure of pure and zinc doped samples. Morphology of all synthesized materials has been studied using scanning electron microscopy. Absorption spectra of these Hexa-titanate samples have also been recorded. Findings: The Crystalline size of synthesized samples was calculated with Debye-Scherrer equation, as well as the energy band gaps have been calculated using Tauc relation with respect to absorption wavelength. Application: The energy band gap has been reduced by doping ZnO from 3.780eV to 2.779eV. These narrower band gaps can be used in different infrared and thermoelectric sensors. Keywords: Energy Band Gap, Monoclinic, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Sodium Hexa-titanate, Tauc Relation

A process for combination of recycling lithium and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion battery

Recycling lithium and graphite from spent lithium-ion battery plays a significant role in mitigation of lithium resources shortage, comprehensive utilization of spent anode graphite and environmental protection. In this study, spent graphite was firstly collected by a two-stage calcination. Secondly, under the optimal conditions of 1.5 M HCI, 60 min and solid-liquid ratio (S/L) of 100 g·L−1, the collected graphite suffers simple acid leaching to make almost 100% lithium, copper and aluminum in it into leach liquor. Thirdly, 99.9% aluminum and 99.9% copper were removed from leach liquor by adjusting pH first to 7 and then to 9, and thenthe lithium was recovered by adding sodium carbonate in leach liquor to form lithium carbonate with high purity (>99%). The regenerated graphite is found to have high initial specific capacity at the rate of 37.2 mA·g−1 (591 mAh·g−1), 74.4 mA·g−1 (510 mAh·g−1) and 186 mA·g−1 (335 mAh·g−1), and with the high retention ratio of 97.9% after 100 cycles, it also displays excellent cycle performance at high rate of 372 mA·g−1. By this process, copper and lithium can be recovered and graphite can be regenerated, serving as a sustainable approach for the comprehensive utilization of anode material from spent lithium-ion battery.

Is Sodium Carbonate in Snuff a Causative Factor for Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Cross-sectional Analysis.

Aims and Objectives:Nicotine absorption through the mucous membrane is directly proportional to pH, so the snuff is buffered to pH of 8–9 by adding sodium carbonate. The objective of the present study is to assess the impact of various forms of sodium carbonate in snuff on mucosal conditions.Materials and Methods:The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 participants. Snuff users adding sodium carbonate were further splitted into two groups, that is, one group using sodium carbonate in premixed form, that is, (already mixed within pouches) and other group adding sodium carbonate separately (freshly mixed). The parametric one-way (ANOVA) of variance, stepwise regression analysis, and multiple logistic regression analysis have been done to narrate the relationship between variables of different forms of sodium carbonate in snuff and different oral conditions.Results:The statistics of our study reveals highly significant relationship between snuff users using sodium carbonate in freshly mixed (0.001**) form than that of premixed form (P = 0.030*).Conclusion:The present study narrates that there seems to be liaison between the use of sodium carbonate in snuff and oral mucosal lesions.

Lead recovery from waste CRT funnel glass by high-temperature melting process

In this research, a novel and effective process for waste CRT funnel glass treatment was developed. The key to this process is removal of lead from the CRT funnel glass by high-temperature melting process. Sodium carbonate powder was used as a fusion agent, sodium sulfide serves as a catalytic agent and carbon powder acts as reducing agent. Experimental results showed that lead recovery rate increased with an increase in the amount of added sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, carbonate, temperature and holding time initially, and then reached a stable value. The maximum lead recovery rate was approximately 94%, when the optimum adding amount of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, carbonate, temperature and holding time were 25%, 8%, 3.6%, 1200°C and 120min, respectively. In the high-temperature melting process, lead silicate in the funnel glass was firstly reduced, and then removed. The glass slag can be made into sodium and potassium silicate by hydrolysis process. This study proposed a practical and economical process for recovery of lead and utilization of waste glass slag.

Extraction of lead from waste CRT funnel glass by generating lead sulfide – An approach for electronic waste management

Waste cathode ray tube (CRT) funnel glass is the key and difficult points in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) disposal. In this paper, a novel and effective process for the detoxification and reutilization of waste CRT funnel glass was developed by generating lead sulfide precipitate via a high-temperature melting process. The central function in this process was the generation of lead sulfide, which gathered at the bottom of the crucible and was then separated from the slag. Sodium carbonate was used as a flux and reaction agent, and sodium sulfide was used as a precipitating agent. The experimental results revealed that the lead sulfide recovery rate initially increased with an increase in the amount of added sodium carbonate, the amount of sodium sulfide, the temperature, and the holding time and then reached an equilibrium value. The maximum lead sulfide recovery rate was approximately 93%, at the optimum sodium carbonate level, sodium sulfide level, temperature, and holding time of 25%, 8%, 1200°C, and 2h, respectively. The glass slag can be made into sodium and potassium silicate by hydrolysis in an environmental and economical process.

Extracting silver from anode slime after lead and gold separations

Anode slime, a byproduct from the process of copper electrorefining into the copper cathode, contains several valuable elements that can be extracted after Cu and Pb separations. Another alternative route for extracting the precious metals is still needed in terms of gaining more economical route. This research aims to seek the new route to extract the precious metals, especially silver from anode slime. In these experiments, the anode slime was obtained from PT Smelting Gresik. The lead was separated to produce the residue which was then chlorinated to extract the gold. Later the residue was used for extracting the silver by dissolving it in ammonium hydroxide solution with varying time dissolutions and concentrations and later dissolving in hydrochloric acid to form silver chloride which was reduced to metallic silver. These experiments had two trials. The first one related to directly using residual chlorination after gold separation and the second one employed the same residual chlorination but processed through de-chlorination by adding sodium carbonate. The result showed that the highest silver recovery of 53.56% related to 5 M ammonium hydroxide concentration, the temperature of 30°C, dissolution time of 60 minutes. Recovery of 53.78% was achieved at 7 M ammonium hydroxide, the temperature of 30°C, dissolution time of 60 minutes. The feed of those experiments came from direct residual chlorination, while chlorination residue that underwent de-chlorination produced silver recovery of 94.95% with leaching conditions of 5 M ammonium hydroxide, the heating temperature of 30°C and leaching time of 60 minutes. The latest recovery was relatively high resulted in the process could be scaled up to a continuous system.

The efficacy of alkalized liquid hydrogen peroxide for the remediation of manufactured methamphetamine in clandestine laboratories

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of alkalized liquid hydrogen peroxide (A-LHP) as a “low tech” decontamination option to reduce methamphetamine from non-porous and porous building materials. The A-LHP decontamination solution was generated by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to 15% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) until the solution was slightly alkaline with a pH of 8.5. The efficacy of alkalized liquid H2O2 against methamphetamine was initially evaluated in the liquid–liquid simulated stirred reactor Phase I testing. Phase II testing evaluated A-LHP decontamination from common building materials (stainless steel, painted drywall, glass, and vinyl tile) contaminated with aerosolized methamphetamine (at surface concentration levels of 1000–10,000 μg per 100 cm2, respectively). For liquid–liquid based decontamination tests after 4 h, the average reduction of methamphetamine burden was 97% ± 3. For 10,000 μg of methamphetamine per 100 cm2, surface decontamination efficacy values were 29%–76%, depending on the building material. For 1000 μg of methamphetamine per 100 cm2, surface concentrations decontamination rates between 82% and 93% were achieved. These data suggest that this “low-tech” decontamination technology can provide greater than 80% reduction of high concentrated methamphetamine from the common building materials tested, with decontamination rates reaching thousands of micrograms per 100 cm2.

Selective Recovery of Lithium from Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium Ion Battery

Selective recovery of lithium from four kinds of cathode materials, manganese-type, cobalt-type, nickel-type, and ternary-type, of spent lithium ion battery was investigated. In all cathode materials, leaching of lithium was improved by adding sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) as an oxidant in the leaching solution, while the leaching of other metal ions (manganese, cobalt, and nickel) was significantly suppressed. Optimum leaching conditions, such as pH, temperature, amount of Na2S2O8, and solid/liquid ratio, for the selective leaching of lithium were determined for all cathode materials. Recovery of lithium from the leachate as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was then successfully achieved by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to the leachate. Optimum recovery conditions, such as pH, temperature, and amount of Na2CO3, for the recovery of lithium as Li2CO3 were determined for all cases. Purification of Li2CO3 was achieved by lixiviation in all systems, with purities of the Li2CO3 higher than 99.4%, which is almost satisfactory for the battery-grade purity of lithium.

Improvement in liquid fuel product quality from reactions of grape marc with CO/H2O

Abstract Reactions of grape marc with CO/H2O have been investigated over a range of temperatures (320–425 °C) with and without added sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) with a view to optimising liquid fuel quality. The quality of the product can be improved by raising the temperature and/or by addition of alkali, Na2CO3 or NaAlO2, which helped to decarboxylate/decompose fatty acids and lower the oxygen content. The energy recovery of the dichloromethane soluble products ranged from 50% to 75%.

Improvement for sulphidation roasting and its application to treat lead smelter slag and zinc recovery

The conventional sulphidation roasting process is usually accompanied by the emission of SO2, leading to serious environmental pollution. This study focuses on the decrease or elimination of the poisonous gas by introducing carbon to the system and its further application to zinc recovery from the lead smelter slag. The effects of temperature, dosage of sodium carbonate, carbon powder and pyrite and time on the sulphidation extent of zinc were studied at a laboratory scale and the sulphidation extent reached 85·62% under the optimum conditions. The results confirmed that the novel improvement for the sulphidation roasting was feasible. Besides, it was found that adding sodium carbonate was favourable for the growth and aggregation of zinc sulphides grains in the slag. Flotation tests indicated that zinc sulphides produced could be separated from the treated slag and the zinc grade increased from 14·07 to 25·12% after one rougher flotation.

Comparison of methods for distinguishing sodium carbonate activated from natural sodium bentonites

A lot of natural Ca/Mg-bentonites are turned into Na-bentonites. By adding sodium carbonate to a Ca/Mg-bentonite in the presence of some water Na+ enters the interlayer and Ca/Mg-carbonates precipitate outside. Natural Na-bentonites and activated Na-bentonites are rather similar. Therefore, in the present study methods are tested to distinguish both. This is relevant not only for customs but also for research and development. For activation different amounts of sodium carbonate are added. The dosage ranges from a few % of the CEC to slightly above the CEC corresponding to 1–5mass% Na2CO3. Also the water content may vary from the dried state at which the actual activation (cation exchange) does not take place up to the presence of excess water leading to a complete reaction. Altogether four cases had to be considered separately (Na2CO3 above CEC+excess water or dry and Na2CO3 much below the CEC+excess water or dry). If water was absent (cation exchange was not complete) the sodium carbonate phases could be detected by XRD, IR, or with STA–MS measurements. This result was expected but surprisingly, STA–MS–CO2 measurements were found to be applicable even in the most difficult case (sodium carbonate addition below CEC and excess of water=reaction complete). In the case of some samples activated with 2mass% sodium carbonate only, a weak STA–MS–CO2-peak was observed at about 100°C. Unprocessed materials are free of any carbonates which decompose around 100°C. Therefore, this 100°C peak indicates alkaline activation. This method was applied to five real products with unknown activation and two of which were found to be activated. The pH of the activated materials was only slightly higher than that of a natural Na-bentonite. The measured difference of 0.3 pH units is not considered to be sufficient to unambiguously conclude alkaline activation.

Recovery of Saponins from Jua (Ziziphus joazeiro) by Micellar Extraction and Cloud Point Preconcentration

AbstractJuá (Ziziphus joazeiro) is a Brazilian plant and its bark has been used as a detergent and phytotherapic due to its high saponin content (2–10 %). Saponins are triterpenic glycosides with some properties that aid their use in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The object of the present work was to develop an extraction and concentration process of saponins from jua bark, using green solvents such as water and ethanol. Firstly, the extraction conditions optimization was carried out using a central composite design, and compared with other methods such as Soxhlet, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and micellar extraction. Then, cloud point preconcentration was tested to select the salt type and its concentration which promotes a higher concentration factor and partition coefficient at room temperature. Finally, the removal of a t‐octyl phenol ethoxylate (9–10 EO) nonionic surfactant by adsorption was evaluated by optimizing the adsorbent type and its concentration, temperature and time of adsorption, in addition to the adsorbent recycling. Orbital shaker extraction leads to a recovery of 45.6 % saponins under the following conditions: temperature, 38.8 °C; jua/solvent ratio, 0.272; stirring speed, 300 rpm; extraction time, 2 h. Under these conditions, saponins recovery reached 90.8 % when using 15 % v/v of the nonionic surfactant, and a preconcentration factor of 14.2 was obtained by adding sodium carbonate 20 % w/v. The preconcentration factor decreased to a value of 10.1, after nonionic surfactant removal by a hydrophobic crosslinked polystyrene copolymer resin.

<b>Influence of culture medium pH on the production of CGTase by <em>Bacillus firmus</em> Strain No. 37</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v35i3.15882

The enzyme cyclomaltodextrin-glucanotransferase (CGTase) is a transglicosidase able to convert corn starch into cyclodextrin (CD). CDs are widely applied in industry given the ability to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of organic molecules. Regarding the optimum pH of CGTase, values reported in the literature vary according to the enzyme producing microorganism, being 8.0 the optimum pH of CGTase produced by Bacillus firmus Strain No. 37. This work studied the influence of the pH of culture medium with different concentration of nutrients on the production of the enzyme CGTase by Bacillus firmus Strain No. 37. For this purpose, the microorganism was grown in three culture media with different concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. The pH control was performed by adding sodium carbonate. The fermentation process was analyzed by the following methods: Bradford (1976) method to determine soluble proteins, DNS method to analyze sugars, and the method of complexation with β-CD to analyze the enzyme activity. The best result for CGTase enzyme activity was 0.22 U mL -1 , obtained with medium containing 2.0% soluble corn starch and yeast extract, and pH 8.3.

Upgrading and dephosphorization of Western Australian iron ore using reduction roasting by adding sodium carbonate

The technology of direct reduction by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and magnetic separation was developed to treat Western Australian high phosphorus iron ore. The iron ore and reduced product were investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that phosphorus exists within limonite in the form of solid solution, which cannot be removed through traditional ways. During reduction roasting, Na2CO3 reacts with gangue minerals (SiO2 and Al2O3), forming aluminum silicate-containing phosphorus and damaging the ore structure, which promotes the separation between iron and phosphorus during magnetic separation. Meanwhile, Na2CO3 also improves the growth of iron grains, increasing the iron grade and iron recovery. The iron concentrate, assaying 94.12wt% Fe and 0.07wt% P at the iron recovery of 96.83% and the dephosphorization rate of 74.08%, is obtained under the optimum conditions. The final product (metal iron powder) after briquetting can be used as the burden for steelmaking by an electric arc furnace to replace scrap steel.