Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a classical evolutionary algorithm and has been widely used to solve continuous optimization problems. However, the performance of the PSO algorithm is highly sensitive to its control parameters and learning strategies. To address this problem, a multi-subswarm cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm (MSC-PSO) is proposed in this paper. In MSC-PSO, firstly, a population muti-subswarm division method is designed to enhance the global exploration capability. Secondly, a level-based particle adaptive inertia weight strategy is introduced to adjust control parameters. Finally, a level-based update learning mechanism is used for particles adaptive selection learning strategy. The performance of the MSC-PSO is evaluated by the CEC2020 test suite, and five heuristic algorithms are compared with the MSC-PSO in the experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MSC-PSO algorithm has significant advantages in terms of convergence speed and solving optimal solutions. Furthermore, the proposed MSC-PSO algorithm is used to solve the plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) path planning problem. The experimental results proved that the proposed MSC-PSO algorithm effectively solves the real-world UAV path planning problem, and achieves at most a 34 % reduction in round-trip distance and a 24.1 % reduction in total non-spraying time compared to classical PSO.
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