Adaptive Resource Research Articles

A Framework for Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Dementia Risk and Burden.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) represent a public health crisis poised to worsen in a changing climate. Substantial dementia burden is modifiable, attributable to risk rooted in social and environmental conditions. Climate change threatens older populations in numerous ways, but implications for cognitive aging are poorly understood. We illuminate key mechanisms by which climate change will shape incidence and lived experiences of ADRD, and propose a framework for strengthening research, clinical, and policy actions around cognitive health in the context of climate change. Direct impacts and indirect risk pathways operating through built, social, interpersonal, and biomedical systems are highlighted. Air pollution compromises brain health directly and via systemic cardiovascular and respiratory ailments. Flooding and extreme temperatures constrain health behaviors like physical activity and sleep. Medical care resulting from climate-related health shocks imposes economic and emotional tolls on people living with dementia and caregivers. Throughout, inequitable distributions of climate-exacerbated risks and adaptive resources compound existing disparities in ADRD incidence, comorbidities, and care burden. Translational research, including work prioritizing underserved communities, is crucial. A mechanistic framework can guide research questions and methods and identify clinical- and policy-level intervention loci for prevention and mitigation of climate-related impacts on ADRD risk and burden.

ЭФФЕКТ КРАТКОВРЕМЕННОГО ОБЩЕГО ОХЛАЖДЕНИЯ НА БИОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ ЗАТЫЛОЧНОЙ И ТЕМЕННОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА

Background. When exposed to cold in individuals, depending on the individual typological features of the EEG rhythm, various neurophysiological mechanisms of mobilization of functional systems are activated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of short-term general cooling on the stress resistance of the body and the bioelectrical activity of the occipital and parietal regions of the brain. Material and methods. The analysis of stress resistance and bioelectrical activity of the occipital and parietal regions of the brain in males aged 20 to 23 years after a short-term general cooling was carried out. Results. The cryotherapy procedure increased the stress resistance of the subjects, which persisted for 15 days after its termination. By the end of cold exposure, there is an increase in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the parietal region, most pronounced for the amplitudes of β1- and θ-rhythms, and 15 days after the cessation of short-term general cooling, an increase in θ-, δ1-activity is noted. Changes in the electroencephalogram of the occipital region after exposure to cold were characterized by an increase in the amplitude of δ1- and β1-rhythms, and this trend persisted 15 days after the course of cryotherapy. In the subjects under study, interhemispheric asymmetry is noted, manifested by a more pronounced value of the amplitudes in the left hemisphere along δ1-, δ2-rhythms, and in the right hemisphere along β1 and θ-rhythms. Conclusions. The increase in the adaptive resource of the subjects caused by the influence of this factor is obviously associated with the identified changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the occipital and parietal regions.

The collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism: Genetics.

This review describes the genetic approaches and results from the family-based Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). COGA was designed during the linkage era to identify genes affecting the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and related problems, and was among the first AUD-focused studies to subsequently adopt a genome-wide association (GWAS) approach. COGA's family-based structure, multimodal assessment with gold-standard clinical and neurophysiological data, and the availability of prospective longitudinal phenotyping continues to provide insights into the etiology of AUD and related disorders. These include investigations of genetic risk and trajectories of substance use and use disorders, phenome-wide association studies of loci of interest, and investigations of pleiotropy, social genomics, genetic nurture, and within-family comparisons. COGA is one of the few AUD genetics projects that includes a substantial number of participants of African ancestry. The sharing of data and biospecimens has been a cornerstone of the COGA project, and COGA is a key contributor to large-scale GWAS consortia. COGA's wealth of publicly available genetic and extensive phenotyping data continues to provide a unique and adaptable resource for our understanding of the genetic etiology of AUD and related traits.

Dynamic interplay between available resources and implementation climate across phases of implementation: a qualitative study of a VA national population health tool

BackgroundAvailable resources within an organization can determine the implementation success of an intervention. However, few studies have investigated how the required resources change over the phases of implementation. Using stakeholder interviews, we examined the changes in and interactions between available resources and implementation climate in the implementation and sustainment phases of a national implementation effort for a population health tool.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the interviews with 20 anticoagulation professionals at 17 clinical sites in the Veterans Health Administration health system about their experiences with a population health dashboard for anticoagulant management. Interview transcripts were coded using constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and according to the phase of implementation (pre-implementation, implementation, and sustainment) as defined by the VA Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) Roadmap. We analyzed the factors that may determine successful implementation by examining the co-occurrence patterns between available resources and implementation climate across different implementation phases. To illustrate the variations in these determinants across phases, we aggregated and scored coded statements using a previously published CFIR scoring system (− 2 to + 2). Key relationships between available resources and implementation climate were identified and summarized using thematic analysis.ResultsThe resources necessary to support the successful implementation of an intervention are not static; both the quantity and types of resources shift based on the phases of the intervention. Furthermore, increased resource availability does not guarantee the sustainment of intervention success. Users need different types of support beyond the technical aspects of an intervention, and this support varies over time. Specifically, available resources in the form of technological support and social/emotional support help users establish trust in a new technological-based intervention during the implementation phase. Resources that foster and maintain collaboration between users and other stakeholders help them stay motivated during sustainment.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the dynamic nature of available resources and their impacts on the implementation climate across different phases of implementation. A better understanding of the dynamics of available resources over time from the users’ perspectives will allow the adaptation of resources to better meet the needs of the intervention stakeholders.

THE CONCEPT OF “RESILIENCE”: HISTORY OF FORMATION AND APPROACHES TO DEFINITION

The aim of the article is to collect information about the history of the integration of the concept of "resilience" into psychological science and determine the main approaches to its understanding; to systematize and compare the approaches to the conceptualization of the concept of "resilience" and its distinction with other terms presented in the Ukrainian and foreign scientific literature in recent years. The article gives a historical review of the formation and development of the concept of "resilience", starting from the 19th century and ending with the present. The authors consider different views on the psychological interpretation of the term "resilience", as an aspect that has an impact on the quality of life of an individual. There are two main approaches in psychology to understanding resilience – resilience as a trait and a process which have a common understanding of the concept: it describes the ability of individuals and social systems (family, communities, organizations) to successfully function, adapt, and cope despite different kinds of adversity (psychological, social, cultural, physical). Resilience emerges in people along the continuum of their development. The focus is on the conceptualization of resilience as a continuous, active process of the emergence or development of new forces and resources for adaptation and recovery, which has uneven dynamics in the face of the emergence of new risks. In such interpretation resilience is the ability of a person or social group to maintain balance and integrity in a difficult situation, to effectively solve not only the task of adapting to changing conditions, but also the task of development. The authors compares the approaches to the conceptualization of the concept of "resilience" presented in the Ukrainian and foreign scientific literature in recent years. In both English and Ukrainian sourses, resilience belongs to the category of adaptation, it is preceded by a traumatic event or stressful impact. In the Ukrainian-language psychological literature, the definition of resilience as a dynamic process, prevails; the concept of resilience is interpreted mainly as resistance to stress, maintenance of normal functioning in conditions of psycho-traumatic influence. In English-language literature, the conceptualization of resilience as a return to the previous level of functioning, rapid recovery is significantly predominant.

Reviewing the literature: Collaborative professional learning for academics in higher education

ABSTRACT The literature indicates that collaborative activities can support professional learning (PL) for academics teaching in higher education (HE). Nevertheless, limited approaches for collegial PL exist that can be embedded in the day-to-day work of busy academics. This paper reports on an evidence-based approach to practice that was undertaken to develop an authentic, structured, collegial approach to PL for academics. This involved a review and synthesis of relevant literature, which revealed that collegial PL could be supported through self-initiated communities of academics; collaborative, social interaction with peers; safe, non-judgemental, supportive, conversations; critical reflection; sustained inquiry into practice; an exploration of perspectives; and bespoke resources. These findings informed the development of the Collaborative Peer-Observation Learning Circles (CPO/LC). The approach includes a four-stage process and adaptable template resources designed to facilitate academics’ collegial PL while also meeting the needs of accreditation requirements in HE.

Co-creating a coastal climate service to prioritise investments in erosion prevention and sea-level rise adaptation in the Maldives

While the prioritisation of scarce resources for climate adaptation is becoming a priority for low and middle income countries, the climate service literature addressing adaptation prioritisation decisions is scarce. This paper contributes to filling this gap by presenting a co-creation process carried out in the Maldives among representatives of government, civil society and researchers. Together, we identified the need to improve a ranking method currently used by the Maldivian government to prioritise islands for investments in erosion prevention. As a solution we developed a layered index. The first layer of this index captures the objective dimension of the problem through an erosion hazard subindex, using the three variables wave energy, reef health and reef flat minimum width. The second layer captures the normative dimension through a multi-criteria analysis using the erosion hazard subindex as one criterion next to other stakeholder selected criteria such as critical infrastructure, economic activity, per capita income and the potential to house additional people that resettle from riskier places as sea-level rise progresses. Results of this new ranking method show that socioeconomic criteria were considered more important by the stakeholders than the biophysical criterion of erosion hazard. Among the top-ranked islands are many regional centres but also less populous islands that have a large potential to house additional people. Lessons learnt from the co-creation process highlight the importance of assembling interdisciplinarity teams, fostering mutual learning among project participants, and designing research projects that do not prescribe upfront the exact problems to be addressed and methods to be applied.

The personalized operational control of the functional state in railway transport workers

Introduction. One of the important directions of medical and psychological research is the scientific search for approaches and research methods in the field of adaptive resources of the individual necessity to maintain optimal performance and successful functioning of a specialist in occupational activity. At the present stage, the indicators of the functional state of the employee are taken into account and analyzed according to average values, without taking into account personalized data. This approach may lead to inaccuracies in the interpretation of the results obtained.
 The purpose of the study is to determine the most significant criteria for assessing the functional state of railway transport workers based on the analysis of the database of the automated system of pre‒trip medical examinations (KAPD-01-ST complex, ASF), taking into account the previously established individual threshold values of their current functional state indicators.
 Materials and methods. As part of the work, the database of the system of pre-trip medical examination of four hundred employees of locomotive crews was analyzed. Among them, 200 people (according to the assessment of their psychophysiological state) were classified as a “risk group”. The average age (not included in the “risk group”) is 51.4 ± 2.8 years; those included in the “risk group” ‒ 51.6 ± 3.5 years.
 Results. According to the results of factor analysis (CMO = 0.737, Barlett sphericity criterion p<0.05), 5 factors were identified. The cumulative percentage 
 on the last component is 94.723. Based on the study of the results of the automated system of pre-trip medical examination (ASP), the most significant indicators 
 of assessing the functional state of employees of locomotive crews of railway transport in the formation of a “risk group” were identified.
 Limitations. The representativeness of the sample size was ensured by the participation of 400 employees of locomotive crews in the study. The limitations of the study are related to the distribution of respondents by gender: there are no female respondents in the sample.
 Conclusion. The previously applied approaches of the system, the assessment of the functional state of the employee according to group criteria, taking into account the average values, do not allow today to obtain a forecast of occupational reliability that meets modern requirements. There is an obvious need to create a new, more objective assessment system of the degree of overstrain of the functional systems of the human body, aimed at taking into account the individual characteristics of the operator professions.

MODELING OF AN ADAPTIVE E-LEARNING SYSTEM FOR IMPROVED LEARNING PERFORMANCE

Majority of the online learning systems in use today, lack proper integration of adaptive, collaborative, personalized and ubiquitous concepts in their design and implementation. Integration of these basic concepts in online learning systems will enable adaptation, individualization, and collaboration of learning resources to learners’ preferences, with an added advantage of accessibility to online resources anywhere and anytime. Hence, the research proposes an Adaptive E-Learning System (AES) model that incorporates activities sequencing in a personalised, adaptive, collaborative and ubiquitous learning environment. The system model consists of the system (software) architectural diagram and mathematical model of activity sequence. The design is presented using the UML activity diagram and the class diagram. The full implementation of the system is currently being carried out and is being tested with real life cases.

Adaptive Resource Allocation for Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in Internet of Things

The fast development of mobile communication and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies greatly promotes the prosperity of the Internet of Things (IoT), where various types of IoT devices can perform more intelligent tasks. Considering the privacy leakage and limited communication resources, federated learning (FL) has emerged to enable devices to collaboratively train AI models based on their local data without raw data exchanges. Nevertheless, it is still challenging for guaranteeing any FL models to be effective due to the sluggish willingness of IoT devices and the model poisoning attacks in the FL. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce blockchain technology and propose a blockchain-based FL framework for supporting a trustworthy and reliable FL paradigm in IoT. In the proposed framework, we design a committee-based participant selection mechanism that selects the aggregate node and local model updates dynamically to construct the global model. Moreover, considering the trade-off between the energy consumption and the convergence rate of the FL model, we perform the channel allocation, block size adjustment, and block producer selection jointly. Since the remaining resources, handling transactions, and channel conditions are dynamically varying (i.e., stochastic environment), we formulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) and adopt a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based algorithm to solve it. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and show the superior performance of the DRL-based resource allocation algorithm compared with other baseline methods in terms of energy consumption.

How do we respond to generative AI in education? Open educational practices give us a framework for an ongoing process

With the release of ChatGPT in November 2022, the field of higher education rapidly became aware that generative AI can complete or assist in many of the kinds of tasks traditionally used for assessment. This has come as a shock, on the heels of the shock of the pandemic. How should assessment practices change? Should we teach about generative AI or use it pedagogically? If so, how? Here, we propose that a set of open educational practices, inspired by both the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement and digital collaboration practices popularized in the pandemic, can help educators cope and perhaps thrive in an era of rapidly evolving AI. These practices include turning toward online communities that cross institutional and disciplinary boundaries. Social media, listservs, groups, and public annotation can be spaces for educators to share early, rough ideas and practices and reflect on these as we explore emergent responses to AI. These communities can facilitate crowdsourced curation of articles and learning materials. Licensing such resources for reuse and adaptation allows us to build on what others have done and update resources. Collaborating with students allows emergent, student-centered, and student-guided approaches as we learn together about AI and contribute to societal discussions about its future. We suggest approaching all these modes of response to AI as provisional and subject to reflection and revision with respect to core values and educational philosophies. In this way, we can be quicker and more agile even as the technology continues to change. We give examples of these practices from the Spring of 2023 and call for recognition of their value and for material support for them going forward. These open practices can help us collaborate across institutions, countries, and established power dynamics to enable a richer, more justly distributed emerging response to AI.

Demonstrating the value of beaches for adaptation to future coastal flood risk

Cost-effective coastal flood adaptation requires a realistic valuation of losses, costs and benefits considering the uncertainty of future flood projections and limited resources for adaptation. Here we present an approach to quantify the flood protection benefits of beaches accounting for the dynamic interaction of storm erosion, long-term shoreline evolution and flooding. We apply the method in Narrabeen-Collaroy (Australia) considering uncertainty in different shared socioeconomic pathways, sea-level rise projections, and beach conditions. By 2100, results show that failing to consider erosion can underestimate flood damage by a factor of 2 and maintaining present-day beach width can avoid 785 million AUD worth assets from flood damage. By 2050, the flood protection and recreational benefits of holding the current mean shoreline could be more than 150 times the cost of nourishment. Our results give insight on the benefits of beaches for adaptation and can help accelerate financial instruments for restoration.

Medical Writer Apprentice Programs: Who Has Them, What Are They Like, and Do We Need More? Survey Results From 2022

In 2022, the American Medical Writers Association established a taskforce to develop a survey to understand the current state of medical writer apprentice programs, and the desire for a standard framework to help guide the development of such programs. The survey was targeted to contributors who were actively responsible for leading and/or training and developing a medical writing team, and was administered by using SurveyMonkey. A total of 78 responses were received, with largest percentage of respondents primarily working in pharmaceutical/biotech/medical device companies (44%), followed by contract research organizations (CROs)/medical writing companies (23%) and medical writing consultancies (10%). The survey revealed that less than half (42%) of survey respondents’ companies currently have an established apprentice program, and that CROs (73%) and medical writing-specific consultancies (57%) were more likely to have apprentice programs than pharmaceutical/biotech/device companies (24%). The respondents also provided details about the goals, training styles, structures, and durations of existing programs. Importantly, regardless of whether or not respondents’ companies already have an apprentice program, the majority of respondents felt it would be useful to have a standard framework for an apprentice program either to refine existing programs or to develop a new program. As such, the AMWA Executives Advisory Council established an Apprenticeship Framework Working Group to develop a standard yet flexible framework for companies to use as an adaptable resource as they develop their own apprentice programs. The development of this framework is ongoing at the time of publication of this article.

Students’ Awareness and Use of Open Educational Resources (OERS) in Selected Universities: Implication for Policy Studies

Open Educational Resources are technology-enabled open provisions of educational resources for consultation, use, and adaptation for non-commercial purposes. At the moment in Nigeria, OERs are the reality for an increasing number of universities. They are distinctively made available without restraint over the Internet or the Web. The adoption has been on an increased level; hence, this study presents the key findings of a survey about the awareness and use of OER among students in selected Universities. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 600 respondents. The findings revealed that the majority of the students were males between the ages of 20-25. It was also revealed that students were aware of OER in their universities. Besides, the study established a positive correlation between students' awareness and the use of OER. On the use of the resources, it is revealed that the majority of the students use theses/projects, journal articles, lecture notes, courseware, and books while video contents, inaugural lectures, and Conference proceedings/presentations were among the least used resources as indicated by over 50% of the respondents. 80% of respondents perceived that the resources are useful and improved their retention, and 89.3% find downloading the materials easy the barrier to the use of OER among the population studied includes inadequate skills, little knowledge of the courseware, and power supply. The study recommended, among other things, the need for students and staff training and retraining to guarantee the required threshold in ICT literacy skills and competency for maximum OER use and exploitation. Also recommended was the need for the universities in conjunction with librarians to develop a standard procedure to mainstream OER into teaching, learning, and research processes to promote their practical use Keywords: Higher education, ICT skills, Learning materials, Open Education, Open Educational Resources, Use of OER, Undergraduate Students.

Adaptive resource allocation of secured access to intelligent surface enhanced satellite–terrestrial networks with two directional traffics

In this paper, we study the secured access to the satellite–terrestrial networks of 6G with two directional traffics. Both access point (AP) and the sensor node in the terrestrial networks simultaneously transmit messages to each other. The passive reflection surface technique is employed to assist both directional traffics. Meanwhile, the satellite as the eavesdropper is keeping on receiving both messages by equipping multiple antennas on this illegal receiver. Specifically, we formulate the adaptive power design problem for both AP and the sensor node, respectively, as the transmitter of the downlink and the uplink traffic in terrestrial networks. The objective function is the energy efficiency maximization and the constraint is the maximum overall data rate of the illegal eavesdropper over the satellite networks. The closed form expression is mathematically derived for the optimum solution. The obtained approach achieves the best performance for the terrestrial networks from the energy efficiency point of view. Moreover, it assures any quality of service requirement concerning the security of the whole satellite–terrestrial networks of 6G. Our approach is numerically verified by the Monte Carlo simulations.

ADAPTIVE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CONFRONTATION OF GLOBALIZATION'S CHALLENGES

Globalization has created a dynamic and complex business environment, requiring organizations to adjust to unpredictable and rapid change. In this context, adaptive HR management is essential for sustaining the success and competitiveness of the organization. The method of research employed is a literature review, which entails gathering and analyzing literature on adaptive HR management and the challenges of globalization. The research findings indicate that adaptive human resource management necessitates the use of change-responsive strategies and practices, such as in recruitment, employee development, performance management, diversity management, technology use, effective leadership, and adaptive change management. This study highlights the advantages of adaptive human resource management, including increased employee productivity, workforce quality, organizational adaptability in the face of change, greater employee satisfaction, and competitive advantage. The practical implication of this study is the significance of organizations implementing adaptive HR strategies and practices in response to globalization's challenges.

Research on Spatial Patterns and Mechanisms of Live Streaming Commerce in China Based on Geolocation Data

Live streaming commerce (LSC) effectively combines the traditional real economy and e-commerce. Based on more than half a million unique GIS data values on LSC activities sourced via Taobao (Alibaba), we traced the spatial distribution of different players along the supply chain and further highlighted the intermediary role of streamers in developing the inter-regional industry. This study guides industrial planning in a diversified regional context, especially in economically peripheral regions. Our results show the following outcomes: (1) in contrast to dispersed suppliers, streamers and consumers are highly clustered. This trend proves that streamers are rooted in a specific urban context while playing the role of an intermediary in inter-regional supply chains, effectively extending geographic interactivity between suppliers and (potential) customers. (2) LSC primarily promotes regional light industry, especially in economically peripheral and rural areas, and provides opportunities for rapid development in cities with skilled handicraft providers. (3) China’s LSC streams have a pyramid structure, and the top group is highly clustered in metropolitan regions, such as the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). This clustering makes it easier for streamers to work with large, well-known brands. The bottom group is mainly in charge of expanding the supply chain within the region and relies more on the local industrial base. It is diversified due to the different types of businesses or products. Ultimately, we draw attention to adaptive spatial planning and resource allocation in the context of the economic and geographic reforms brought by this growing industry, and discuss the policy implications based on the relationships between the supply of and demand for live streamers from a broader regional perspective.

An adaptive social forestry model in West Papua based on cultural forests and the main potential of NTFPS: Theory and practice

The presence of the Job Creation Law Number 11 of 2020 opened a new discourse on social forestry policy in Indonesia. The discourse on the concept of forest resource management is used as the basis for the theory and practice of local community-based development. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of adaptive natural resource management for the development of site-scale social forestry. As potential superior Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), the types of Papuan nutmeg and black fruit have been utilized by local communities for generations. A mixed method using descriptive system analysis was used in developing the concept of cultural forest. The results of the study found that a cultural-forest-based adaptive natural resource management scenario in West Papua from case studies on the use of nutmeg in Fakfak and black fruit districts in Teluk Wondama district can be designed as a model for social forestry at the site level. The three landscape typologies of natural forest habitat, secondary forest and home gardens are a systemic-holistic unit that demonstrates certainty of access and ownership for determining site-scale social forestry schemes in West Papua.

Enabling Network Power Savings in 5G-Advanced and Beyond

Energy consumption is a critical concern for the 5G mobile operators. 5G NR network may have increased energy consumption compared to its predecessors as it aims to support a plethora of services demanding diverse QoS constraints and requiring deployment of radios at different frequency layers with potentially wider bandwidth and more antennas. Moreover, it is important for the operators to keep the operational expenses and carbon emissions as low as possible as well. At 3GPP, UE power saving has mainly been the focus from Rel 15 till Rel 17 and in Rel 18, a new study item has been introduced to investigate different network power saving techniques. In this paper, we first discuss why 5G NR poses unique challenges for energy consumption with respect to its predecessors. We aim to explore different potential techniques for network power savings via resource adaptation in time, frequency, spatial, and power domain. We also investigate power consumption based on energy consumption model adopted by 3GPP and provide energy efficiency - throughput trade-off analysis to identify which domain has the highest potential for power savings.

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Online Resource Allocation in IoT Networks: Technology, Development, and Future Challenges

The growing number of complex and heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) applications has imposed a high demand for scarce communications and computing resources. To meet this stringent requirement, it is desirable to develop large-scale highly adaptive online resource allocation strategies to streamline existing network operations. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which combines the merits of reinforcement learning and deep learning, is capable of addressing complex decision-making tasks, thus enabling efficient online resource allocation. In this article, we present a DRL-based resource allocation framework. We begin a discussion on DRL basics and review its several recent applications. Then, we develop two new DRL algorithms that facilitate unlocking the potential of DRL and offer viable solutions to many more complex resource allocation problems. The first one tackles an optimization problem exposed to mixed (discrete and continuous) action spaces and bound by a number of highly non-linear quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. The second one extends the single-agent DRL to a more challenging multi-agent DRL by introducing a novel semi-distributed architecture. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future visions of applying DRL to real-world IoT networks.