Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Research Articles

Anomaly-based Detection of Blackhole Attacks in WSN and MANET Utilizing Quantum-metaheuristic algorithms

Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises various distributed nodes that are physically separated. Nodes are constantly applying for sensing their environment. If the information sensitivity coefficient is very high, data should be conveyed continually and also with confidentially. WSNs have many vulnerability features because of data transferring on the open air, self-organization without reformed structure, bounded range of sources and memory, and limited computing capabilities. Therefore, the implementation of security protocols in WSN is inescapable. According to the resemblance between WSN and biotic reaction to the real menace in nature, bio-inspired approaches have variant rules in computer network investigations. In this paper, we exploited an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm based on Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol for detection of black hole attacks. Finally, the Grover quantum metaheuristic algorithm is applied to optimize attack paths detection. The results gained from extensive simulations in WSN proved that the proposed approach is capable of improving some fundamental network parameters such as throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio in comparison with other approaches.

Identifying the Impacts of Active and Passive Attacks on Network Layer in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network: A Simulation Perspective

In this research, we attempted to investigate about the features and behaviors of network layer based active and passive attacks in Ad-hoc On-Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). Through the literature survey, we try to understand the features of each attacks and examine the behaviors of these attacks through simulations via Network Simulator 2 (NS2). Blackhole, Grayhole and Wormhole attacks are used in this simulation study. Each attacks are introduced independently into the network to find the impacts on network performances that are evaluated through Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay (AEED), Throughput, Average Data Dropping Rate (ADDR) and Simula-tion Processing Time at Intermediate Nodes (SPTIN). To obtain more accurate results, simulation parameters are maintained same in each simulation. A controller network is simulated to compare with each attack simulation. Simulations are repeated by changing the number of connected intermediate nodes (hops) in the network. We observed at collected data analysis, the lowest SPTIN in the network that contained a Blackhole or Grayhole attack out of these three attacks. The network which is affected by a Blackhole attack shows higher amount of ADDR than controller network. Furthermore data forwarding rate is higher in the network which is affected by a Wormhole attack. Finally, according to the simulation studies, we are able to understand that Blackhole and Grayhole attacks cause more damage to the network performances than Wormhole attacks.

Enhancing multipath routing using an efficient multicriteria sorting technique

Saving energy in MANET represents a critical issue due to its material architecture. This paper aims to improve ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) using multicriteria analysis method. In order to construct effective disjoints paths, our approach focuses on sorting the different available paths considering several important criteria. Our objective is improving the network performances and routing stability using an efficient multicriteria method called Electre Tri. The use of this technique enhances data reach ability and minimises the required delay during packets forwarding. The proposed approach is evaluated comparatively to well known routing protocols considering various metrics. Simulation results prove that our approach improves significantly the network lifetime and the transmission delay.

An energy-efficient and novel populated cluster aware routing protocol (PCRP) for wireless sensor networks (WSN)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is created, stemming from their applications in distinct areas. Huge sensor nodes are deployed in geographically isolated regions in WSN. As a result of uninterrupted transmission, the energy level of the nodes gets rapidly depleted. Sensor node batteries cannot be replaced or recharged often and maintaining the energy level is a crucial issue. Thus energy efficiency is the significant factor to be consider in WSN. This paper focuses to implement an efficient clustering and routing protocols for maximized network lifetime. Clustering has been confirmed as a successful approach in network organization. The fundamental responsibilities of the clustering mechanism include improved energy efficiency and extended network lifespan. In this work, energy efficiency is improved to maximize lifespan of the WSN by proposing a novel method known as the Populated Cluster aware Routing Protocol (PCRP). The proposed method comprises three different steps: cluster formation, cluster head selection, and multi-hop data transmission. All sensor nodes are joined to a Cluster Head in a single hop in the cluster formation phase. Node distance is calculated and from which cluster head is selected. Then, cluster head aggregates the data from sensor nodes and transfer to the Base Station (BS). The shortest pathway is estimated by the Energy Route Request Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (ERRAODV) algorithm. The proposed method considers the residual energy involved to attain high energy efficiency and network stability. The experimental analysis is demonstrated to validate the proposed method with existing, which improves the network lifespan. Vital parameters are validated using Network Simulator (NS2).

Performance Evaluation of Data Dissemination Protocols for Connected Autonomous Vehicles

An overwhelmed number of vehicles has wrecked the current system of transportation due to rapid growth in population. Smart cities are the novel innovation that is inevitable to curb the problems of traffic jams, unorganized traffic, environmental pollution, and slow response rate to emergency situations. The intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an integral part of smart cities allowing communications and interaction among vehicles. An autonomous vehicle is the key element of ITS and the mass implementation of this emerging technology is the solution to traffic problems linked to the current transportation system. Autonomous vehicles lead to the need for efficient and reliable external vehicular communications particularly through vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). However, utilizing a suitable routing protocol to provide stable routing and efficient performance for vehicular communications in autonomous vehicles is a key factor. Routing protocols are particularly important for establishing vehicular to vehicular and vehicular to infrastructure (V2X) communication, which is incredibly challenging due to the movement of nodes. The quality of inter-vehicular communications is widely affected by numerous factors such as routing protocols, traffic environment, and traffic density. This article presents a detailed evaluation of three commonly used protocols, i.e., Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) under three different traffic environments. To investigate the performance of these routing protocols under diverse environments, simulations are extended further by using the varying density of vehicles. This study aims at finding the best routing protocol for efficient and reliable packet dissemination among vehicles under different scenarios.

A Feasibility Study of Privacy Ensuring Emergency Vehicle Approaching Warning System

With the deployment of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), new transport safety and efficiency applications are emerging. One of the fields where the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) is expected to bring great benefits, is emergency systems. A properly designed emergency vehicle warning system should provide car drivers with adequate reaction times and additional information, complementing the currently used lights and sirens. The objective is to increase road safety and to create conditions for a fast and reliable movement of emergency vehicles (EVs). The available literature addressing privacy issues in VANET-based emergency vehicle warning systems is strongly limited. In this paper, the privacy ensuring emergency vehicle approaching warning system (PEEV-WS) is proposed based on a requirements analysis. Privacy is ensured by avoiding transmissions of sensitive information (e.g., expected EV route) over the wireless channel. This is achieved by assigning the decision-making responsibility to an EV and determining which vehicles can potentially interfere with the EV in the near future, and to notify those vehicles only by unicasting vehicle-customized information. The performance of the system is evaluated by federated telco-traffic simulations in terms of end-to-end delay and message delivery probability for three commonly used ad hoc routing protocols—Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), as well as in terms of reaction time, which the system provides to the drivers. Despite low applicability of the ad hoc routing protocols for vehicular communication, especially for low-latency and high-frequency applications, the simulations of the communication network demonstrate that the AODV protocol, with the modified configuration, can support the emergency vehicle warning system. The traffic simulations confirm that the system has the potential to provide drivers with sufficient reaction time.

Secured Intrusion Detection System Energy Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) works without any essentialsetupas required in the wired networks for its communication. Since MANETs lack a compact infrastructure type as its topology is dynamic, the major concern in this type of networks are the energy consumption in the routing and also they are prone to security issues in the networks as it lacks firewalls and sufficient software which fails to the data protection in wireless networks. To provide energy management and security to these networks types, many Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has been implemented earlier, that are focusing on either only the routing protocols or their efficiency, but they do not address the energy utilization and the security problems. In the proposed work, Secured Intrusion Detection System Energy Routing Protocol (SIDSERP) for mobile ad-hoc networks determines the best available route path, considering the energy utilization, also finds the alternate route path if the existing route path is malfunctioned, also provides the safety to the network by building an intrusion detection system. The proposed protocol work is carried out in network simulator-2 and comparison against the existing Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols. The network performance metrics considered are the packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput and energy consumption.

Survey on Performance of Multipath Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

As we know Wireless Sensor Network is the perfect solution for quick capturing, processing and transmission of critical data. Sensor nodes are often deployed in generous environment but nodes suffer from low battery power. So, energy efficiency and network life are main concerns in WSN. Zig Bee have low cost, low power consumption and is beneficial in wireless sensor networks by selecting adequate communication protocol. Routing protocols like AODV (Ad- hoc on demand distance vector routing), ZTR (Zig Bee tree routing), and STR (Shortcut tree routing) and ESTR (Extended Shortcut tree routing) are compared on the idea of various performance metrics like end to finish delay, routing overload, throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR). The mathematical analysis and performance evaluation shows that ESTR achieves better performance as compared to other routing protocols. The overall evaluation shows that ESTR achieves better performance as compared to other routing protocols. But there are some limitations of ESTR method. Performance of packet delivery ratio of STR is less as compared to AODV. Performance of end to end delay of STR is poor as compared to AODV. Extended STR is proposed to represent new ZigBee network routing protocol with improved performance of Packet Delivery ratio (PDR) and delay against STR and AODV. We are introducing here Efficient Extended Shortcut Tree Routing method (ESTR) for further improvement of delays of ESTR method.

Impact of Improved Chicken Swam Optimization Based A algorithm In MANETs Routing

Wireless devices utilization had increased drastically, which has shown an impact on over-all demand and utilization Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). Routing protocol is the fundamental and vital performance factor in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The routing protocols in MANET are accomplished to handle a lot number of nodes with restricted resources. Multiple routing protocols exist in MANETs. Once of the main challenges in routing protocols is its generation of adverse influence on network performance. Accordingly, this paper plans to implement an obstacle-ware MANET routing model using improved meta-heuristic-based A* algorithm. The algorithm efficiently plots a path between multiple nodes avoiding obstacles, or points, on the graph that results in producing a shortest path without any obstacles. The improved meta-heuristic algorithm termed as Fitness and Position Ratiobased Chicken Swarm Optimization (FPR-CSO) is used to improvise the A* algorithm. The comparative analysis of different optimized A* over Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) confirms the consistent performance of the proposed model.

Detection and Prevention of Manet using Hybrid SVM with Ann

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) have been exceptionally vulnerable against attacks because of the dynamic and self-configurable nature of its system foundation. This kind of wireless network is appropriate for temporary communication linked due to its nature of less-foundation and there is no any control of centralized manner. Design a routing mechanism that are security aware with higher QoS parameter is very competetive and the major tasks involved in ad hoc types of network as per the limited power resources and their dynamic routing topology. This paper mainly focused on the design of a secure and trusts based on-demand routing mechanism using Ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) protocol to compute trust-based produces path initialed from source up to destination that will fulfill minimum two end-to-end QoS parameters of network. So here, the generalized AODV routing protocol has been extended from traditional routing mechanism to analyze the performance of this model with combination of artificial intelligence concept. The proposed ad hoc based routing mechanism is used to found possible routes that are prevented through trust adjacent position of security validation protocols and enhanced link optimized route computes on the basis of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as an artificial intelligence algorithm for well-organized communication in MANET. In addition, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of bio inspired Firefly Algorithm (FFA) as an optimization approach with the consideration of several performance QoS metrics of network. The results have been measured in terms of throughput and PDR with SVM and ANN approach. It has been observed that the throughput and PDR measured using ANN approach is better compared to SVM approach an average of 0.755 PDR value has been obtained using ANN approach.

Performance Reasoning of MANET Routing Protocols Varying Node Density

The abbreviation of MANET stands for Mobile Ad hoc NETwork. Nodes in the network can organized and configured by themselves without any kind of permanent infrastructures. All of these extreme features make MANET to be used widely in this contemporary time. In MANET nodes can communicate to each other neither the need of any kind of pre-existing infrastructure like base stations and routers nor any centralized control. Each node be involved in the network can perform both as host along with router. Wireless nodes have the capability of moving freely all over the network at any time. Thus the network topology may reconstruct very quickly over time. This makes the network unreliable and a lot of challenges to the routing of the packets. Routing protocols are used to communicate wireless nodes each other. An efficient protocol will make MANETs reliable. There are three distinct types of MANET routing protocols namely as proactive, reactive routing along with hybrid routing protocols. In these experimentations we have examined all of these categories of routing protocols. We have evaluated Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) as reactive, Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) as proactive, and Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP) as hybrid routing protocols. We have used HTTP traffic over the network designed. OPNET Modeler simulation tool is used to model and simulate the result. In design of the mobility model we have chosen the random waypoint. We have examined delay, network load and throughput of the network varying number of nodes. All of these performance -metrics have considered under light browsing. The comprehensive results show that OLSR has the superior performance for different node density.

Confidence-based Security System for Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network of wireless nodes. The network topology may change quickly with respect to time, due to node mobility. The network is a disintegrated network, activities such as delivering messages by determining the topology essential to be implemented by the nodes themselves i.e., the routing activity will be unified into mobile nodes. Due to the lack of centralized administration in multihop routing and open environment, MANET’s are susceptible to attacks by compromised nodes; hence, to provide security also energy efficiency is a crucial issue. So as to decrease the hazards of malicious nodes and resolve energy consumption issues, a simple confidence-based protocol is built to evaluate neighbor’s behaviour using forwarding factors. The reactive Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV), is extended and confidence-based Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (CBAOMDV) protocol, is implemented for MANET. This implemented protocol is able to find multiple routes in one route discovery. These routes are calculated by confidence values and hop counts. From there, the shortest path is selected which fulfills the requirements of data packets for reliability on confidence. Several experimentations have been directed to relate AOMDV and CBAOMDV protocols and the outcomes show that CBAOMDV advances throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, and average energy consumption.

Novel Method of Improving Quality of Service for Voice over Internet Protocol Traffic in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In recent years, the application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) has been increased. However, the level of Quality of Service (QoS) for VoIP traffic in MANET, while there is no infrastructure, will reduce when dealing with a large number of calls. In this type of dynamic environment, the developing of a new infrastructure becomes more costly and time-consuming. In this paper, we proposed an efficient method, called the Quality of Service-Nearest Neighbor (QoS-NN), to improve the QoS level for VoIP in order to manage the huge number of calls over MANET network. We utilized the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol as the underlying routing protocol to implement our proposed method. We evaluated the proposed QoS-NN method using Network Simulator version 2 (NS2). The performance of the proposed QoS-NN method was compared with Lexicographic order method. The comparison was evaluated in terms of R -factor, end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio, and packet delivery ratio performance metrics. In addition, the proposed method evaluated under different network parameters such as VoIP CODECs, node mobility speed, number of calls and number of nodes. The comparison results indicate that the proposed QoS-NN outperform the Lexicographic order method.

Effect on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) & Throughput in Wireless Sensor Networks Due to Black Hole Attack

Wireless Sensor Networks are in rapid advance occupying every field of our lives. They are in great demand and are widely used in transmission of data like temperature, pressure, humidity, speed etc. As these networks are wireless and are easily prone to intrusion by the attackers. Hence the basic concern is security of data. The nodes in the network will be sending information between the nodes, and in between the nodes intrusion takes place with attack like wormhole attack, black hole attack, sybil attack, hello flood attack etc. which corrupts data. These attacks effect the efficiency of the network and the parameters like packet delivery ratio and throughput of the network is affected. Black hole is a severe attack in network which alters most of the data before it is received at the sink, hence has to be detected and prevented. In this paper, Adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV) protocol is used to detect and prevent the black hole attack using Network Simulator (NS-2.3)

Performance Evaluation of GPSR and AODV Routing Protocols in MANETS

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collection of nodes connected through wireless medium and do not require infrastructure for operation. Network Topology keeps on changing because mobility of nodes are high. Therefore, it is important for MANETs to provide excellent routing and security features. Since MANETs do not require any pre-existing infrastructure, they are extensively used in emergency and rescue and military applications. MANETs thus will form essentially an important part in wireless networks. In this paper, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) routing protocol performance is compared with respect to Throughput and E2ED and observed that there is an improvement in throughput by 11% in case of GPSR. Simulation is performed using NS3.

Performance of Energy Conservation Models, Generic, Micaz and Micamotes, using AODV Routing Protocol on a Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN’s) have gained a considerable importance and are used for a variety of applications. In WSN, an arrangement of sensor nodes is done to sense and collect information from its nearby environment and to send it back to the base station using routing protocol. The biggest challenges are how to handle the routing problems and to optimize the energy consumption in WSN. In this paper, performance evaluation of three energy models, Generic, Micaz and Micamotes, is presented using Ad-Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The performance evaluation is done using several parameters: Throughput, Jitter, Average End-to-End Delay (AEED), Total Packets Received (TPR) and Energy consumption inthree modes (transmit, receive and idle). Based on the evaluation, it has been found that Micamotes energy model using AODV routing protocol consumes less energy by 80.46% and 428.57% in transmit mode , 102.94% and 335.6% in receive mode from Micaz and Generic energy models, respectively.

Performance Analysis of MANET under Rushing Attack

In this article performance analysis of MANET under rushing attack has been performed. It is mainly focused on the analysis of the effect of Rushing attack in MANET. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is considered as the routing protocol of MANET. This paper will analysis the various results that how the attackers affect the performance of the routing protocol in the MANET. Network Simulator NS2 (2.35) is taken as simulation tools for simulation purpose. Various node densities are considered as simulation parameters, which are used for analysis of AODV protocol under Rushing Attack. Analysis of performance is based on Control Overheads, Normalized Routing Overheads, Delay and Throughput.

Improving the Performance of Antnet Protocol using Performance Measures Modeling in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) forms self-autonomous networks which mean nodes are communicated without the aid of any access point. This network forms an ad hoc (provisional) network which is node are random moves in the simulation area. AntNet is a bio-inspired routing protocol based on real Ant behaviour. Nowadays, Swarm Intelligence (SI) techniques are widely used in various domains. In mobility, nodes are taken seldom position and moving randomly. In this work, we have used standard mobility models like Random Way Point (RWP) model. Also, AntNet routing protocol has been used with well-known wireless routing protocols such as Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). The Performance measures modeling (PMM) used to increase the QoS (Quality of Service) results. Therefore, the performance results of the proposed AntNet-PMM model revealed that better results when compared with other models. The Simulation work was made in Network Simulator (NS2). The obtained NS2 output will be given input to Curve fitting tool in MATLAB. In this work, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average Delay and Throughput are considered as QoS parameters. Moreover, curve fitting expressions are used to enhance better accuracy such as polynomial expression, rational expression, and power expression.

Performance Evaluation of Reactive Routing Protocols in MANETs in Association with TCP Newreno

We inspect the performance of TCP NewReno protocol for data transfer in Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs). Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols and AdHoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) are standard reactive routing protocols widely used in MANETs. In addition we also have to consider Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as essential for MANETs since it is one of the widely used internet protocol for dependable data transmission. TCP has its variants namely TCP Reno, TCP NewReno , TCP Vegas and TCP SACK. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of DSR and AODV in association with TCP Newreno with respect to various parameters such as Average throughput, instant throughput, residual energy, packet delivery ratio. The ns-2 network simulator was used for simulation.

Efficient strategies to reduce power consumption in MANETs.

In current circumstances, where amelioration in technology is elevating, power optimization is of grave concern, whilst perceiving portable conditions. The focus is to design an efficient system with an aim to reduce power consumption and improve performance of other metrics. Heterogeneous wireless systems will command in the next-generation wireless networks with the aggregation of different remote access mechanisms. A node in MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETworks) while consuming significant amount of energy practices data transmission and data retrieval process whilst bonding with other neighboring nodes that are within its range. The proposed work implements User Specified energy model and DYMO (DYnamic Manet On-demand) routing protocol. Further, additional features of IEEE 802.11 i.e., Power Saving Mode is employed. To obtain enhanced coverage at targeted areas, multi-hop relay strategy is taken into account, also to achieve a less power consuming network with a greater service life. Consequently, the efficiency of the devices is monitored by opting Residual Life Accurate battery model, by using different datasets of Duracell AA and AAA batteries. Simultaneously, battery model, energy model and DYMO (DYnamic Manet On-demand) are applied for IEEE 802.16 to get a comparative assessment of power consumption between IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16. Results are generated for both the architectures i.e., 802.11 and 802.16 for metrics such as residual amount of energy for varying simulation time for all the nodes and for energy consumption in AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DYMO (DYnamic Manet On-demand) routing protocol using Qualnet version 7.4.