Acute Toxicity Test Research Articles

Effects of Acute and Developmental Exposure to Bisphenol S on Chinese Medaka (Oryzias sinensis).

Bisphenol S (BPS), one of the substitutes for bisphenol A (BPA), is widely used in various commodities. The BPS concentrations in surface water have gradually increased in recent years, making it a predominant bisphenol analogue in the aquatic environment and raising concerns about its health and ecological effects on aquatic organisms. For this study, we conducted a 96 h acute toxicity test and a 15-day developmental exposure test to assess the adverse effects of BPS exposure in Chinese medaka (Oryzias sinensis), a new local aquatic animal model. The results indicate that the acute exposure of Chinese medaka embryos to BPS led to relatively low toxicity. However, developmental exposure to BPS was found to cause developmental abnormalities, such as decreased hatching rate and body length, at 15 dpf. A transcriptome analysis showed that exposure to different concentrations of bisphenol S often induced different reactions. In summary, environmental concentrations of BPS can have adverse effects on the hatching and physical development of Chinese medaka, and further attention needs to be paid to the potential toxicity of environmental BPS.

Abstract 3330: BPP, a dual functional inhibitor, targets MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia: Unraveling mechanisms and expanding therapeutic horizons

Abstract Refractory/recurrent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) poses a formidable clinical challenge, with MLL translocations implicated in approximately 10% of AML cases and a staggering 75% in infant leukemia, bearing an unfavorable prognosis. Our investigation focuses on BPP, a dual-functional inhibitor capable of inducing DNA cross-linking and suppressing angiogenesis. In a diverse panel of solid tumor and leukemic cells, BPP exhibited exceptional sensitivity against MLL-rearranged AML cell types. In MOLM13 and MV4-11 xenograft models, BPP showcased outstanding tumor suppression, with some tumors even achieving complete remission. In-house acute toxicity testing, BPP treated group showed excellent safety margin in both blood chemistry and pathological examination. Remarkably, BPP demonstrated significant cytotoxicity not only in FLT3-WT AML but also in FLT3-ITD AML. Delving into the mechanism, BPP was found to induce FLT3-ITD and MLL degradation by triggering DNA damage and ER stress. Comet assays revealed a dose-dependent accumulation of DNA fragments in MLL cells upon BPP exposure.The involvement of the KMT2A gene in chromosomal translocation in THP1 cells was highlighted, with BPP treatment resulting in a significant increase in Heat-shock protein. Notably, the combination of ganetespib, an FDA-approved HSP90 inhibitor, with BPP exhibited synergistic effects in both in vitro and in vivo models, inducing synthetic lethality and inhibiting HR repair. Furthermore, BPP not only reduced leukemic stem cells in colony formation assays but also demonstrated sensitivity in relapsed/refractory (R/R) and multiple drug-resistant patient samples. These findings collectively position BPP as a promising candidate for the treatment of MLL-rearranged AML, offering multifaceted therapeutic potential. Citation Format: Tai-Lin Chen, Tsann-Long Su, Te-Chang Lee. BPP, a dual functional inhibitor, targets MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia: Unraveling mechanisms and expanding therapeutic horizons [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3330.

Clinical efficacy of curcumin-based functional food mixtures for pain removal

Functional foods have beneficial roles in health and well-being, beyond their basic nutrition. Nowadays, a lot of functional foods are emerging throughout the world. A curcumin-based functional food mixture (Karkuma) was formulated with a certain proportion of natural herbs and spices mixtures with the aim of alleviating pain. This was a three-month clinical trial conducted among a total of sixty patients with chronic pain (30 patients in the intervention and 30 patients in the control group). In the first phase, Karkuma was formulated by appropriately processing and blending mixtures of curcumin, gingerol, mulberry and multi-floral honey as the main ingredients. This formulation was standardized and sensory evaluated by a nine-point hedonic scale. The overall acceptable score was 8.1 (like very much) out of 9. The product safety and acute toxicity tests were tested in a renowned laboratory in Bangladesh and shown safe for consumption. In the second phase, these functional food mixtures claim to reduce the severity of pain and are thus evaluated by adjuvant therapy. No significant differences were found in both groups at baseline observation. After three months of intervention with Karkuma, significantly (p<0.05) relieves pain in the intervention group. However, no significant (p>0.05) decrease in pain was observed after three months of the control trial with blank Karkuma. Moreover, the hematological and liver function tests in both groups were at acceptable levels. Hence, this study acclaims the efficacy of functional food mixtures (Karkuma) against chronic pain.

Surface active dicationic ionic liquids as green oil spill dispersants

The utilization of chemical dispersants as a way of mitigating of oil spills in marine eco-system has been extensively documented worldwide. Hence, in this research we have successfully synthesized two amphiphilic asymmetric Dicaionic Ionic Liquids (DILs). The efficacy of these synthesized DILs as dispersants was assessed using the baffled flask test (BFT). The results indicated a dispersant effectiveness ranging from 47.98 % to 79.76 % for the dispersion of heavy crude oil across various temperature ranges (10–30 °C). These dispersant-to-oil ratios (DOR) were maintained at 3: 100 (V%), showcasing promising dispersant capabilities for mitigating heavy crude oil spills. Additionally, acute toxicity tests conducted on Nile tilapia and Oreochromis niloticus have demonstrated the relatively low toxicity of the IL-dispersants, with Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) values exceeding 100 ppm after 96 h. This suggests a practically slight toxic effect on the tested fish. In summary, the newly developed IL-dispersants are considered to be conducive to environmentally benign oil spill remediation.

Toxicogenomics of the Freshwater Oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata), in Acute Water-Only Exposure to Arsenic.

A toxicogenomic approach was used for toxicity evaluation of arsenic in the aquatic environment, and differential gene expression was investigated from 24 h and 96 h water-only acute toxicity tests with the aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata). Several toxicological endpoints (survival and autotomy) of the oligochaete and tissue residues were measured, and dose-response modelling of gene expression data was studied. A reference transcriptome of the aquatic oligochaete, T. tubifex, was reconstructed for the first time, and genes related to cell stress response (Hsc70, Hsp10, Hsp60, and Hsp83), energy metabolism (COX1), oxidative stress (Cat, GSR, and MnSOD), and the genes involved in the homeostasis of organisms (CaM, RpS13, and UBE2) were identified and characterised. The potential use of the genes identified for risk assessment in freshwater ecosystems as early biomarkers of arsenic toxicity is discussed.

Investigating the impact of external application of formalin and potassium permanganate on hematological, immunological, and biochemical profiles in Labeo rohita fingerlings

The present study aimed to elucidate the suitability of formalin and KMnO4 as therapeutics for fish diseases in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, while considering their impact on fish stress levels. Acute toxicity tests revealed that the 96-hour LC50 values for formalin and KMnO4 were 66.58 ppm and 2.89 ppm, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of formalin (6.65 ppm, 3.32 ppm, and 2.21 ppm) and KMnO4 (0.289 ppm, 0.145 ppm, and 0.096 ppm), along with control groups, were administered to the fish for different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) and different hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that formalin exposure resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in hematological parameters, immunological parameters, and serum protein levels. Conversely, formalin exposure led to significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum glucose, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels. In contrast, KMnO4 exposure significantly decreased (p < 0.05) hematological parameters and serum protein levels, while significantly increasing (p < 0.05) immunological parameters. To evaluate curative efficacy, challenge studies were conducted using three sub-lethal concentrations of formalin and KMnO4 against Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC 7966) infection. Based on the aforementioned results, the recommended doses of formalin and KMnO4 were found to be 6.65 ppm and 0.289 ppm, respectively.

Formulation of category-2 hypoglycemic Improved Traditional Medicines from selected Cameroonian medicinal plants: &lt;i&gt;Mangifera indica, Persea americana&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ageratum conyzoides&lt;/i&gt;

Diabetes mellitus is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, and constitutes a major public health crisis. Management of the adverse condition relies mostly on synthetic drugs such as metformin, glibenclamide and insulin. However, treatment with synthetic drugs is challenged by side effects and high cost especially to patients in low-income countries like Cameroon. This study set out to formulate Improved Traditional Medicines (ITMs) in the form of capsules from lyophilized aqueous leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Mangifera indica and Persea americana, in combination, coded as ITM-1, and leaf extract of Mangifera indica alone, referred to as ITM-2. Phytochemical profiling of individual extracts was carried out using standard methods, while their antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhadrazyl reducing (DPPH) assay and the Ferric (Iron) reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Capsule formulation was guided by findings from prior Physicochemical and pharmacotechnical analysis of individual extracts and their combination. Safety studies were carried out both in vitro (cytotoxicity testing in Vero cells); and in vivo (acute toxicity tests using the mouse model). Preliminary evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of the formulated ITMs was achieved through determination of their acute hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic properties in Wistar rats (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test). Major classes of phytochemicals detected were alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tri-terpenes and anthraquinones. The DPPH and FRAP assays showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity for ITM-1 and ITM-2. Both ITMs showed no toxic effects, be it in vitro, (Cytotoxic Concentration 50% - CC50&gt;1000 µg/mL in cells) or in vivo. At the dose of 25 mg/Kg, both ITMs exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects in Wistar rats. The ITM-2 capsules completely suppressed post-prandial glucose peak in rats as compared to the negative control (distilled water), ITM-1 capsule was able to cause restoration of the glucose levels to normal levels after 120 minutes

Assessing Oral Acute Toxicity and Histopathological Effects of Strelitzia reginae Aiton Leaf Extracts in Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton)

Strelitzia reginae, commonly known as the Bird of Paradise, is a decorative shrub endemic to southern Africa. This study marks the first comprehensive investigation into the safety of S. reginae leaf extract through oral acute toxicity assessments and histopathological examinations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). The interest in this research arises from the historical use of S. reginae components by various indigenous South African societies to treat conditions like swollen glands and sexual problems. GC-MS analysis was used along with traditional methods to look at the phytochemical parts of S. reginae. The results showed the presence of several substances, such as eicosane, hexacosane, 1-octadecene, and neophytadiene. Notably, the analysis also identified certain chemicals with potential cytotoxic properties, such as octacosane and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Drawing upon the biological similarities between Zebrafish and humans, who share a majority of their genes, this study represents the first attempt to evaluate the toxicity and histopathology of S. reginae using D. rerio as the test model, aligning with the OECD recommendations outlined in Article 203. The oral acute toxicity tests were done using ethanolic leaf powdered extracts of S. reginae. Higher concentrations (1200 mg/L) were toxic, but lower doses were less harmful to D. rerio. As observed in the histopathology examination, exposure to higher concentrations of S. reginae extract induced severe histological abnormalities in the Zebrafish's gills, liver, kidneys, intestines, and brain. This work contributes greatly to our understanding of S. reginae's safety profile and its potential therapeutic applications for enhancing well-being.

Safety evaluation of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) via toxicological tests

This study aims to evaluate the safety of MK-7 produced by fermentation process using a Bacillus subtilis var. natto strain for human ingestion via acute oral toxicity, repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity, 28-day recovery test, and genotoxicity tests. The acute oral toxicity test results indicated that all subjects survived at the dose of 5000 mg/kg with no toxic effects. For the repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test, MK-7 was administered to rats at 500, 1500, and 4500 mg/kg for 90 d. No abnormal findings were detected in clinical observations or in clinical pathological and histopathological examinations. The no-observed-adverse-effect level(NOAEL) was determined to be 4500 mg/kg/d, the maximum dose tested. For the evaluation of genotoxicity, reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and micronucleus tests were performed. In the reversion mutation test, vitamin K2 did not induce reversion in bacterial strains, and no chromosomal abnormality was observed in the chromosomal abnormality test using Chinese hamster lung cells. In the micronucleus test, micronuclei were not induced using ICR mouse bone marrow cells. All the toxicity test results suggest that vitamin K2 produced by fermentation processes using Bacillus subtilis var. natto induced no toxicological changes under the experimental conditions.

Long-term toxicity assessment of antibiotics against Vibrio fischeri: Test method optimization and mixture toxicity prediction

The current luminescent bacteria test for acute toxicity with short contact time was invalid for antibiotics, and the non-uniformed contact times reported in the literature for long-term toxicity assessment led to incomparable results. Herein, a representative long-term toxicity assessment method was established which unified the contact time of antibiotics and Vibrio fischeri within the bioluminescence increasing period (i.e. 10–100% maximum luminescence) of control samples. The effects of excitation and detoxification of antibiotics such as β-lactams were discovered. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of toxic antibiotics (0.00069–0.061 mmol/L) obtained by this method was 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than acute test, quantifying the underestimated toxicity. As antibiotics exist in natural water as mixtures, an equivalent concentration addition (ECA) model was built to predict mixture toxicity based on physical mechanism rather than mathematical method, which showed great fitting results (R2 = 0.94). Furthermore, interaction among antibiotics was investigated. Antibiotics acting during bacterial breeding period had strong synergistic inhibition (IC50 relative deviation from 0.1 to 0.6) such as macrolides and quinolones. Some antibiotics produced increasing synergistic inhibition during concentration accumulation, such as macrolides. The discharge of antibiotics with severe long-term toxicity and strong synergistic inhibition effect should be seriously restricted.

Safety of Oral Carica papaya L. Leaf 10% Ethanolic Extract for Acute and Chronic Toxicity Tests in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Carica papaya L. leaves, traditionally utilized in dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals, exhibit a broad spectrum of potentially therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and wound healing properties. This study examined the acute and chronic toxicity of 10% ethanolic-extracted C. papaya leaf in Sprague Dawley rats. The acute toxicity assessment was a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight, while the chronic toxicity assessment included daily oral doses of 100, 400, 1000, and 5000 mg/kg over 180 days. Systematic monitoring covered a range of physiological and behavioral parameters, including body and organ weights. End-point evaluations encompassed hematological and biochemical analyses, along with gross and histopathological examinations of internal organs. Findings revealed no acute toxicity in the C. papaya leaf extract group, although a significant decrease in uterine weight was observed without accompanying histopathology abnormalities. In the chronic toxicity assessment, no statistically significant differences between the control and the C. papaya leaf extract groups were detected across multiple measures, including behavioral, physiological, and hematological indices. Importantly, histopathological examination corroborated the absence of any tissue abnormalities. The study results indicate that C. papaya leaf extract exhibited no adverse effects on the rats during the 180-day oral administration period, affirming its potential safety for prolonged usage.

Oral Safety Evaluation of the Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona Muricata in Wistar Rats

Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit)has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatos is and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns.

Proximate Composition, Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Extracts of Caulerpa lentillifera using Autoclave- and Microwave-Assisted Extractions

Caulerpa lentilliferais a marine alga widely cultured and consumed in Asia and Oceania. Emerging green techniques are currently popular for phytochemical extraction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the proximate compositions, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties of the C. lentilliferaextracts using autoclave-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction methods (A-CLE and M-CLE, respectively). The toxicity of extracts was tested against human normal colon cells and freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. We found that crude lipid, ash and moisture contents in A-CLE were lower than those in M-CLE, while crude protein and crude carbohydrate were higher in A-CLE. Total flavonoid content in A-CLE (1.474 ± 0.046 mg QE g-1 extract) was higher than that in M-CLE (1.179 ± 0.054 mg QE g-1 extract). There was no difference in total phenolic contents, triterpenoid contents and antioxidant activities between the extracts. The IC50 of A-CLE (12,260 ± 197 µg mL-1) was higher than that of M-CLE (10,950 ± 169 µg mL-1). In the acute toxicity test, the LC50 of A-CLE against D. magna (7.50 ± 0.28 g L-1) was lower than LC50 of M-CLE (8.76 ± 0.26 g L-1). This study suggest that autoclave-assisted and microwave-assisted extractions are effective green methods of extracting C. lentillifera. This study will be useful for further studies of C. lentillifera extracts to improve human and animal health.

Evaluation of some bio pesticidal plants in the management of Meloidogyne incognita

Utilization of compounds in extracts derived from medicinal plants is in vogue now for managing Meloidogyne incognita on crops owing to the unpopular use of synthetic nematicides especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, extracts from Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Hyptis suaveolens obtained using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested for their efficacy in inhibiting egg hatching and inducing larval mortality of Meloidogyne incognita obtained from tomato bioassay maintained in Screenhouse. The extracts obtained from each solvent were reconstituted using Tween80+Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and evaluated on hatching inhibition and larval mortality of Meloidogyne incognita at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. Furadan served as standard checks while distilled water and Tween80+(DMSO) as controls. Two separate experiments were conducted with 39 treatments each arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four repetitions on the laboratory bench for the hatching inhibition and larval mortality. Ninety (90) µL of each extract was added to 10 µL suspension containing either 15 eggs or second-stage larvae of Meloidogyne incognita pipette into cavity glass blocks. Hatching inhibition and larval mortality readings were recorded at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. Results indicated that Neem and Hyptis mixture at all concentrations extracted using any of the solvents gave 100% egg hatching inhibition from the 6th to the 36th h after treatment application. Only Neem and Hyptis mixture at 0.5% extracted in chloroform gave 100% larval mortality at the 6th h till the 36th h among the lowest concentration of the mixtures of the plant extracts. Combined solvent extracts of the two plants showed the highest activity in both hatching inhibition and larval mortality but individual solvent extracts showed the highest activity only at the highest rates used. The acute toxicity test of the most effective solvent extract of Neem and Hyptis at 0.5% extracted in Chloroform did not cause any sign of toxicity or death in the test animals.

Acute toxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of irradiated ophiopogonis radix at 25 kGy with electron beam

As concerned about the potential risks of irradiated Ophiopogonis Radix (IOR) at a high radiation level (25 kGy) by high-energy electron beam irradiation, this study evaluated oral acute toxicity and genotoxicity of IOR. Moisture, total ash, water-soluble extracts, and ruscogenin content in IOR meet the requirement of Ophiopogonis Radix described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. When the mice received by oral 21.5 g/kg BW administration of IOR in the acute toxicity test, neither mortality nor any other abnormal general clinical signs were found within 14 days, except that 10% of mice suffered from diarrhea on day 1, which disappeared and returned to normal on day 4. The acute toxicity test indicated the LD50 of IOR was higher than 21.5 g/kg BW. Ames test showed no dose-dependent increase in TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 strains with or without rat liver microsomal enzyme mixture (S9) metabolic activation, at a quantity range of 50–5000 μg IOR. Mouse micronucleus test of bone marrow cells demonstrated no significant increase in the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN PCEs) among each IOR dose. Mouse sperm abnormality test showed that there was no evidence of the potential to induce sperm malformation with oral administration at doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/kg BW. Overall, the acute toxicity or genotoxicity of IOR were not observed, indicating that IOR at 25 kGy with a high-energy electron beam is toxicologically safe.

Renoprotective effects of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats

BackgroundThe growing prevalence of cancer and the concomitant rise in chemotherapy use have led to an increased incidence of kidney-related diseases, including nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin (CP) is a widely used and potent anticancer drug, but nephrotoxicity limits its clinical application. PurposeOur study aimed to determine the phytochemicals and median lethal dose of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) using standard methods and to further investigate the effects of CMSO on CP-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. MethodsTwenty-one rats (100 to 150 g) were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 3) and treated with CMSO or normal saline for ten days. Group A received 1.0 mL of normal saline, irrespective of the body weight (b.w.). Groups B-D received 2500, 5000, and 7500 mg/kg b.w., respectively, of the CMSO and a single intraperitoneal dose of CP (8 mg/kg) on the seventh day. Groups E and F were administered 2500 mg/kg and 7500 mg/kg b.w., respectively, of the CMSO without CP administration. Group G received a single intraperitoneal dose (8 mg/kg b.w.) of CP on the seventh day without CMSO treatment. ResultsThe analysis of CMSO revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as hydrogen cyanide, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids. Acute toxicity testing demonstrated the safety of CMSO up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. We discovered that the CP administration increased serum creatinine (sCr), urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats and markedly decreased renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels. CMSO attenuated kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, CMSO prominently decreased sCr, urea, and BUN levels, boosted the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx, increased GSH levels, and significantly (p < 0.05) decreased MDA levels. Histological assessment corroborated these biochemical findings. ConclusionOur findings highlight the potential of CMSO as a protective agent against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. The observed effects are attributable to the rich phenolic and flavonoid content of CMSO. These findings have significant implications for developing complementary therapies to mitigate chemotherapy-associated kidney damage, potentially enhancing the safety and efficacy of cisplatin-based cancer treatments. Further investigation is needed to explore the clinical applications of CMSO for cancer patients.

Evaluation of Aqueous Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (pink jacaranda) for Wound Healing Effects in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Background and Purpose: The stem bark of Stereospermum kunthianum is used extensively in traditional medicine to treat wounds, inflammatory and other pain related health conditions in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing properties of the stem bark extract of S. kunthianum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Experimental Approach: The aqueous methanol extract of S. kunthianum was analysed for phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity tests in rats. The stem bark extract of S. kunthianum was evaluated for wound healing using excision and incision wound healing models in diabetic rats. Results: The aqueous methanol extract of S. kunthianum revealed that saponins, terpenes, tannins and steroids were present. The acute toxicity study in rats up to 72 hrs. Showed no observed toxicity sign up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg. The S. kunthianum stem bark extract (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, p.o) caused significant reduction of wound area. The excision wound contraction (%) in rats treated with S. kunthianum stem bark extract was most effective and had 100% wound contraction. In the incision wound studies, the S. kunthianum stem bark extract showed a progressive rate of wound repair with increasing doses of the extract. Conclusion: The results corroborated the ethno-medicinal claims and have given the scientific justification for the use of S. kunthianum stem bark extract for wound healing. Implication: The S. kunthianum stem bark extract therefore has the potential to be developed as a wound healing agent.

Comparative acute toxicity of pesticides to tadpoles of a tropical anuran (&lt;em&gt;Epipedobates anthonyi&lt;/em&gt;), a North American native anuran (&lt;em&gt;Lithobates sphenocephalus&lt;/em&gt;) and a standard fish species

Global amphibian declines have the highest incidence in tropical regions, but most of the ecotoxicological data on amphibians is collected on temperate northern hemisphere anuran species. We tested the hypothesis that tropical anuran larvae (Epipedobates anthonyi) would be more sensitive to pesticides than a North American native species (Lithobates sphenocephalus). For 12 pesticides, 96-hr range-finding acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine if mortality occurred at environmentally relevant levels. Based on those studies, two substances were selected for additional time-to-event analyses in both species as well as median lethal concentration (LC50) calculations. Time-to-event results indicated that the two species appear to be roughly equivalent in their sensitivity to the two tested pesticides. Significant differences between species were not consistent across concentrations for either the insecticide terbufos or the herbicide pendimethalin. The utility of LC50 data was mixed with one LC50 providing an arbitrarily large standard error around the LC50 precluding informative comparisons across species. However, standard LC50 methods allowed data collection that continues to contribute to our understanding of the protectiveness of fish as surrogates for anuran larvae. While our data set is limited, it appears that testing temperate species would be protective for tropical species in ecological risk assessments. Our data also support the continued use of fish as surrogates for amphibian larvae as none of the species were more sensitive to the tested pesticides than rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the standard sensitive fish species used for acute toxicity testing.

Ionic and nanoparticulate silver alleviate the toxicity of inorganic mercury in marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri.

Toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) in different organisms have been studied; however, interactions of SNPs with other environmental pollutants such as mercury are poorly understood. Herein, bioassay tests were performed according to ΟECD 201 guideline to assess the toxic effects induced by mercury ions (mercury chloride, MCl) on the marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri in the presence of SNPs or silver ions (silver nitrate, SN). Acute toxicity tests displayed that the presence of SNPs or SN (0.01mg L-1) significantly reduced the toxicity of MCl (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100mg L-1) and increased the IC50 of MCl from 0.072 ± 0.014 to 0.381 ± 0.029 and 0.676 ± 0.034mg L-1, respectively. In the presence of SN or SNPs, the mercury-reducing effect on algal population growth significantly decreased. Considering the increase of IC50, the mercury toxicity decreased approximately 5.44 and 9.66 times in the presence of SNPs or SN, respectively. The chlorophyll a and c contents decreased at all exposures; however, the decrease by MCl-SNPs and MCl-SN was significantly less than MCl except at 1mg L-1. The lowering effect of MCl-SN on chlorophyll contents was less than MCl and MCl-SNPs. MCl exposure induced significant raises in total protein content (TPC) at concentrations < 0.01mg L-1, with a maximum of ~ 70.83% attained at 100mg L-1. The effects of MCl-SNPs and MCl-SN on TPC were significantly less than MCl. Total lipid content (TLC) at all MCl concentrations was higher than the control, while at coexposure to MCl-SN, TLC did not change until 0.01mg L-1 compared with the control. The effects of MCl-SN and MCL-SNPs on TPC and TLC were in line with toxicity results, and were significantly less than those of MCl individually, confirming their antagonistic effects on MCl. The morphological changes of algal cells and mercury content of the cell wall at MCl-SN and MCl-SNPs were mitigated compared with MCl exposure. These findings highlight the mitigatory impacts of silver species on mercury toxicity, emphasizing the need for better realizing the mixture toxicity effects of pollutants in the water ecosystem.

Garlic Extract as a Bath Treatment against Gyroductylus sp. in Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata)

Parasitic infection is considered one of the major constraints in commercial fish farms owing to huge economic losses. Although there are plenty of commercial drugs available for treatments, those synthetic chemicals are more hazardous to the host and the environment than the parasite. Therefore, a special trend can be seen towards herbal medications. The present study is utmost significance as it focused on a well-known spice, Garlic (Allium sativum) as a bath treatment against gyrodactylosis caused by Gyrodactylus sp. The soxhlet extraction method was used to haul out the water-soluble compounds and the major components were identified using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) techniques. During the phytochemical analysis, flavonoids, glycosides, quinones, and diterpenes were identified where the alkaloids, tannins, and phenols were absent in garlic extract. To find out the LC50, values acute toxicity test was performed in 72 hours with triplicates and 802.2ppm value was resulted. 216 of infected adult guppies (2.9 ± 0.1cm, 0.32 ± 0.05 g) were used for a three-hour in vitro bath treatment with different concentrations of garlic extract including 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L. Complete recovery from gyrodactylosis is observed by the means of microscopic observations at 3, 2.5, 2, and 1.5 h with 50, 100, 150, and 200mg/L of concentrations, respectively. According to the observations, it can be concluded that exposure to garlic extract caused the parasite to first detach from the host, then restrict its movements, and finally die. A significant negative correlation (p&lt;0.01) can be observed between the garlic concentration and the eradication time. 250 ppm garlic extract bath for 0.5 hours was identified as the optimal and most effective treatment against gyrodactylosis. Therefore, garlic extract can be suggested as a herbal bath treatment against agent Gyrodactylosis infection in guppy fish. &#x0D; Keywords: Bath treatment, LC50, Gyrodactylus sp, Poecilia reticulata