Ionic and nanoparticulate silver alleviate the toxicity of inorganic mercury in marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri.

Abstract

Toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) in different organisms have been studied; however, interactions of SNPs with other environmental pollutants such as mercury are poorly understood. Herein, bioassay tests were performed according to ΟECD 201 guideline to assess the toxic effects induced by mercury ions (mercury chloride, MCl) on the marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri in the presence of SNPs or silver ions (silver nitrate, SN). Acute toxicity tests displayed that the presence of SNPs or SN (0.01mg L-1) significantly reduced the toxicity of MCl (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100mg L-1) and increased the IC50 of MCl from 0.072 ± 0.014 to 0.381 ± 0.029 and 0.676 ± 0.034mg L-1, respectively. In the presence of SN or SNPs, the mercury-reducing effect on algal population growth significantly decreased. Considering the increase of IC50, the mercury toxicity decreased approximately 5.44 and 9.66 times in the presence of SNPs or SN, respectively. The chlorophyll a and c contents decreased at all exposures; however, the decrease by MCl-SNPs and MCl-SN was significantly less than MCl except at 1mg L-1. The lowering effect of MCl-SN on chlorophyll contents was less than MCl and MCl-SNPs. MCl exposure induced significant raises in total protein content (TPC) at concentrations < 0.01mg L-1, with a maximum of ~ 70.83% attained at 100mg L-1. The effects of MCl-SNPs and MCl-SN on TPC were significantly less than MCl. Total lipid content (TLC) at all MCl concentrations was higher than the control, while at coexposure to MCl-SN, TLC did not change until 0.01mg L-1 compared with the control. The effects of MCl-SN and MCL-SNPs on TPC and TLC were in line with toxicity results, and were significantly less than those of MCl individually, confirming their antagonistic effects on MCl. The morphological changes of algal cells and mercury content of the cell wall at MCl-SN and MCl-SNPs were mitigated compared with MCl exposure. These findings highlight the mitigatory impacts of silver species on mercury toxicity, emphasizing the need for better realizing the mixture toxicity effects of pollutants in the water ecosystem.