Acute Viral Respiratory Disease Research Articles

HYPERCOAGULATION OF BLOOD AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA AFTER SARS-COV-2 – PNEUMONIA AS PREDICTORS OF AN UNFAVORABLE PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: To evaluate the dynamics of hypercoagulation parameters of blood plasma and platelets in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) in the early and late post-covid period. Design and method: The prospective study included 340 AH patients aged 41 to 89 years (mean 69; m/f 175/165) infected with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed by PCR. Of these, 177 people (group 1) were diagnosed with acute pneumonia with the lung damage volume according to CT ranging from 15% to 85%; 163 patients (group 2) had an acute respiratory viral disease. The groups were comparable in age, gender, and concomitant comorbid pathology. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was detected in 85.6% of patients; diabetes mellitus (DM) in 31.5%. The patients were examined three times: on the 30th day from the onset of the disease, at the end of the 3rd month and after 9 months. C-reactive protein (CRP) (0-5 mg/l), ferritin (20-250 mg/l), D-dimer (0-230 ng/ml), fibrinogen (2-4 g/l), lymphocytes, and blood platelets were analyzed. Results: On day 30, group 1 patients showed signs of inflammation: ferritin 258±61.2; CRP 12.3±5.1; lymphocytes 27±8.3%; platelets 160±70.4∗10^9/l; ESR 17±13.7 mm/h. The tendency to hypercoagulation was detected by the indicators of D-dimer (715±241.3) and fibrinogen (3.7±0.9). By the end of the 3rd month, the levels of D-dimer (585±159.4; p=0.015); ferritin (177±59.1; p=0.0002) and CRP (7±5.6; p=0.001) remained elevated. Only after 9 months, D-dimer (100±9.1; p=0.0001) and CRP (2.6±0.2; p=0.0001) were normalized; lymphocyte (32±5.1%; p=0.00001) and platelets (305±69.2∗10^9/l; p=0.00001) increased with a persistent elevated ferritin level (213±124.8; p=0.047). In group 2, the indicators of hypercoagulation and inflammation were moderately elevated. Only after 9 months CRP and D-dimer levels were normalized and the number of platelets increased. Conclusions: In the early and late post-covid period, AH patients with comorbid pathology retain an inflammatory reaction and a procoagulant state, which, in combination with endothelial dysfunction, is a trigger for venous and arterial thrombosis.

Polyoxometalate exerts broad-spectrum activity against human respiratory viruses hampering viral entry

Human respiratory viruses have an enormous impact on national health systems, societies, and economy due to the rapid airborne transmission and epidemic spread of such pathogens, while effective specific antiviral drugs to counteract infections are still lacking. Here, we identified two Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs), [TiW11CoO40]8- (TiW11Co) and [Ti2PW10O40]7- (Ti2PW10), endowed with broad-spectrum activity against enveloped and non-enveloped human respiratory viruses, i.e., coronavirus (HCoV-OC43), rhinovirus (HRV-A1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-A2), and adenovirus (AdV-5). Ti2PW10 showed highly favorable selectivity indexes against all tested viruses (SIs >700), and its antiviral potential was further investigated against human coronaviruses and rhinoviruses. This POM was found to inhibit replication of multiple HCoV and HRV strains, in different cell systems. Ti2PW10 did not affect virus binding or intracellular viral replication, but selectively inhibited the viral entry. Serial passaging of virus in presence of the POM revealed a high barrier to development of Ti2PW10-resistant variants of HRV-A1 or HCoV-OC43. Moreover, Ti2PW10 was able to inhibit HRV-A1 production in a 3D model of the human nasal epithelium and, importantly, the antiviral treatment did not determine cytotoxicity or tissue damage. A mucoadhesive thermosensitive in situ hydrogel formulation for nasal delivery was also developed for Ti2PW10. Overall, good biocompatibility on cell lines and human nasal epithelia, broad-spectrum activity, and absence of antiviral resistance development reveal the potential of Ti2PW10 as an antiviral candidate for the development of a treatment of acute respiratory viral diseases, warranting further studies to identify the specific target/s of the polyanion and assess its clinical potential.

Faecalibacterium duncaniae as a novel next generation probiotic against influenza.

The gut-lung axis is critical during viral respiratory infections such as influenza. Gut dysbiosis during infection translates into a massive drop of microbially produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Among them, butyrate is important during influenza suggesting that microbiome-based therapeutics targeting butyrate might hold promises. The butyrate-producing bacterium Faecalibacterium duncaniae (formerly referred to as F. prausnitzii) is an emerging probiotic with several health-promoting characteristics. To investigate the potential effects of F. duncaniae on influenza outcomes, mice were gavaged with live F. duncaniae (A2-165 or I-4574 strains) five days before infection. Supplementation of F. duncaniae was associated with less severe disease, a lower pulmonary viral load, and lower levels of lung inflammation. F. duncaniae supplementation impacted on gut dysbiosis induced by infection, as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Interestingly, F. duncaniae administration was associated with a recovery in levels of SCFAs (including butyrate) in infected animals. The live form of F. duncaniae was more potent that the pasteurized form in improving influenza outcomes. Lastly, F. duncaniae partially protected against secondary (systemic) bacterial infection. We conclude that F. duncaniae might serve as a novel next generation probiotic against acute viral respiratory diseases.

POST-COVID SYNDROME. OPTIC NERVE LESIONS (Literature Review)

Coronavirus infection COVID19 is an acute respiratory viral disease, which in most cases is severe and leads to the development of various complications known as post-COVID syndrome. Post-covid syndrome or long-covid syndrome is a consequence of coronavirus infection (COVID-19), while 20% of those who have been ill suffer from long-term symptoms, the duration of which varies greatly and is more than 12 weeks. According to the WHO, the post-covid syndrome includes 33 symptoms, while in younger people who have been ill, the incidence of this symptom complex is much higher. According to the literature, post-COVID syndrome may reappear 3-6 months after clinical recovery. This condition is characterized by various non-specific symptoms, which can be manifested by dysfunction of individual organs, skin vasculitis, neurological symptoms up to the development of mental disorders. Summing up, it should be noted that during the pandemic period, certain experience has been accumulated regarding ophthalmic problems. The data obtained are sometimes contradictory, but it is already clear that ophthalmic disorders in COVID-19 can be leading along with damage to other organs. Perhaps a new disease leads to an exacerbation of an existing or manifestation of dormant ophthalmopathology. Regardless of what is the cause, it is necessary to remain vigilant about the state of the organ of vision both in the immediate and long-term period after a new coronavirus infection. KEYWORDS. Postcovid syndrome, optic neuritis, optic vasculitis, anterior ischemic neuropathy

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory viral infections in the Arkhangelsk region

In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory viral diseases (ARVI) in Russia has increased significantly. The Arkhangelsk region is a territory where the incidence of SARS is also increasing. Having considered the data for the last five years, at first there was a decrease in the incidence in 2018– 2019 in the Arkhangelsk region, namely, the incidence of SARS per 100 thousand population in 2018 amounted to 36,211.0, and in 2019–33,275.8. So, in comparison with 2018. The incidence of SARS decreased by 8.1 %, while the incidence increased over the next three years, namely SARS in 2020. This figure was 38,681.9, in 2021–44,643.2, and in 2022–46,566.1. In comparison with the previous year, the incidence of SARS in 2022 increased by 4.3 %. The incidence of SARS in the Arkhangelsk region is 1.6 times higher than in the Russian Federation (28,797.29). According to the state report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation in 2022», SARS exceed the long-term average (SMP) and amount to 29,059.21 cases per 100,000 population in 2022 against SMP 20,753.87 cases, which determines the epidemiological significance of this infection and reflects the urgency of the problem. Only for 2022. In the Russian Federation, 42.4 million cases of acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified localization (ARVI) were registered, the incidence rate was 29,059.21 per 100,000 population, which exceeds the long — term average incidence rate by 40 % (SMP — 20,753.87 per 100,000 population). In comparison with 2021, there was an increase in the incidence of SARS by 10.7 %. In 2022, 29.1 % of the country's population had SARS (2021–26.25 %) [4–9].

The Screening and Mechanism of Influenza-Virus Sensitive MDCK Cell Lines for Influenza Vaccine Production.

Influenza is a potentially fatal acute respiratory viral disease caused by the influenza virus. Influenza viruses vary in antigenicity and spread rapidly, resulting in seasonal epidemics. Vaccination is the most effective strategy for lowering the incidence and fatality rates of influenza-related disorders, and it is also an important method for reducing seasonal influenza infections. Mammalian Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines are recommended for influenza virus growth, and such cell lines have been utilized in several commercial influenza vaccine productions. The limit dilution approach was used to screen ATCC-MDCK cell line subcellular strains that are especially sensitive to H1N1, H3N2, BV, and BY influenza viruses to increase virus production, and research on influenza virus culture media was performed to support influenza virus vaccine development. We also used RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes and a GSEA analysis to determine the biological mechanisms underlying the various levels of susceptibility of cells to influenza viruses. MDCK cell subline 2B6 can be cultured to increase titer and the production of the H1N1, H3N2, BV, and BY influenza viruses. MDCK-2B6 has a significantly enriched and activated in ECM receptor interaction, JAK-STAT signaling, and cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathways, which may result in increased cellular susceptibility and cell proliferation activity to influenza viruses, promote viral adsorption and replication, and elevate viral production, ultimately. The study revealed that MDCK-2B6 can increase the influenza virus titer and yield in vaccine production by increasing cell sensitivity and enhancing proliferative activity.

Lobar pneumonia in a 3-year-old boy with a several-day history of influenza-like symptoms – a case report

Influenza is an acute viral respiratory disease, which is particularly common in the paediatric population. Every year it affects about 25% of children. According to the National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, almost three times as many cases of influenza were registered in the 2022/2023 infectious season compared to previous years. However, in the era of the influenza epidemic, diagnostic vigilance should be maintained, keeping in mind that the symptoms of some serious bacterial infections may initially mimic those of influenza. We present a case report of a 3-year-old boy with influenza-like symptoms, who was finally diagnosed with lobar pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion. Early diagnosis and treatment spared the patient from invasive treatment for complications of pneumonia.

CD46 inhibits the replication of swine influenza viruses by promoting the production of type I IFNs in PK-15 cells.

Swine flu caused by swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is an acute respiratory viral disease that is spreading in swine herds worldwide. Although the effect of some host factors on replication of swIAV has been identified, the role of CD46 in this process is unclear. Here, we report that CD46 inhibits the replication of swIAV by promoting the production of type I interferons (IFNs) in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. CD46 knockout (CD46-KO) and stably expressing (CD46-overexpression) PK-15 cells were prepared using lentivirus-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and seamless cloning technology. The results of virus infection in CD46-overexpression PK-15 cells showed that the replication of H1N1 and H3N2 swIAVs were inhibited, and the production of type I IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β), interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) was enhanced. Virus infection in CD46-KO PK-15 cells showed the opposite results. Further results showed that CD46-KO PK-15 cells have a favorable ability to proliferate influenza viruses compared to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and PK-15 cells. These findings indicate that CD46 acts as promising target regulating the replication of swIAV, and help to develop new agents against infection and replication of the virus.

Sport and exercise during viral acute respiratory illness—Time to revisit

Sport and exercise during viral acute respiratory illness—Time to revisit

Phillyrin ameliorates influenza a virus-induced pulmonary inflammation by antagonizing CXCR2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Influenza is an acute viral respiratory illness with high morbidity rates worldwide. Excessive pulmonary inflammation is the main characteristic of lethal influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Therapeutic options for managing influenza are limited to vaccines and some antiviral medications. Phillyrin is one of the major bioactive components of the Chinese herbal medicine Forsythia suspensa, which has the functions of sterilization, heat clearing and detoxification. In this work, the effect and mechanism of phillyrin on H1N1 influenza (PR8)-induced pneumonia were investigated. We reported that phillyrin (15 mg/kg) treatment after viral challenge significantly improved the weight loss, ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and inhibited the accumulation of multiple cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid on 7 days post infection (dpi). In vitro, phillyrin suppressed influenza viral replication (Matrixprotein and nucleoprotein messenger RNA level) and reduced influenza virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Furthermore,chemokine receptor CXCR2 was confirmed to be markedly inhibited by phillyrin. Surface plasmon resonance results reveal that phillyrin exhibits binding affinity to CXCR2, having a binding affinity constant (KD) value of 1.858e-5 M, suggesting that CXCR2 is a potential therapeutic target for phillyrin. Moreover, phillyrin inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of Caspase1, ASC and NLRP3 in the lungs of mice with H1N1-induced pneumonia.This study reveals that phillyrin ameliorates IAV-induced pulmonary inflammation by antagonizing CXCR2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation partly.

The Modified Clinical Progression Scale for Pediatric Patients: Evaluation as a Severity Metric and Outcome Measure in Severe Acute Viral Respiratory Illness.

To develop, evaluate, and explore the use of a pediatric ordinal score as a potential clinical trial outcome metric in children hospitalized with acute hypoxic respiratory failure caused by viral respiratory infections. We modified the World Health Organization Clinical Progression Scale for pediatric patients (CPS-Ped) and assigned CPS-Ped at admission, days 2-4, 7, and 14. We identified predictors of clinical improvement (day 14 CPS-Ped ≤ 2 or a three-point decrease) using competing risks regression and compared clinical improvement to hospital length of stay (LOS) and ventilator-free days. We estimated sample sizes (80% power) to detect a 15% clinical improvement. North American pediatric hospitals. Three cohorts of pediatric patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure receiving intensive care: two influenza (pediatric intensive care influenza [PICFLU], n = 263, 31 sites; PICFLU vaccine effectiveness [PICFLU-VE], n = 143, 17 sites) and one COVID-19 ( n = 237, 47 sites). None. Invasive mechanical ventilation rates were 71.4%, 32.9%, and 37.1% for PICFLU, PICFLU-VE, and COVID-19 with less than 5% mortality for all three cohorts. Maximum CPS-Ped (0 = home at respiratory baseline to 8 = death) was positively associated with hospital LOS ( p < 0.001, all cohorts). Across the three cohorts, many patients' CPS-Ped worsened after admission (39%, 18%, and 49%), with some patients progressing to invasive mechanical ventilation or death (19%, 11%, and 17%). Despite this, greater than 76% of patients across cohorts clinically improved by day 14. Estimated sample sizes per group using CPS-Ped to detect a percentage increase in clinical improvement were feasible (influenza 15%, n = 142; 10%, n = 225; COVID-19, 15% n = 208) compared with mortality ( n > 21,000, all), and ventilator-free days (influenza 15%, n = 167). The CPS-Ped can be used to describe the time course of illness and threshold for clinical improvement in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute respiratory failure from viral infections. This outcome measure could feasibly be used in clinical trials to evaluate in-hospital recovery.

General infectious and neurological manifestations of new coronavirus infection COVID-19

Introduction. The most important problems of clinical characterization and timely diagnosis of a new coronavirus infection COVID- 19 have been identified. The detection and treatment of patients with COVID-1 9 in the domestic health care system are carried out according to the Provisional Methodical Recommendations “Prevention, Diagnostics and Treatment of New Coronavirus Infection”. Its basic clinical manifestations are characterized by typical symptoms of acute respiratory viral disease: fever, dry cough, stuffy nose, headache, etc.Objective. To study the nature of clinical manifestations of new coronavirus infection COVID-1 9, associated with delta strain of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus with moderate and severe course.Materials and methods. We analyzed the course of the disease in 50 patients treated as inpatients at Saransk Covid Hospital. Questionnaires to analyze complaints and anamnesis of diseases, data of medical records of in-patients were used. We used visual analog scale (VAS) to estimate the intensity of non-specific neurological disturbances, decreased sense of smell, taste and hearing, where 0 point means no neurological disturbance, 10 points – expressed disturbance. The presented data allowed to analyze the general, nonspecific and specific neurological manifestations of the new coronavirus infection COVID- 19 in the acute period in patients with moderate and severe course and to reveal their peculiarities.Results. At a moderately severe course of the disease, the characteristic symptoms of respiratory infection in combination with depressed mood and anxiety predominated. Of nonspecific neurological disorders, sleep disturbances, dizziness, and of specific manifestations, impaired sense of smell and taste prevailed. At a severe course the above symptoms were joined by myalgia, headache, dyspnea and shortness of breath, gastrointestinal disorders.Conclusions. The severity of the course of COVID-1 9 coronavirus infection, associated with the delta strain of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is determined by the severity of the generalized manifestations, involvement of the lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal disorders.

A Molecular Docking Investigation of SARS- CoV-2’s Main Protease against Phytocomponents of &lt;i&gt;Siddha&lt;/i&gt; Formulation &lt;i&gt;Vishasura Kudineer&lt;/i&gt;

Background: Covid-19 disease is a Wuhan, China originated acute viral respiratory illness. Even though the development of numerous vaccines, the threat of the Covid-19 virus endures nearly two years after the outbreak. The new mutant strain omicron has now spread to several countries. As a result, newer antiviral therapy is required to overcome this scenario. Objective: This study is aimed at phytocomponents in the Siddha formulation, Vishasura Kudineer (VSK), it is widely used to manage fever and respiratory ailments and may be effective in combating the ongoing pandemic of novel coronavirus disease. Methodology: The principal protease 3CLpro of this new Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a possible focus for therapeutic development since it plays a major part in disease transmission. Molecular docking investigation for all active Phytocomponents found in the Siddha formulation Vishasura Kudineer with possible targets was carried in the major Protease of SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID:6LU7). AutoDockTools was used to design and optimize the ligand structures. Results: Molecular docking of the 9 bioactive phytocomponents as Santalic acids (-6.39), Nimbolide (-6.38), Rutin, Aristolochic acid (-6.95), Glabridin (-7.53), Indirubin (-7.23), Sabinene (-5.36), β-vetivenene (-6.79), and Zingiberene (-6.47) from in the Siddha sastric formulation, Vishasura Kudineer performed on the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease protein’s active site (PDB ID: 6LU7). These phytochemicals had significant molecular interaction with the active residues, indicating their distinct inhibitory potencies. Conclusion: Whether this Siddha formulation could be used to effectively treat and manage COVID-19 and its variants, further research and clinical studies need to be done.

Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea Are Common in Community-Acquired Acute Viral Respiratory Illness

BackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are recognized sequelae of acute respiratory illness (ARI), but their prevalence is not well documented. Our study aim was to assess the incidence of GI symptoms in community ARI cases for persons of all ages and their association with clinical outcomes.MethodsWe collected mid-nasal swabs, clinical, and symptom data from Seattle-area individuals during the 2018–2019 winter season as part of a large-scale prospective community surveillance study. Swabs were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 26 respiratory pathogens. Likelihood of GI symptoms given demographic, clinical, and microbiological covariates were analyzed with Fisher’s exact, Wilcoxon-rank-sum, and t-tests and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsIn 3183 ARI episodes, 29.4% had GI symptoms (n = 937). GI symptoms were significantly associated with pathogen detection, illness interfering with daily life, seeking care for the illness, and greater symptom burden (all p < 0.05). Controlling for age, > 3 symptoms, and month, influenza (p < 0.001), human metapneumovirus (p = 0.004), and enterovirus D68 (p = 0.05) were significantly more likely to be associated with GI symptoms than episodes with no pathogen detected. Seasonal coronaviruses (p = 0.005) and rhinovirus (p = 0.04) were significantly less likely to be associated with GI symptoms.ConclusionIn this community-surveillance study of ARI, GI symptoms were common and associated with illness severity and respiratory pathogen detection. GI symptoms did not track with known GI tropism, suggesting GI symptoms may be nonspecific rather than pathogen-mediated. Patients presenting with GI and respiratory symptoms should have respiratory virus testing, even if the respiratory symptom is not the primary concern.

Using Two Statewide Medical Operations Coordination Centers to Load Balance in Pediatric Hospitals During a Severe Respiratory Surge in the United States.

Report on the use of two statewide Medical Operations Coordination Centers (MOCCs) to manage a rapid surge in pediatric acute and critical care patient needs. Brief report. The states of Washington and Oregon during the pediatric respiratory surge in November 2022/December 2022 which overwhelmed existing pediatric acute and critical care hospital capacity. Pediatric patients requiring hospitalization in Washington and Oregon. Adaptations to the use of two existing statewide MOCCs to provide pediatric patient load balancing through surveillance, modifications of existing referral agreements, coordinated expansion of resources, activation of regional crisis standards of care, and integration of pediatric critical care physicians from Harborview Medical Center as subject matter experts (SMEs). The Washington and Oregon MOCCs managed 183 pediatric requests from hospitals unable to transfer pediatric patients between November 1, 2022, and December 14, 2022. Sixteen percent of requests were for children younger than 3 months and 37% were for children between 3 months and 1 year; most had acute viral respiratory disease. Requests for children older than 13 years old were primarily intentional drug ingestions. Fifty-eight percent were for critically ill children and 17% originated from critical access hospitals. Washington's SMEs were utilized in nearly a quarter of cases with the disposition changing in 38% of these. Washington and Oregon statewide MOCCs have leveraged centralized coordination to effectively load balance a surge in pediatric patients which has overwhelmed existing pediatric hospital resources. Centralized coordination and surveillance informed pediatric hospitals and policy makers of unmet clinical needs and facilitated rapid expansion of clinical capacity and modifications to referral processes. Integration of pediatric SMEs enabled efficient triage of these resources. MOCCs provide an adaptable centralized resource for addressing surge and have been effective in managing overwhelmed pediatric hospital resources in Washington and Oregon.

Radiographic methods of examination of the thoracic cavity organs in the elderly: age characteristics, norms and pathology

Prolongation of a healthy life duration is one of the priority tasks in terms of solving the problem of quality and safety of medical activity. Respiratory diseases account for the significant amount in the morbidity structure of the geriatric population. Such diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma and acute respiratory viral diseases, which, in combination with other pathological conditions, contribute to an increase in morbidity and mortality of the population in this group. These diseases among the geriatric population are characterized by a latent onset, the absence of obvious clinical manifestations, monotony of symptoms, the presence of combined pathologies, which can lead to erroneous diagnoses. X‑ray research methods play a key role in the diagnosis of pathologies of respiratory diseases. However, it is necessary to correctly assess the age‑related processes that cause morphological changes in the chest, and adequately differentiate them from the obvious manifestations of diseases. The role of the radiologist in this can be decisive. The joint work of geriatricians, radiologists, pulmonologists will help to provide a clear comprehensive assessment and interpretation of the visualization of various conditions of the respiratory system in the elderly. In this review, the features of chest radiography in elderly patients associated with age‑related changes are analyzed and their differentiation with pathological manifestations is carried.

State of health of medical students

This article discusses the state of health of young students studying Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy at the Volyn Medical University. The purpose of the article is to determine the state of health of students of higher education in the medical profession. The results of the analysis of students' medical records allow us to state the presence of problems in their state of health. Each student of higher education during the academic year, on average, was ill 2–3 times and missed 10–15 days of study at the institute (depending on age and gender).&#x0D; Most often, students are sick with viral respiratory diseases (43-51 cases per 100 examined), diseases of the digestive organs (10-18 cases), vision (3-15 cases) and excretory system (5-12 cases), injuries (10-20 cases ) and infectious diseases (7– 14 cases).&#x0D; One of the integral criteria of adaptation is the assessment of the state of health on the basis of morbidity indicators, the level of which allows to most objectively reflect the degree of health loss, as well as to determine the priorities of prevention. Given the fact that the environmental factor has priority in the development of diseases in young people (up to 30%), the dominance of the specified pathologies may indicate the formation of an environmental maladaptation syndrome. Along with that, today the range of factors of the internal student environment has significantly expanded, which determine up to 12.5% of cases of illness in junior courses.&#x0D; According to the results of our research, the largest group in the structure of students' diseases is acute respiratory viral diseases. Influenza among students of higher education, of various ages, is registered in one-third to one-half of cases.&#x0D; In connection with the deterioration of students' health, it is necessary to introduce special, health-improving classes into the educational process, which would allow providing individual assistance to students in the prevention of diseases and health preservation.

Effect of Garlic on Human Health

This study aims to examine garlic’s historical medical use as well as its function in the treatment and prevention of disease. One of the therapeutic herbs that have been studied the most is garlic. For a very long time, people have been aware of garlic’s therapeutic benefits. Modern research is looking into the health benefits of garlic and tends to support many of the myths and beliefs held by ancient cultures. From Ancient times, people have consumed and used garlic as food and medicine. It is frequently advised to cure illness. Garlic has been shown to have beneficial effects “on the cardiovascular system, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, wound healing, neuro/nephroprotection, osteoporosis, stress, and aging”; garlic and its preparations have been well recognised as agents for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic illness, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Garlic has considerable therapeutic potential to cure various conditions, as immunomodulatory benefits and prevention of viral acute respiratory illness have been seen. Alliin may be obtained by crushing garlic cloves. To properly utilize garlic and get the benefits to the fullest, scientists face a significant problem. Using current scientific understanding, the current study on garlic aims to investigate the historical uses of plants as medicines.

Comparing the Immunogenicity and Protective Effects of Three MERS-CoV Inactivation Methods in Mice.

The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a fatal acute viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. To date, no vaccine has been approved for MERS-CoV despite continuing outbreaks. Inactivated vaccines are a viable option when developed using the appropriate inactivation methods and adjuvants. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective effects of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates inactivated by three different chemical agents. MERS-CoV was effectively inactivated by formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and binary ethylene imine and induced humoral and cellular immunity in mice. Although inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the lungs four days after the challenge, the immunized hDPP4-transgenic mouse group showed 100% protection against a challenge with MERS-CoV (100 LD50). In particular, the immune response was highly stimulated by MERS-CoV inactivated with formaldehyde, and all mice survived a challenge with the minimum dose. In the adjuvant comparison test, the group immunized with inactivated MERS-CoV and AddaVax had a higher immune response than the group immunized with aluminum potassium sulfate (alum). In conclusion, our study indicates that the three methods of MERS-CoV inactivation are highly immunogenic and protective in mice and show strong potential as vaccine candidates when used with an appropriate adjuvant.

RETROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE COVID-19 INCIDENCE AND VACCINATION OF THE STAFF MEMBERS OF THE NAMS OF UKRAINE RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

Introduction. In the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an obvious need to achieve the appropriate level of collective immunity of personnel in medical institutions to ensure the possibility of full functioning and providing medical assistance to patients. Aim: to analyze information about the incidence of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of the staff of the Research Institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Material and methods. Depersonalized information on COVID-19 disease and vaccination and levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among the staff of the Research Institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine as of November 22, 2021, statistical methods. Results. In the Research Institutions of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, the appropriate level of collective immunity was formed among the staff due to vaccinated persons and convalescents. At the pre-morbid stage, the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies of the IgG class were low in most of the examinees, after the disease they increased, however, in 8.5% - 10.3% of workers recovery after the disease was not accompanied by an increase in the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, which may carry the risk of recurrent disease. Almost a third of the examined had protective levels (&gt;4.0) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies even before the start of vaccination, having neither a documented fact nor an anamnestic data on the disease of COVID-19, which may indicate the transferred asymptomatic forms of the infection or the course of it have been under the guise of a banal acute respiratory viral disease. Adverse reactions to vaccination were mostly mild, in the form of fever, pain in the area of vaccine injection, muscle pain, rarely - dizziness, ranging from 10.2% to 33.15% depending on the type of vaccine. Conclusion. Given the continuation of the pandemic and conflicting data on the duration of immunity after vaccination or the transferred disease, it is advisable to continue monitoring the incidence of COVID 19 and assessing the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in order to maintain collective immunity in each Research Institution of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Key words: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, morbidity, vaccination