Acute Physical Exertion Research Articles

Differential modulation of resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala and precuneus after acute physical exertion of varying intensity: indications for a role in affective regulation.

Physical activity influences psychological well-being. This study aimed to determine the impact of exercise intensity on psychological well-being and alterations in emotion-related brain functional connectivity (FC). Twenty young, healthy, trained athletes performed a low- and high-intensity interval exercise (LIIE and HIIE) as well as a control condition in a within-subject crossover design. Before and after each condition, Positive And Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was assessed as well as resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). Voxel-wise FC was examined for bilateral amygdala seed region to whole-brain and emotion-related anatomical regions (e.g., insula, temporal pole, precuneus). Data analyses were performed using linear mixed-effect models with fixed factors condition and time. The PANAS Positive Affect scale showed a significant increase after LIIE and HIIE and a significant reduction in Negative Affect after the control condition. In rs-fMRI, no significant condition-by-time interactions were observed between the amygdala and whole brain. Amygdala-precuneus FC analysis showed an interaction effect, suggesting reduced post-exercise anticorrelation after the control condition, but stable, or even slightly enhanced anticorrelation for the exercise conditions, especially HIIE. In conclusion, both LIIE and HIIE had positive effects on mood and concomitant effects on amygdala-precuneus FC, particularly after HIIE. Although no significant correlations were found between amygdala-precuneus FC and PANAS, results should be discussed in the context of affective disorders in whom abnormal amygdala-precuneus FC has been observed.

Coronary artery disease

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the commonest cause of death worldwide. The primary pathological process that leads to IHD is atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease of the arteries associated with lipid deposition and metabolic alterations due to multiple risk factors. More than 70% of at-risk individuals have multiple risk factors for IHD, and only 2-7% of the general population has no risk factors. Coronary risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors and family history. Emotional stress or acute physical exertion may also trigger coronary events. Acute coronary syndrome is often the first clinical manifestation of IHD. Mortality due to IHD increases with advancing age, and death rates are higher among males compared to females. There is a significant regional variation in IHD related mortality both within and between countries.

Normative values and a new predicted model of exercise blood pressure in young athletes.

Assessing the systolic and diastolic blood pressure during acute physical exertion can allow the discovery of many cardiovascular diseases even at a young age. However, this response depends on the age, sex of the subject, and the modality of the graded exercise test. This study aims to provide sex-and age-related normative values of peak and recovery blood pressure performance and to develop a predicted model of systolic and diastolic blood pressure peak in young athletes. Retrospective-study. We analyzed 8224 young athletes (5516 males and 2708 females) aged between 8 and 18. Anthropometric and blood pressure parameters related to the effort are reported. Then, according to sex, graded exercise test modality, and age were calculated 1) the fifth, tenth, fiftieth, ninetieth, and ninety-fifth percentiles for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure at peak and after 1 min of recovery and 2) predictive equations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the peak. Younger athletes show lower peak blood pressure values, gradually increasing as they age. Males showed higher peak systolic blood pressure values starting at 12-13 years on the cycle ergometer and 10-11 years on the treadmill, while there was no difference in peak diastolic blood pressure values. Sex, age, and the specificity of the movement performed must be considered in assessing the blood pressure response in the young population. In addition, providing reference values and predictive equations of blood pressure response to acute physical exertion may allow for a better functional assessment of young athletes.

Normative values for heart rate response to exercise in young athletes at 10–18 years old

ABSTRACT The assessment of the chronotropic response during acute physical exertion can allow the discovery of many cardiovascular diseases even at a young age. However, the increase in heart rate (HR) depends on the age and sex of the subject and the modality of the graded exercise test. This study aims to provide sex- and age-related normative values for heart rate performance in young athletes aged 10–18. A retrospective study was carried out on 7896 young athletes (5356 males and 2540 females) aged between 10 and 18 who underwent pre-participation screening to obtain eligibility for competitive sport. First, anthropometric parameters, performance data, and HR are reported. Thus, each age calculated third, tenth, twenty-fifth, fiftieth, seventy-fifth, ninetieth, and ninety-seventh percentiles for the stage-by-stage HR response, according to sex and graded exercise test modality category. Young female athletes of all ages showed lower performance with fewer stages performed on the cycle ergometer and the treadmill. Young male athletes on treadmill and cycle ergometers show lower HR values at submaximal intensities. The treadmill allows a longer duration than the cycle ergometer for males and females. Sex, age, and the specificity of the movement performed must be considered in assessing the chronotropic response in the young population, particularly for those who carry out a training program. In addition, providing reference values of HR response to acute physical exertion may allow for a better functional assessment of the young athletes. Highlights Growth and physical training induce continuous changes in the cardiovascular system. However, each young athlete shows individual features. The chronotropic response to incremental load is a common method for assessing health and fitness. Comparing the heart rate data obtained from the incremental effort with the reference percentiles can provide information in a short time in the evaluation of young athletes and the general youth population. Therefore, this methodology is regularly performed in the evaluation of anthropometric growth. In evaluating the chronotropic response to physical exertion, in addition to age and sex, should take the specificity of the movement performed during the test into account.

Paramedic Student Clinical Performance During High-Fidelity Simulation After a Physically Demanding Occupational Task: A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial.

Paramedic duties include assessing, treating, and maneuvering patients in physically challenging environments. Whether clinical skills and patient care are affected by these occupational demands is unknown. High-fidelity simulation affords the opportunity to study this in a controlled setting. Using a randomized crossover design, 11 regional paramedicine students and graduates (mean ± SD age = 23 ± 2 years) completed two, 20-minute high-fidelity simulations that included cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately after either an acute bout of occupational physical activity (OPA) or a rest period (REST). Heart rate, respiratory rate, and mean arterial pressure were measured throughout. Clinical performance was scored using the Global Rating Score and a patient care record. Measures of CPR efficacy were recorded in the manikin. There were no significant differences in Global Rating Score ( P = 0.07, ES = 0.03) or CPR efficacy between conditions. Patient care record accuracy was higher after the OPA versus REST simulations (mean ± SD = 61.8 ± 12.6% vs. 55.5 ± 12.0%, P = 0.03, ES = 0.5). Mean heart rate was higher during OPA simulations versus REST simulations (121 ± 14 vs. 84 ± 9 beats per minute, P < 0.01, ES = 3.1), as was mean respiratory rate (19 ± 3 vs. 16 ± 3 breaths per minute, P < 0.01, ES = 1.0). Mean arterial pressure was higher for OPA versus REST at simulation start (105 ± 11.3 vs. 95.8 ± 11.8 mm Hg, P = 0.01, Effect Size = 0.8), although not different after simulation. Paramedicine students including recent graduates performed as well, or better, in a simulated clinical scenario immediately after occupation-specific acute physical exertion compared with a REST, despite higher physiological exertion. Whether this is the case for more experienced but potentially less physically fit paramedics in the workforce warrants investigation.

МОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА АЕРОБНА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ У ФУТБОЛІСТІВ З ГІПЕРМОБІЛЬНІСТЮ СУГЛОБІВ

Інтенсифікація фізичних навантажень у сучасному футболі вимагає від спортсменів розвитку високого рівня загальної, швидкісної і спеціальної витривалості. При побудові тренувально-змагальних навантажень у футболі особливий інтерес з боку тренерів та лікарів викликають спортсмени з ознаками дисплазії сполучної тканини, одним з частих проявів якої є гіпермобільність суглобів. Системність залучення сполучної тканини у диспластичний процес при гіпермобільності суглобів може вплинути на розвиток фізичних якостей, фізичної підготовленості, рівень функціонального стану та аеробної продуктивності і може бути причиною негативного спортивного результату. Не врахування особливостей таких спортсменів може бути причиною виникнення гострого фізичного перенапруження. Метою даної роботи було встановлення морфологічних особливостей та рівня аеробної продуктивності у футболістів з ознаками гіпермобільності суглобів. Для виконання поставленої мети було проведено аналіз даних 46 футболістів високого класу збірної Азербайджану з футболу віком від 16 до 34 років. Визначення морфометричних показників проводилось антропометрією, склад тіла оцінювався імпедансометрією, клінічні ознаки гіпермобільності суглобів діагностувались за критеріями Р. Beighton, оцінка аеробної продуктивності проводилась прямим газоаналізом дозованого фізичного навантаження на велоергометрі. За результатами дослідження рівня гіпермобільності суглобів було встановлено, що 56,5% футболістів мали нормальну рухливість , 30,4% – помірну та 13,0% – значну гіпермобільність. У футболістів із значною гіпермобільністю суглобів рівень аеробної продуктивності був найменшим і становив 53,3±2,5 мл/хв/кг і найбільшим (59,5±1,2 мл/хв/кг)- у групі з нормальною рухливістю суглобів . Досліджуючи динаміку величини максимального споживання кисню в групах було встановлено статистично значиме зменшення її величини зі збільшенням ступеню гіпермобільності (р&lt;0,05). Так, у групі з нормальною рухливістю приріст VO2 max становив 5,3±0,2 мл/хв/кг, в групі з помірною гіпермобільністю – 3,7±0,2 мл/хв/кг та в групі зі значною гіпермобільністю – 1,7±0,2 мл/хв/кг. Дослідження складу тіла в групах, розподілених за рівнем гіпермобільності суглобів, встановило, що найнижчим рівень загальної води був в групі з вираженою гіпермобільністю (р&lt;0,05). Така динаміка відбувалась за рахунок зменшення рівня зовнішньоклітинної рідини, що може свідчити про порушення процесів обміну саме у міжклітинному матриксі. Встановлено статистично значиме зменшення рівня максимального споживання кисню зі збільшенням ступеню гіпермобільності суглобів. Доведено різницю у відповіді функціональних систем організму футболістів під час тренування загальної витривалості. Встановлення зв’язків між показниками складу тіла та величиною максимального споживання кисню може бути основою для регулювання тренувально-змагальних навантажень та для спортивного відбору.

Acute myocardial infarction in relation to physical activities at work: a nationwide follow-up study based on job-exposure matrices.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate sex-specific risks of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to lifting and standing/walking at work. Methods The study population included 1.15 million Danish wage earners. Annual job codes from 1976 onwards were linked to specific exposures using job-exposure matrices (JEM). Cases of AMI during follow-up 1996-2016 were retrieved from national registers. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were computed by Poisson regression adjusting for demographic and JEM-assessed lifestyle factors. Models addressed physical activities at work the previous 0-2 years (short-term risk) and cumulative physical activities (long-term risk). Results During 21.4 million person-years of follow-up, 22 037 AMI occurred in men and 6942 in women. Exposure-response relationships between recent physical activities at work and AMI were not evident. In men, the fully adjusted long-term IRR for the highest of five exposure categories compared to the lowest were 1.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.15] for lifting and 1.01 (95% CI 0.96-1.07) for standing/walking. In women, the corresponding figures were 1.27 (95% CI 1.15-1.40) and 1.18 (95% CI 1.07-1.30). The latter risk estimate was strongly attenuated, and the trend became insignificant when adjusted for lifting. Findings were only partially supported by sensitivity analyses. Conclusion The study provides limited support to the hypothesis that long-term lifting and standing/walking at work is related to increased risk of AMI. Possible effects of acute physical exertion are not addressed and bias towards the null because of crude exposure assignment cannot be ruled out.

Improved arterial flow-mediated dilation after exertion involves hydrogen peroxide in overweight and obese adults following aerobic exercise training

Acute strenuous physical exertion impairs arterial function in sedentary adults. We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise training on acute physical exertion-induced arterial dysfunction in sedentary, overweight, and obese adults. Twenty-five overweight and obese adults (BMI 30.5 ± 7.2 years) were assigned to 8 weeks of aerobic training or to a control group. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed before and after acute leg press exercise at weeks 0 and 8. Gluteal adipose biopsies were performed at rest and post acute leg press to measure microvessel FMD with and without nitric oxide synthase inhibition via L-nitroarginine methyl ester or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging with Catalase. Microvessel nitric oxide and H2O2 production were assessed via fluorescence microscopy. Brachial artery dilation was reduced post acute leg press at week 0 in the aerobic exercise and control groups, but was preserved in the aerobic-exercise group post acute leg press at week 8 (P < 0.05). Post acute leg press microvessel FMD was preserved in the aerobic exercise group but impaired in the control group at week 8 (P < 0.05). Preserved dilation in the aerobic exercise group was more sensitive to H2O2 scavenging than inhibition of nitric oxide, and post acute leg press microvessel H2O2 production was increased compared with at rest (P < 0.05). Aerobic exercise prevents acute exertion-induced arterial dysfunction in overweight and obese adults via a phenotypic switch from nitric oxide-mediated dilation at rest to a predominately H2O2-mediated dilation after acute physical exertion.

Effects of physical exertion and heat on cerebrovascular response in professional firefighters (1183.4)

Firefighting is a physically demanding occupation and a number of factors can compromise the firefighter’s (FF) health during duty, including inadequate cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation. We hypothesized that dynamic cerebral pressure‐flow relationships will be altered in FF in response to acute physical exertion in the heat. Seven firefighters (age=30.8 ± 10.3 yrs) performed 30 minutes of treadmill walking at 65% of heart rate maximum in full turn‐out gear in an environmental chamber at 39°C. Testing involved: 5 minutes squat‐stand maneuvers at 0.05 Hz performed before and after the 30 minute treadmill test. CBF velocity was monitored in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv) using transcranial Doppler, blood pressure (BP) was recorded continuously using finger plethysmography, and 3‐lead electrocardiography recorded heart rate. Transfer function analysis (TFA) was used to determine the autoregulatory metrics. The results showed that the driven TFA metrics were not significantly different (p&lt;0.05) pre‐ to post‐exercise for coherence (0.991 ± 0.007 vs 0.966 ± 0.037), gain (0.62 ± 0.15 vs 0.582 ± 0.199 cm/s/mmHg) and phase (0.634 ± 0.20 vs 0.612 ± 0.32 Rad), and power spectral density for both MCAv (22954.1 ± 11271.2 vs 24958.1 ± 13909.4 cm/s2) and BP (56121.0 ± 16177.9 vs 62612.6 ± 23002.4 mmHg2). In conclusion, the cerebral pressure ‐ flow relationship in FF was unaltered pre‐ to post‐ moderate exercise in the heat.

Resposta da pressão arterial ao esforço em adolescentes: influência do sobrepeso e obesidade

The acute blood pressure response to physical exertion has been used as an indicator of the risk of developing hypertension. The factors associated with this response need to be clarified for timely intervention in preventing hypertensive disease. To describe the response of cardiovascular variables to acute physical exertion in overweight adolescents using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The sample consisted of 104 adolescents (56 boys and 48 girls), divided into two groups: the obese/overweight group (OOG) and the eutrophic group (EG). The following variables were measured: anthropometric (weight, height, and BMI), body composition (skin fold thickness), as well as hemodynamic variables such as systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR), at rest and at maximal physical exertion during the cardiopulmonary test. In the male group, the greatest values of systolic arterial pressure at rest were recorded in the OOG as compared to the EG (113 +/- 13 vs 106 +/- 8 mmHg; p = 0.009), pre-exertion SAP (120 +/- 14 vs 109 +/- 10 mmHg; p = 0.003), and SAP during maximal exertion conditions (156 +/- 20 vs 146 +/- 14 mmHg; p = 0.03). In the female group, only pre-exertion SAP was higher in the overweight group as compared to the eutrophic girls (114 +/- 11 vs 106 +/- 10 mmHg; p = 0.009). The response of arterial blood pressure during physical exercise was most exacerbated in obese adolescents as compared to eutrophic teens, suggesting greater reactivity to physical exertion.

Hormesis and Exercise: How the Cell Copes with Oxidative Stress

Contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species has been shown to cause oxidative stress to skeletal muscle, heart and other organs. As an adaptive response, muscle antioxidant defense systems are upregulated in response to exercise to restore intracellular prooxidant- antioxidant homeostasis. Thus, both young and old animals and humans involved in regular exercise have shown reduced oxidative damage during acute physical exertion at accustomed or excessive intensity, or under oxidative challenges otherwise deemed detrimental. The current article provides a brief review of this exercise-induced hormesis with the emphasis on the role of redox sensitive signal transduction pathways (mainly nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase) that can activate the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and proteins. Molecular mechanisms and gene targets for these signaling pathways, as well as the biological significance of the adaptations, are discussed.

Effects of Acute Exercise on Fibrinolysis and Coagulation in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Acute physical exertion may trigger an acute coronary syndrome. Furthermore, acute physical exercise may influence hemostatic markers in healthy individuals. However, the effect of acute exercise on blood fibrinolysis and coagulation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is still not well understood. Nineteen untrained patients with angiographically proven CAD (age, 58 +/- 9 years, 12 males), and 25 age- and sex-matched controls without CAD (age, 56 +/- 6 years, 16 males) underwent a treadmill exercise test. Global fibrinolytic capacity (GFC) and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F 1 + 2) levels were measured before exercise, at peak exercise, and 2 hours after recovery. There were no differences between the groups with respect to left ventricular ejection fraction, history of hypertension, body mass index, and serum lipids. Before exercise, GFC was significantly lower in patients with CAD when compared with controls (1.40 +/- 0.43 versus 3.28 +/- 1.19 microg/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). In patients with CAD, F 1 + 2 levels were significantly higher than those of controls (1.15 +/- 0.43 versus 0.79 +/- 0.10 nmol/L, respectively; P = 0.002). In both study groups, GFC levels increased significantly at peak exercise and decreased to baseline values 2 hours after recovery. At peak exercise, F 1 + 2 levels significantly increased in both study groups. However, while F 1 + 2 levels of controls decreased to baseline values 2 hours after recovery (0.79 +/- 0.10 versus 0.80 +/- 0.10 nmol/L; P > 0.05), F 1 + 2 levels of patients with CAD were still significantly elevated (1.15 +/- 0.43 versus 1.84 +/- 0.06 nmol/L; P = 0.002). Acute exercise increases coagulation and fibrinolysis both in untrained subjects with and without CAD. However, in patients with CAD, the equilibrium between fibrinolysis and coagulation during peak exercise is disturbed in favor of coagulation after recovery.

Response and adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise - the role of reactive oxygen species

In the last 30 years, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exercise physiology has received considerable attention. Acute physical exertion has been shown to induce an augmented generation of ROS in skeletal muscle via different mechanisms. There is evidence that ROS formation in response to vigorous physical exertion can result in oxidative stress. More recent research has revealed the important role of ROS as signaling molecules. ROS modulate contractile function in unfatigued and fatigued skeletal muscle. Furthermore, involvement of ROS in the modulation of gene expression via redox-sensitive transcription pathways represents an important regulatory mechanism, which has been suggested to be involved in the process of training adaptation. In this context, the adaptation of endogenous antioxidant systems in response to regular training reflects a potential mechanism responsible for augmented tolerance of skeletal muscle to exercise-induced stress. The present review outlines current knowledge and more recent findings in this area by focussing on major sources of ROS production, oxidative stress, tissue damage, contractile force, and redox-regulated gene expression in exercising skeletal muscle.

Changes in prolactin and testosterone levels induced by acute physical exertion in young female athletes.

In order to establish the influence of acute atypical exercise on prolactin and testosterone levels in young female athletes the authors selected a group of 13 short distance runners who were subjected to exercise on a cycle ergometer. Hormone levels were measured before the test, just after the end of test, 30 and 90 minutes thereafter. Significant increase in testosterone concentration appeared immediately after the exercise and 90 minutes after completion of a test testosterone level returned to preexercise levels. Unlike the results of other authors statistically significant decrease in plasma prolactin concentration was found 90 minutes after the end of test.

Acoustic Startle Eyeblink Response After Acute Exercise

The acoustic startle eyeblink response (ASER) is a useful probe for investigating central nervous system activity associated with emotional responses to aversive and appetitive stimuli. Though the ASER is sensitive to change in emotional arousal, the effect of acute physical exertion on ASER has not been reported. We examined changes in ASER amplitude and latency in 26 healthy young men (24 ± 5 yr) after 20 min of cycling at light and hard intensities (40% and 75% VO2peak) and after 20 min of quiet rest. Mixed model ANCOVA, controlling precondition scores, indicated no effects for ASER amplitude or latency in either sedentary or active participants (p >. 10). Our findings indicate that possible effects of acute exercise on potentiated startle or ASER responses elicited by positive or negative foreground stimuli should not be expected to be confounded by an altered baseline acoustic startle eyeblink response when measured in healthy young men.

Human Eosinophil Response to Acute Physical Exertion

Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO) of the George Washington University 1Psychology Department, University of Syracuse, Syracuse, N. Y. 2Baylor University, Waco, Texas Received March 20, 1960 In contrast to the finding of eosinopenia immediately following emotional stress with minimal physical activity, the response to ½ hr. of exertion is an immediate eosinophilia, followed by an eosinopenia beginning within 2 hr. and extending over at least 2 more hr.