Actual Water Consumption Research Articles

Algorithm of calculation of water consumption on dairy cattle farm with tied and loose housing at milking in milking parlors

Water is used in the whole cycle of milk production, from watering and fodder preparation to washing of milking equipment and milk cooling tanks. At the same time, farms do not control and record the amount of water consumed, which can result in a significant excess of actual water consumption over the normative data. One of the ways to solve this problem can be the introduction of a water consumption monitoring system, which will track the actual water consumption on the farm and compare it with the calculated volume obtained on the basis of normative data, technical characteristics of equipment and animal husbandry technology adopted in the farm. The purpose of the research is to develop an algorithm for calculating water consumption when performing technological operations on cattle dairy farms. As a result of the research, an algorithm for calculating water consumption for technological operations was developed, taking into account different variants of the technical and technological solutions. On the basis of the algorithm a program was developed, with the help of which the sequence of water consumption calculation was tested. The calculation was carried out for a farm for 800 heads of dairy herd of loose housing with productivity of 28 kg/head and 200 heads of loose housing with productivity of 32 kg/head excluding young stock. Water consumption for such a farm is 113.09 m3 /day, of which 99.92 m3 /day is used for watering, fodder preparation, and is non-returnable, and 13.17 m3 /day is used for technological operations. The further direction of research will be the development of a monitoring system based on the developed program of water consumption calculation. In addition to the monitoring system, the program will be useful in technological design of cattle farms for milk production.

Correction: Ma et al. Assessment of Crop Water Footprint and Actual Agricultural Water Consumption in Arid Inland Regions: A Case Study of Aksu Region. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2911

The authors would like to make the following corrections to the published paper [...]

Construction of a quantitative model for ski resort water demand and preliminary exploration of drainage irrigation pathways

In China, natural snowfall is insufficient, and ski resorts often require artificial snowmaking in winter and turf management in summer, which results in high overall water consumption and considered as one of the high water-consuming service industries, with an urgent need for theoretical foundations related to water management. Based on life cycle theory, we examined the characteristics of the water systems of ski resorts in winter and summer. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to construct a stochastic model to quantify the theoretical water consumption for snowmaking at ski resorts and to investigate the mechanisms by which various factors influence this consumption. We summarize the necessity of summer turf management and irrigation requirements at ski resorts, explore the interaction between ski resorts and agricultural irrigation. The results show that the theoretical water demand of ski resorts is basically consistent with the actual water consumption of ski resorts, that the constructed model is feasible, and that snowmaking water is the most important water use of ski resorts. Exploring the collection and reuse of meltwater or rainwater from ski resorts for agricultural irrigation in the spring and summer could provide more possibilities for the sustainable management of regional water resources. The research findings can provide a theoretical basis for scientifically and reasonably setting the norm of water intake for ski resorts and for developing comprehensive water resource management plans for ski resorts and agricultural irrigation.

Water consumption rates in indoor swimming pools: Analysis of design assumptions in the context of green deal implementation

A significant part of the operating costs of indoor pools is influenced by the demand for water and the amount of sewage discharged. In Poland, there are no current national guidelines for the design of pool installations. Designers often use the guidelines of the German standard DIN 19643, the application of which in Poland is limited due to construction law regulations. The aim of the work is to analyze design assumptions (guidelines for designing water supply and sewage installations) vs. actual water consumption in a selected Auapark (case study). The analysis takes into account new design solutions (water recovery from washings, rainwater management, new filter design), irregularities in the implementation assumptions (oversized installation diameters), existing operational problems related to appropriate water quality and reference to the seasons (March 2023 - June 2024). It has been shown that the use of modern solutions, consistent with the idea of sustainable development, in the field of water and sewage management allows to significantly reduce the demand for water and sewage discharged in relation to the currently adopted indicators and assumptions in this area. For example: in summer, the consumption of water was 36.3 m3/d, while the projected consumption was 132.5 m3/d.

Effect of Anti-Transpiration and Potassium on Water Use Efficiency and Water Consumption under Water Stress Conditions to Climate Change Resistance

Climate change impact serious threats to global food security due to changes in water requirements resulting from the variation and instability of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and the lack of water availability. Therefore, our research aims to use anti-transpiration agents that reduce plant water consumption, thus providing adequate amounts of water for agriculture in arid areas. A field experiment was conducted under water stress conditions during the winter seasons 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. The study included three levels of water stress, which are depletion of 40, 55 and 70% of the available water at a depth of 20 cm for the first three irrigations and a depth of 30 cm for the remaining irrigations and for the three treatments in succession. Anti-transpiration was added from different sources, which are kaolin, paraffin wax, silicon and potassium, in addition to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only). The results showed significant differences between the depletion treatments, as the 40% depletion treatment of the available water was significantly superior in most of the characteristics of the crop and its components, as the amount of increase in the grain yield was 62.24 and 64.22% for the two seasons in succession, compared to the 70% depletion treatment of the available water, which gave the lowest averages for all the studied characteristics. The irrigation treatment after depleting 40% of the available water was characterized by the best water use efficiency of 1.60 and 1.44 kg m-3 for the two seasons respectively, compared to the treatment of depleting 70% of the available water, which gave the lowest water use efficiency of 1.14 and 1.02 kg m-3 for the two seasons respectively. Spraying with anti-transpiration and potassium led to a significant increase in the yield and all its components compared to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only), which gave the lowest averages for all the studied traits, as spraying with potassium and kaolin gave a significant increase in most of the studied traits. Also, anti-transpiration and potassium, represented by potassium and kaolin, had a significant effect on water use efficiency, as the increase amount when spraying with potassium was 45.87 and 46.93% for the two seasons respectively compared to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only). As for the actual water consumption, we find an increase in the values ​​of water consumption and the number of irrigations in the comparison treatment (spraying with water only) compared to the anti-transpiration and potassium treatments, as the anti-transpiration and potassium provided water at a depth of 550, 414 and 405 m3 ha-1 for the first season and 615, 375 and 393 m3 ha-1 for the second season for the depletion treatments of 40, 55 and 70% of the available water, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment (spraying with water only). This increase is not small when applied to large areas and providing additional agricultural areas that can be invested. These findings suggest that targeted use of these treatments can effectively mitigate the effects of water stress, improving wheat production and resource efficiency in water-limited environments.

Unfulfilled water impact forecasts, plans and projects

The article presents a retrospective review of some forecasts, plans and projects of anthropogenic impact on water resources that did not materialize, were not implemented by the planned date or were incomplete. Values of full (water intake) and irrevocable water consumption for 2000, predicted in the 1960s and 1970s by well-known domestic and foreign researchers, are compared with the actual water consumption in 2000 in the world, the USA, and our country. It is shown that most of water consumption forecast parameters turned out to be significantly higher than the actual one, which gives reason to consider these forecasts were not borne out. In the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation, developed in 2009 for the period up to 2020, these values were also significantly overestimated (by tens of percent). Incomplete implementation of various programs did not lead to the expected significant improvement in the water quality of rivers, including the Volga, and reservoirs in Russia. Such failed projects as NAWAPA in the USA and Canada, projects of interzonal redistribution of water resources in the USSR, projects of Nizhneobskaya and Turukhanskaya (Evenkijskaya) hydroelectric power plants, partially implemented projects of Cheboksary and Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power plants, as well as a number of others are considered. Among the main reasons for unsuccessful forecasts, unfulfilled plans and projects are the lack of reliable data, incomplete knowledge about laws of nature and society development, financial problems, environmental demands, and the dramatically changed economic and political situation.

Assessing radon hazard in drinking water: A comprehensive approach integrating deterministic and probabilistic methods with water consumption routines

The research aimed to determine the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of radon activity concentrations in tap water of Yerevan city and assess radon-associated hazards using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. This was accomplished by integrating one-year monitoring data of radon in water with water consumption habits among adult population clusters, which were identified through food frequency questionnaire in Yerevan.The study findings indicated variations in radon activity levels across administrative districts. The highest average activity concentrations were detected in Davtashen (7.07 Bq/L), while the lowest average was observed in Kanaker-Zeytun (1.57 Bq/L). The overall pattern of spatiotemporal variation during monitoring period revealed higher prevalence of radon in water in the northern and western parts of the city compared to the east and south, indicating different sources of drinking water. The radon-associated hazard assessment from water, using a deterministic approach (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, radon dissolution in blood, total effective dose), revealed values below the individual dose criterion (IDC) of 0.1 mSv/y. Monte Carlo simulation revealed a probability of exceeding IDC in specific water consumption-based groups. Residents of Yerevan who drink more than 3 L water daily with the highest observed activity concentration of 11.4 Bq/L, have an 86.26 % chance of exceeding IDC. Residents consuming 2.1 L water daily have a 7.02 % chance of exceeding IDC.The study highlights the importance of applied principles and methodologies for radon monitoring, particularly considering actual water consumption data and different risk assessment approaches. Considering the worst-case scenario results, it is recommended to keep tap water consumption up to 3 L per day, keeping the tap open longer to reduce radon levels. It also emphasizes the need for continued monitoring, given the variations in radon activity. The study provides valuable insights into radon exposure assessment, mitigation, and action plans in terms of water safety and public health.

A large-scale evaluation of machine learning algorithms in mid-term water demand forecasting

ABSTRACT Water utilities currently face challenges in accurately measuring user-end consumption as they have to visit every conventional meter that is installed in their service area. This study explores the use of accessible machine learning models to forecast water demand at two crucial temporal scales, addressing practical needs such as customer billing. To draw meaningful conclusions, these models were tested and trained from actual user-end water consumption data from over 2.1 million customers over a 10-year period. These data were provided by the Water and Sewage Company of Greece (EYDAP). The large-scale experiment included the use of statistical models (ARIMA and SARIMA), deep learning [long short-term memory (LSTM)], and clustering techniques (k-NN algorithm). The model with the best performance was ARIMA, outperforming all the other models including the more complex ones. The LSTM model did not perform as expected in predicting water consumption, it excelled only in predicting the total amount of water consumed. These forecasts can be valuable tools for water utility companies, aiding in tasks such as customer billing and water balance calculations. This paper covers all the necessary steps that must be taken to achieve meaningful user-end water consumption forecasts, from raw data preprocessing to hyperparameter tuning for machine learning algorithms.

Optimized sand tube irrigation combined with nitrogen application improves jujube yield as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies in an arid desert region of Northwest China

Efficient water-saving irrigation techniques and appropriate nitrogen (N) application are keys to solving the problems of water scarcity and irrational fertilization in jujube cultivation. In this study, first, the effects of sand tube irrigation (STI) on surface and subsurface wetted characteristics were investigated using in-situ infiltration tests in a jujube garden. Compared with surface drip irrigation (SD), STI reduced surface wetted area by 57.4% and wetted perimeter of the surface wetted circle by 37.1% and increased subsurface maximum infiltration distance of wetting front by 64.9%. At the optimal sand tube depth of 20 cm, surface wetted area of the surface wetted circle decreased by 65.4% and maximum infiltration distance of the wetting front increased by 70.9%, compared with SD. Two-year field experiments then investigated the effects of STI and SD on soil water storage, jujube leaf chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, actual water consumption, fruit yield, and water (WUE) and N (NUE) use efficiencies at four levels of N (pure nitrogen: N1, 0; N2, 286 kg ha–1; N3, 381 kg ha–1; N4, 476 kg ha–1) at the same irrigation amount (45 mm irrigation–1, total of 8). Compared with SD, STI increased soil water storage 18.0% (2021) and 15.6% (2022) during the entire growth period and also chlorophyll content, nitrogen balance index, and net photosynthetic rate, with both increasing and then decreasing with increasing N. Compared with SD, STI increased yields by 39.1% and 36.5% and WUE by 44.3% and 39.7% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency was 2.5 (2021) and 1.6 (2022) times higher with STI than with SD. STI combined with N3 had the highest yield, WUE, NUE, and net income and is thus recommended as the optimal water–N combination. In conclusion, STI combined with appropriate N application can be an effective water-saving irrigation technology alternative to SD in jujube cultivation in arid areas.

Study on Response of Evapotranspiration Consumption of Forest and Grass Vegetation to Natural Precipitation in Northwest Loess Plateau

In this paper, the evapotranspiration balance of forest and grass vegetation in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China in different regions was analyzed using 6 indexes in 3 categoriess, namely, evapotranspiration ratio (Ea/Q, Ep/Q), evapotranspiration difference (Q-EA, Q-EP), and actual (potential) water supply ratio (1-Ea/Q, 1-Ep/Q). It is used to objectively reflect the suitability of different types of vegetation in different periods of growth based on precipitation. In another words this suitability reflects the support capacity of natural rainfall to vegetation consumed water through evapotranspiration under the specific climate environment of the Loess Plateau. The results show that: (1) The actual evapotranspiration water consumption of all types of vegetation in this region increased significantly in the first three months of the growth period from April to June, resulting in a relatively high moisture dryness index of vegetation with an average k value of 0.44. The main reason was that natural precipitation was less at this stage, and the gradually rising temperature strengthened the transpiration of most vegetation. The forest was the most stressed. At the end of May and the beginning of June, with the increase of natural precipitation, the average k value of all types of vegetation began to decline. From July to September, due to the flood season in this region, the precipitation increased sharply, and the moisture dryness index was in the lowest range of the whole growth period, and the average k value varied between 0.26 and 0.30 with the lowest value was 0.26 at the end of August and the beginning of September. (2) It is obvious that the water stress of forest is higher than that of shrub and grassland. It is fully indicated that the difference of transpiration caused by the difference of vegetation types leads to the difference of actual evapotranspiration water consumption of different vegetation types.

Study on Ecological Water Demand Pressure of Forest and Grass Vegetation Construction in Northwest Loess Plateau Based on Fitting Verification

In this paper, the minimum ecological water requirement of forest and grass vegetation in different types and regions and small basins in Pingliang City was analyzed and evaluated by using the quota of water consumption for ecological construction. The actual evapotranspiration water consumption of different types of vegetation was used as the quota to calculate the appropriate ecological water demand of vegetation, and the actual evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation was used as the quota to calculate the appropriate ecological water consumption of vegetation in this region. At the same time, in order to make the calculation result more accurate, the water consumption per unit area after the actual evapotranspiration of different regions and different types of vegetation is used as the calculation quota. In addition, according to the principles of similar vegetation types, similar site conditions and similar climate environment, the research results of He Wentao et al., Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, on the ecological water requirement of forest in the whole Jinghe River basin (He Wentao et al. Determination and calculation of ecological water requirement of forest vegetation, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(6)) were selected and compared with this study. This study verifies the reliability of the calculation results of evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation in this area. It should be noted that He Wentao et al. also evaluated the ecological water requirement of vegetation in the whole Jinghe River basin by calculating the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation, and analyzed the vegetation ecological water requirement deficit in 2020 by comparing the calculated minimum ecological water requirement of vegetation in the region, so as to reflect the ecological water demand pressure faced by vegetation construction in the region. It provides a basic basis for coordinating the relationship between vegetation construction and water resources in this region.

Assessment of Crop Water Footprint and Actual Agricultural Water Consumption in Arid Inland Regions: A Case Study of Aksu Region

Water scarcity is a major issue in arid regions, and it is crucial to have an accurate understanding of water resource utilization for informed decision-making regarding water-related issues. However, due to various reasons such as inadequate measuring facilities, the actual agricultural water usage is often underestimated. The concept and methodology of the water footprint, based on a life-cycle perspective, provide a powerful tool for studying the actual water usage in agriculture. By utilizing the theories and models of water footprints, a method for reviewing the actual agricultural water usage in arid regions is proposed. Taking the Aksu region as an example, the evolution patterns and water consumption of 15 major crops over a 31-year period from 1990 to 2020 were calculated and analyzed. The research shows that the total water footprint of crops in the Aksu region has increased by nearly 3.13 times over the 31-year period, with significant accelerations in 2003 and 2016. The green water footprint accounts for an average of about 8% of the major crops, while the average water footprint of cotton accounts for over 57.2% of the total water footprint of major crops in the study area. Based on the calculation of the blue water footprint, the actual water usage in the Aksu region in 2020 was estimated to be 11.128 billion cubic meters, which is 1.30 times higher than the reported water usage, with groundwater extraction being 2.46 times higher than reported. This method of water footprint analysis for reviewing actual water usage and its application examples provide a methodological foundation and technical support for regional water resource management and policymaking.

Analysis of Water Consumption during Fire Extinguishing at Objects of Different Functional Fire Hazard Classes

Introduction. Fire-fighting water supply systems play a primary role in ensuring effective fire extinguishing. Many researchers both in our country and abroad have considered the requirements for fire-fighting water supply and problematic issues in this area. At the same time, in order to update the requirements for fire-fighting water supply, it is necessary to study the actual water consumption on fires, taking into account the characteristics of fire objects. The aim of this research was to analyze the water consumption for outdoor firefighting depending on the characteristics of the fire object and compare the actual water consumption with the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety. Methods and Materials. The authors used statistical data on fires in the Russian Federation for 2019–2021 from the federal state information system "Federal Database "Fires". Methods of statistical data analysis and classification of statistical data were used to determine the actual water consumption for outdoor firefighting, depending on the class of functional fire hazard of the fire object. Visualization of the obtained results was performed by the method of graphical representation of data in the form of histograms and pie charts. Results. The analysis showed that the highest average water consumption was required for objects of the functional fire hazard class F1.2 "hotels, dormitories (with the exception of apartment-type dormitories), dormitory buildings of sanatoriums and rest homes of general type, campsites" — 10.7 l/s. For apartment buildings, the highest average water consumption was required to extinguish fires that had arisen in the attic — 10 l/s and in the garret — 9.2 l/s. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the analysis can be used to clarify the requirements for water consumption for outdoor firefighting, depending on the functional fire hazard class of the object and the number of floors of buildings. In order to meet these requirements, regular monitoring of fire-fighting water supply systems is required, as well as timely maintenance and repair of external and internal fire-fighting water supply systems.

Evaluation of Water Balance and Water Use Efficiency with the Development of Water-Saving Irrigation in the Yanqi Basin Irrigation District of China

Irrigation water is the main type of water consumption in the Yanqi Basin irrigation district of Xinjiang, which is an oasis-type irrigation district in the arid region of Northwest China. With the continuous expansion of cultivated areas, there is an increasing demand for irrigation water, resulting in an irrigation efficiency paradox and the phenomenon of “the more water-saving, the more water-scarce”. In this study, the water balance method and the improved IWMI (International Water Management Institute) water balance method were used with remote sensing and statistical data from 1980 to 2020 to analyze the changes in the irrigation water supply, consumption, and loss for improvement in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in the Yanqi Basin. The results showed that there was an upward trend in the cultivated land area in the irrigation district of Yanqi Basin, as monitored with remote sensing from 1980 to 2020, and the values from the remote sensing data were higher than those from the yearbooks. According to the remote sensing data, the arable land area in the irrigation district increased from 1672 km2 in 1980 to 2494 km2 in 2020, thus showing a trend of expansion. The traditional water use efficiency in the irrigation district showed an increasing trend. The lowest value for the field water-use coefficient was 0.70 in 1998, and it exceeded to 0.81 from 2009 to 2020. The canal water-use coefficient was as low as 0.50 in 1998 and increased from 0.54 in 2009 to 0.82 in 2020. The irrigation water-use coefficient increased from 0.35 in 1998 to 0.68 in 2020, with a general upward trend. In this study, the water consumption ratio indicator DFg (depleted fraction), determined using the improved water balance method, increased from 0.8390 in 1980 to 0.8562 in 2020, although it showed an overall decreasing trend, and the average was 0.8436. Cultivated land’s actual irrigation water consumption per unit area reached the highest value of 8.41 × 106 m3/hm2/a in 2011 and the minimum value of 4.01 × 106 m3/hm2/a in 2020, and from 1980 to 2020 it showed a decreasing trend, while the total water diversion showed an increasing trend due to the continuous expansion of arable land. From 1980 to 2020, water diversion into the irrigation district changed from 1.214 km3 to 1.000 km3, and it reached a maximum of 1.593 km3 in 2000; water diversion into the irrigation district showed an overall upward trend. The positive impact of the post-2000 water conservation phase with the adaptation of water-saving irrigation technology was clear, as the findings showed an increase in IWUE in the Yanqi Basin irrigation district. These results provide a theoretical basis for breaking the paradox of irrigation efficiency, which can be used in the water resource management of irrigation districts.

SAFER-ET based assessment of irrigation patterns and impacts on groundwater use in the central Punjab, Pakistan

The excessive pumping of groundwater during the dry season in Pakistan is identified as a significant concern for groundwater sustainability. Farmers encounter difficulties in efficiently managing irrigation, and adopting the outputs of Irrigation Advisory System (IAS) to improve irrigation practices. Upgrading the existing IAS can help to identify the regions with over-irrigation issues and optimize outreach efforts. To solve these issues, we define the new concept of integrating Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) total water storage anomalies (TWSA) and Landsat 8 imageries, which can enhance the IAS efficiency by accurately identifying regions facing groundwater depletion by estimating actual crop water consumption through application of the Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) on Landsat 8 data and Penman-Monteith (PM) method was used to calculate crop water demand using meteorological forcing data from Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) over the five selected districts of Punjab during the dry seasons of year 2013–2020. Comparing actual water consumption (SAFER evapotranspiration (ET)) with in-situ groundwater depth, strong correlations were found between them that are supporting the use of Landsat 8 data for irrigation monitoring. Further, compared SAFER ET was with PM ET to calculate the percentage of over/under irrigated regions, and the results revealed that most of the selected districts were over-irrigated, indicating the potential for excessive irrigation water savings. Our results show that the integration of GRACE TWSA and Landsat 8 data enhance the efficiency of operational IAS and can lead to potential savings of 81% (equivalent to 155 million m3) of groundwater during the dry season in the Central Punjab, Pakistan. Satellite data integration globally enhances IAS implementation, aiding regions with unsustainable dry season irrigation. This empowers farmers to optimize agriculture through precise IAS outputs.

On-farm water energy food carbon-footprint nexus index for quantitative assessment of integrated resources management for wheat farming in Egypt

To improve the farming efficiency, Egypt has been struggling to narrow the water, energy, and yield gaps owing to exacerbated water shortage. For quantitative diagnosis of farming performance, the paper presented an on-farm water, energy, food, and carbon-footprint (WEFC) nexus index made up of four equally pillars. The arithmetic average preserved the multi-centric approach and equal importance of the four pillars. The index was applied to test and rank 2,042 wheat-based farmer fields in Egypt representing diverse inputs, agronomic and irrigation practices, soil types, and agroecological conditions. The water metric was the ratio of saved water, difference between maximum water consumption recorded in the country and actual water consumption, to the maximum water consumption. Likewise, the energy metric was obtained. The food metric was the ratio of actual yield to maximum yield in the country. The carbon-footprint metric was the ratio of difference between maximum CO2 emission in the country and actual emission to the maximum emission. The index values showed a wide range from 18.69% to 87.33% with a high standard deviation emphasizing the diversity of farming practices, soil types, and agroecological conditions. The highest ten values were recorded in fields with sandy soils, relatively large area, drip irrigation, recommended seeding and fertilization rates, well drainage, weeds removal, and tillage. The drip irrigation system in 51 out of 52 fields had above average value. The lowest ten values were in fields with clay soils and flood irrigation, where 18.7% of 1,780 fields exceeded the above average value. Raised beds with furrow irrigation in 83.15% of 184 fields exceeded the above average value. Fertilization rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in 61% and 53% of fields respectively exceeded the recommended rates with no significant reflection on the food metric. The low index values in fields with flood irrigation were attributed to high water losses causing high water consumption, energy consumption, and CO2 emission. The index was a good indicative of input resources consumption and output production as it varied inversely with water and energy consumption and CO2 emission and proportionally with yield. Since the high-water consumption was the main entry point for low index values in fields with flood irrigation, changing the irrigation to drip system or revisiting the irrigation scheduling and the estimated applied irrigation water amount were recommended. The index can be utilized to quantify the effectiveness of both recommendations and further new site-specific interventions and to assess their impact at scale. The index also recommended land use consolidation where farmers retain ownership of their lands but with cooperative farming.

Calculation and Management of Water Supply and Demand under Land Use/Cover Changes in the Yarmouk River Basin Governorates in Jordan

This paper presents the calculation and management of water supply and demand under land use/cover changes in the Yarmouk River Basin in Jordan for the years 1997, 2007 and 2017. It aims to analyze and link the changes in the land classes with the water resources supply demand as the groundwater is unable to meet the inhabitants demand, necessitating land management practices. The method includes deriving land use/cover maps using the supervised classification, identifying basin governorates, cities and villages, calculating the basin governorates’ inhabitants, water demand, supply of internal wells, water loss, and actual water consumption. The results showed an increase in the urban area by 3.01%, while forests, rain-fed vegetables and crops declined by 1.57% and 1.09%, respectively. Urbanization appears mainly at the expense of rangelands, an important change affecting water supply from internal wells due to increased pumping to balance population demand. Although it is decreasing per capita, the water demand is high. Changing land use practices, securing inter-basin water resources, and calculating water losses is a challenge of great importance that can manage water shortages and increase actual consumption. This research is important in order to understand the supply demand situation and to aid a wide range of users, water-managers, land-planners and decision-makers.

Identification of the Influence of Socio, Demographic, and Economic Factors on Domestic Water Consumption Patterns (A Case Study: Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia)

Urban water management efforts are essential in encouraging the fulfillment of the SDGs targets. One action that can be done is to approach the calculation of the actual water consumption value. This research conducted a survey of domestic water consumption in Bandar Lampung City to obtain comprehensive information. Bandar Lampung City was chosen because it is one of the cities on the island of Sumatra with a high economic growth rate. Lampung Province is the top 3 province in Sumatera Island with the higher Gross Domestic Product Growth on 2022, with Bandar Lampung as its capital city. Furthermore, water consumption patterns were analyzed for various activities, socio demographic conditions, and the community's economy. The results showed that of the 404 samples, the average water usage was 195.08 liters/person/day, with the dominant activities in use including bathing (66.84 liters/person/day), flushing the toilet (35.71 liters/person) / day), and ablution (29.74 liters/person/day). Furthermore, the variable number of family members in one house and income level have significant different on total domestic water consumption. The results obtained in this study are expected to assist in making decisions regarding urban water management plans.

Estimate measurement errors of household water meters using a large amount of on-site data feedback

Water meter measurement error is considered as one important component of non-revenue water by International Water Association. Its magnitude depends combinedly on users’ consumption behaviors (intake spectrum) and metrological characteristics of water meters (meter error curve). Most published researches have only analyzed the meter error curves without taking the users’ consumption behaviors into consideration. This study developed a practical approach by using the relative difference chart of master-meters and sub-meters groupings (i.e., RM-μz chart) to identify average metering errors for a major water utility company in Taiwan. About 120,000 sets of “master-meter and sub-meter grouping” data of Taipei Water Department were analyzed. The approach successfully estimated average metering errors of its 99.6% domestic meters (around 1.6 million water meters), the results are 9.9, 6.1, and 10.0% less than the actual water consumption recorded by the sub-meters, master-meters, and direct-meters, respectively.

Research on Water Resources Development and Utilization Based on Linear Regression and Multiple Nonlinear Regression

With the further development of industrialization and urbanization, China's water resources will be more severe. In order to study the synergy of the three red line targets, we predicted the total water consumption in 2030 by establishing the total water consumption model and using the linear regression prediction method. It is assumed that the water consumption of 10,000 yuan of industrial added value and the effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water all reached the red line value in 2030. Next, a multivariate nonlinear regression model of total water consumption is established, and the indirect substitution method is used to obtain the function of the internal relationship among the water consumption of 10,000 yuan GDP, the actual water consumption per mu of cultivated land for irrigation, and the water consumption of 10,000 yuan industrial added value, which includes time variables, and then the sensitivity analysis of the above functions are carried out. The following conclusions are drawn: China's overall water resources development and utilization should adopt the policy of improving the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water and reducing the industrial added value water consumption of 10,000 yuan as a supplement.