Actual Type Research Articles

Analysis of SF6 and CF4 consumption for refueling high-voltage switching equipment

The article describes to eliminate possible errors in the supply of cylinders with sulfur hexafluoride and cylinders with carbon tetrafluoride to high-voltage substations for refueling switching devices such as high-voltage switches, voltage transformers, etc. Conduct an analysis of possible erroneous supplies of the two above-mentioned gases at the substation. Make an analysis of possible residuals (or shortfalls) of gas cylinders after refilling. Make an assumption about the reasons for the appearance of possible residues. Give recommendations for overcoming possible problems. Make the appropriate calculations. Propose a formula (table) for recalculating the consumption of both types of gases. Make a table for calculating the actual values of the number of supplied cylinders, related to the discreteness of the volumes of the cylinders and the switching devices themselves. Draw appropriate conclusions and make recommendations. To achieve this goal, a method was used to calculate the state of an ideal gas using software for working with spreadsheets. The article reflects the relevance of the topic and discusses the features of refueling high-voltage SF6 equipment in various climatic conditions (below minus 40-49°F). An analysis of typical ratings of high-voltage switches used at highvoltage substations was carried out. A graph is presented for converting the molar fraction (contributing to pressure) of gases into the mass fraction. A sample calculation of the number of cylinders is presented for two commonly encountered volumes of switching devices and fortyliter gas cylinders for several standard cylinder filling ratios. Presumptive conclusions are presented regarding the assessment of real errors when sending gas cylinders for refilling switching devices. The article offers an understanding of the sequence of problems associated with incorrect calculations and a complete methodology for calculating the correct volumes (mass) of gas depending on the actual types of devices used, depending on the volume of supplies pieces of equipment.

Landslide Hazard Analysis Based on Geographic Information Systems in Sumedang Regency

Sumedang Regency has a hilly landscape, making it one of the 13 cities/regencies in West Java Province that are prone to landslides. A total of 80 landslide incidents were recorded from 2019 to 2023. These landslides resulted in 45 fatalities, 53 injuries, and damage to 317 infrastructure units. This situation indicates the importance of conducting an analysis of landslide hazard distribution. The landslide hazard distribution analysis is carried out using a weighting and scoring method on the parameters used, which include: slope gradient, rainfall, actual land cover, landform, lithology, and soil type. Based on these parameters, four landslide hazard classes were identified in Sumedang Regency: low, medium, high, and very high hazard classes. Proportions of these hazard are as follows: high hazard class (42.24%), medium hazard class (40.38%), low hazard class (13.90%), and very high hazard class (3.49%). The low hazard class is mainly found in the northern part of Sumedang Regency, the medium hazard class is widespread in sloping areas, and the high to very high hazard classes are primarily found in the Tampomas mountains and areas with hilly landforms. Slope gradient and rainfall are the factors that most influence landslide hazards, making it necessary to design appropriate mitigation.

Comparison of Actual Blood Type with Blood Type in Indonesian Identity Card of Pekayon Village- East Jakarta Residents in 2022

Among the public, the knowledge of ABO blood type is not well understood. Many people in Indonesia do not know their blood type but they have to state their blood type for the Indonesian Identity Card at the civil registration services. To compare the actual blood type of Pekayon village-East Jakarta residents with the blood type in Indonesian Identity Card in 2022. The research is a cross-sectional study of 100 residents at Pekayon Village-East Jakarta in 2022. We did ABO blood grouping with tube test method then compared the results as actual blood type with the resident’s blood type in their Indonesian Identity Card. The blood type of the residents at Pekayon Village-East Jakarta are 39% blood type O, 33% blood type A, 20% blood type B and 8% blood type AB. The actual blood type matched with the blood type in Indonesian Identity Card were 43% and 57% did not match because previously when the residents stated the blood type for Indonesian Identity Card not based on actual blood type. The actual blood type were mostly different with the actual blood type of residents at Pekayon Village-East Jakarta in 2022. The Indonesian citizen should state the correct blood type for Indonesian Identity Card based on blood grouping result.

Design of randomized clinical trials with a binary endpoint: Conditional versus unconditional analyses of a two-by-two table.

When designing a randomized clinical trial to compare two treatments, the sample size required to have desired power with a specified type 1 error depends on the hypothesis testing procedure. With a binary endpoint (e.g., response), the trial results can be displayed in a 2 × 2 table. If one does the analysis conditional on the number of positive responses, then using Fisher's exact test has an actual type 1 error less than or equal to the specified nominal type 1 error. Alternatively, one can use one of many unconditional "exact" tests that also preserve the type 1 error and are less conservative than Fisher's exact test. In particular, the unconditional test of Boschloo is always at least as powerful as Fisher's exact test, leading to smaller required sample sizes for clinical trials. However, many statisticians have argued over the years that the conditional analysis with Fisher's exact test is the only appropriate procedure. Since having smaller clinical trials is an extremely important consideration, we review the general arguments given for the conditional analysis of a 2 × 2 table in the context of a randomized clinical trial. We find the arguments not relevant in this context, or, if relevant, not completely convincing, suggesting the sample-size advantage of the unconditional tests should lead to their recommended use. We also briefly suggest that since designers of clinical trials practically always have target null and alternative response rates, there is the possibility of using this information to improve the power of the unconditional tests.

Can you patent the sun? Towards a sui generis inclusive right to manage the relationship between intellectual property and Commons

Abstract This paper, by adopting the Covid-19 vaccine as a case study, argues that some pharmaceutical drugs should be considered as Commons, ie goods that are managed and owned by the public at large, and not as private property—exclusivity—of pharmaceutical companies. The reasons of such a strong argument are, on the one side, the conspicuous public-funding contribution to develop Covid-19 vaccines and other essential life-saving treatments, and, on the other side, the search for a human and equity-oriented Global Health Security. It is true that, from a legal perspective, vaccines can be patented, leading to questionable practices in the pharmaceutical industry, such as patent thickets. However, an alternative and fairer path, which would result in the theorization of a Commons for the vaccine, can be pursued. In particular, the actual types of Commons in the IP law field—the public domain, exceptions/limitations to patents and open innovation instruments such as IP pledges—present some issues in relation to enforceability. By forwarding the concept of ‘negative spaces’ to the patent realm, these spaces should not only claim to not enforce IP but also be able to ‘enforce that non-enforcement’. Therefore, this paper, by building on the work of the author Dusollier, advances the idea that from the inclusivity, which is the typical feature of every Commons, a sui generis inclusive right can be envisaged and applied in the context of the vaccine, by rethinking the relationship between IP and Commons.

Modeling Volumetric Block Types in Residential Building Construction

The article focuses on the erection of residential buildings from large-sized volumetric blocks as a modern and progressive trend in housing construction. It is noted that one of the major tasks in the development of this promising area of construction is to justify the choice of type of volumetric blocks. The authors propose a method of type formation that, depending on the set objective, can either be composed of large-sized volumetric blocks only, or include combinations of large-sized and smaller-sized blocks. The article details the steps and procedure of modeling the type of volumetric blocks, which comprises three stages. At the first stage, the parameters of boundary blocks are determined, and then, by changing these parameters step by step, the parameters of blocks between the boundary blocks are set. The second stage involves developing options for the placement of blocks in accordance with the space and layout design solutions employed in the residential buildings to be erected. At the third stage, blocks are selected, and their actual type is approved. The stages of modeling of the volumetric blocks type are illustrated by practical examples, tables, and figures.

Are the tests overpowered or underpowered? A unified solution to correctly specify type I errors in design of clinical trials for two sample proportions.

As one of the most commonly used data types, methods in testing or designing a trial for binary endpoints from two independent populations are still being developed until recently. However, the power and the minimum required sample size comparisons between different tests may not be valid if their type I errors are not controlled at the same level. In this article, we unify all related testing procedures into a decision framework, including both frequentist and Bayesian methods. Sufficient conditions of the type I error attained at the boundary of hypotheses are derived, which help reduce the magnitude of the exact calculations and lay out a foundation for developing computational algorithms to correctly specify the actual type I error. The efficient algorithms are thus proposed to calculate the cutoff value in a deterministic decision rule and the probability value in a randomized decision rule, such that the actual type I error is under but closest to, or equal to, the intended level, respectively. The algorithm may also be used to calculate the sample size to achieve the prespecified type I error and power. The usefulness of the proposed methodology is further demonstrated in the power calculation for designing superiority and noninferiority trials.

A Method for Estimating the State of Charge and Identifying the Type of a Lithium-Ion Cell Based on the Transfer Function of the Cell

This paper proposes a new method for assessing the state of charge (SoC) and identifying the types of different lithium-ion cells used in the battery systems of light electric vehicles. A particular challenge in the development of this method was the SoC estimation time, as the method is intended for implementation in the control system of a bicycle charging station, where the state of charge must be determined immediately after the bicycle is plugged in in order to start the charging process as quickly as possible according to the appropriate charging algorithm. The method is based on the identification of the transfer function, i.e., the dynamic response of the battery voltage to the current pulse. In the learning phase of this method, a database of reference transfer functions and corresponding SoCs for a specific type of battery cell is created. The transfer functions are described by coefficients determined through the optimization procedure. The algorithm for estimating the unknown battery cell SoCs is based on the comparison of the measured voltage response with the responses of the reference transfer functions from the database created during the learning process to the same current signal. The comparison is made by calculating the integral of the square error (ISE) between the response of the specific reference transfer function and the measured voltage response of the battery cell. Each transfer function corresponds to a specific SoC and cell type. The specific SoC of the unknown battery is determined by quadratic interpolation of the SoC near the reference point with the smallest ISE for each battery type. The cell type detection algorithm is based on the fact that the integral squared error criterion near the actual SoC for the actual cell type changes less than the squared error criterion for any other battery cell type with the same SoC. An algorithm for estimating the SoC and cell type is described and tested on several different cell types. The relative error between the estimated SoC and the actual SoC was used as a measure of the accuracy of the algorithm, where the actual SoC was calculated using the Coulomb counting method.

Development and Validation of an Improved Quasisteady Flow Model with Additional Parasitic Loss Effects for Stirling Engines

This paper presents the development and validation of an improved quasisteady flow model (iQSFM) that applies comprehensive parasitic losses to the quasisteady flow model (QSFM) considering an oscillating flow, which is the actual type of flow occurring in a regenerator. Validation of iQSFM was evaluated by comparing it with a QSFM based on the experimental results of a RE-1000 regenerator. Compared to QSFM, iQSFM improved the prediction accuracy by reducing the indicated power error from 66.7% to 24.9% and the efficiency error from 35.3% to 9.4%. In addition, the prediction accuracy of iQSFM was compared when the oscillating flow and the steady flow correlation were applied to a regenerator. When iQSFM applied an oscillating flow correlation to the regenerator, it predicted the experimental results of RE-1000 slightly more accurately than in a steady flow correlation. Finally, the engine performance and parasitic losses were analyzed through a parameter study of RE-1000 using iQSFM. Through this, it was confirmed with iQSFM that the RE-1000 is designed to maximize the engine performance by minimizing the parasitic losses.

미디어 유형별 긍정적 경찰 접촉경험이 경찰신뢰에 미치는 영향

This study, based on the cultivation theory, aimed to verify the impact of positive police contact experiences through different types of media on citizens' trust in the police. Specifically, it was hypothesized that positive contact experiences with the police may vary depending on the type of media, and such variations may have different effects on citizens' trust in the police. Additionally, considering individual characteristics, the study assumed that the types of media frequently encountered may differ, and it sought to validate whether positive police contact experiences based on actual media types exhibit variations according to individuals' demographic and sociological characteristics. The types of media included both traditional one-way media (TV programs, TV news, movies) and two-way media (internet articles, social media). The analysis results are as follows. First, among the five types of media, positive police contact experiences through TV programs, TV news, internet articles, and social media services had a positive impact on citizens' trust in the police. Second, among individual demographic and sociological characteristics, there were average differences in positive police contact based on age. Specifically, positive police contact experiences through TV news were more prevalent among those aged 60 and above compared to those aged 20-30, and positive police contact experiences through internet articles were higher on average for individuals aged 50-60 compared to those in their 30s. Based on these results, the study aims to propose effective strategies for media usage to enhance police trust.

"Technology is the enabler Enhancing “one team, one record, one number, one fund” and connecting Home Care utilization to outcomes for patients and providers”.

Since 2012, St. Joseph’s Health System has been testing and evaluating Integrated Models of Care while maintaining a focused commitment to spreading and scaling sustainable integrated service delivery and integrated funding models.
 Our collective learnings and expanding partnerships are being celebrated through the creation of the SJHS Centre for Integrated Care. The Centre for Integrated Care, or “CIC”, is an innovation incubator and accelerator powered by the St. Joseph’s Health System (SJHS), the Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, and the partners we work with.
 We believe getting timely and adequate care should be less complicated: fewer steps, less confusion, less wasted effort, more sharing, and more time to spend with people. Integrated care means integrating people who provide care and the systems they use. We prefer practical and simple innovations that fit within existing resources. Our mission is to integrate systems and remove barriers to advance people-centred care.
 Our hub includes patients, families/caregivers, care providers, health care leaders, researchers, educators, and technology experts who are united in one goal: to improve the delivery of health and social services for better outcomes.
 During the presentation we will describe our Integrated Comprehensive Care (ICC) Program for COPD and CHF patients and highlight how the work and in particular the technology, has enabled integration at the micro, meso, and macro levels with a specific focus on equity, access, and provider experience.
 We will touch on learnings from the pandemic and provide a visual representation linking actual volume and type of home care utilization to outcomes both the year prior to the pandemic and two years during the pandemic; Understanding service delivery trends is important to understanding how resources are contributing to an outcome, such as community staffing decisions impacting hospital lengths of stay. Discussion begins with best practice care standards and pathways. Funding constraints are secondary. The ongoing dialogue between and within acute and home and community care serves to educate and adjust practice as the evidence directs. This approach comes from establishing a shared vision, transparency, trust, and hard work upfront when developing programs. As opposed to command and control, it’s a collective goal to provide the best care within the existing resources and be open to shuffling resources, and looking at other ways of delivering care, including the use of technology, to provide services.
 Time permitting, we will engage participants in discussions around how we can collectively advance integrated care and suggest opportunities for moving forward.
 At the end of the day, technology is not the driver in health care. Rather, care is enabled by technology – to support remote access, consistent practice, easily accessible synchronous documentation, ongoing refinement of best practice, and much more. It is essential to the future of health care, meeting client expectations and supporting practitioners to give their best.

The genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) in the historical collection of W.S.J.G. Besser (KW-BESS) at the National Herbarium of Ukraine (KW)

Our herbarium inventory revealed that the collection of specimens of the genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) in the memorial collection of W.S.J.G. Besser (KW-BESS) at the National Herbarium of Ukraine (KW) contains at least 1186 herbarium sheets. The collection of specimens of Artemisia is stored in folders Nos. 234–249 of the Besser herbarium. Each folder contains individual paper folders (here termed taxon covers). In total, there are 217 individual taxon folders. Our analysis of protologues and herbarium labels demonstrated that the KW-BESS collection contains types and/or other original specimens in 118 taxon folders, but much more actual types of species-rank and infraspecific names. Additional analysis of their possible type status is needed for specimens in 28 taxon folders. The KW-BESS collection contains authentic and historical specimens of such famous researchers and collectors of the 19th century as A. Bunge, L.K.A. Chamisso, A.P. de Candolle, D. Douglas, J.F.G. Eschscholtz, F.E.L. Fischer, J.É. Gay, A. Gray, J.D. Hooker, V.V. Jacquemont, G.S. Karelin and I.P. Kirilov, K.F. Ledebour, A.F. Marschall von Bieberstein, C.A. Meyer, T. Nuttall, J.D. Prescott, Ch. Steven, N.S. Turczaninow, N. Wallich, etc. We present and discuss here some examples of labels written by Besser and several other famous botanists. Our preliminary assessment of this globally important collection established the foundations for further nomenclatural and taxonomic studies of Artemisia, in particular, those based on historical specimens at KW.

To pass or not to pass: Privacy-preserving physical access control

Anonymous or attribute-based credential (ABC) systems are a versatile and important cryptographic tool to achieve strong access control guarantees while simultaneously respecting the privacy of individuals. A major problem in the practical adoption of ABCs is their transferability, i.e., such credentials can easily be duplicated, shared or lent. One way to counter this problem is to tie ABCs to biometric features of the credential holder and to require biometric verification on every use. While this is certainly not a viable solution for all ABC use-cases, there are relevant and timely use-cases, such as vaccination credentials as widely deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In such settings, ABCs that are tied to biometrics, which we call Biometric-Bound Attribute-Based Credentials (bb-ABC ), allow to implement scalable and privacy-friendly systems to control physical access to (critical) infrastructure and facilities.While there are some previous works on bb-ABC in the literature, the state of affairs is not satisfactory. Firstly, in existing work the problem is treated in a very abstract way when it comes to the actual type of biometrics. Thus, it does not provide concrete solutions which allow for assessing their practicality when deployed in a real-world setting. Secondly, there is no formal model which rigorously captures bb-ABC systems and their security requirements, making it hard to assess their security guarantees. With this work we overcome these limitations and provide a rigorous formalization of bb-ABC systems. Moreover, we introduce two generic constructions which offer different trade-offs between efficiency and trust assumptions, and provide benchmarks from a concrete instantiation of such a system using facial biometrics. The latter represents a contact-less biometric feature that provides acceptable accuracy and seems particularly suitable to the above use-case.

Heterogeneous Traffic Flow Signal Control and CAV Trajectory Optimization Based on Pre-Signal Lights and Dedicated CAV Lanes

This paper proposes a control system to address the efficiency and pollutant emissions of heterogeneous traffic flow composed of human-operated vehicles (HVs) and connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). Based on the comprehensive collection of information on the flow of heterogeneous traffic, the control system uses a two-layer optimization model for signal duration calculation and CAV trajectory planning. The upper model optimizes the phase duration in real time based on the actual total number and type of vehicles entering the control adjustment zone, while the lower model optimizes CAV lane-changing strategies and vehicle acceleration optimization curves based on the phase duration optimized by the upper model. The target function accounts for reducing fuel usage, carbon emission lane-changing costs, and vehicle travel delays. Based on the Webster optimal cycle formula, an improved cuckoo algorithm with strong search performance is created to solve the model. The numerical data confirmed the benefits of the suggested signal control and CAV trajectory optimization method based on pre-signal lights and dedicated CAV lanes for heterogeneous traffic flow. Intersection capacity was significantly enhanced, CAV average fuel consumption, carbon emission and lane-changing frequency were significantly reduced, and traffic flow speed and delay were significantly improved.

Reconsideration of the actual type locality of the lesser Japanese shrew-mole, Dymecodon pilirostris

Reconsideration of the actual type locality of the lesser Japanese shrew-mole, Dymecodon pilirostris

Шаманские лечебные обряды западных бурят

Introduction. In the Buryat tradition, healing was a most common function attributed to shamans. The main pragmatic aspect of healing depends on the semiotic component of a ritual, communicative connection with the other world being a key indicative. Healing practices of Turko-Mongolian shamans were distinguished by that rituals were accompanied by spells aimed at propitiating or neutralizing spirits of disease to be communicated with during the ritual. Goals. The study seeks to analyze archival shamanic verbal materials of Western Buryats once articulated in the course of utilitarian pragmatic ritual efforts supposed to treat the sick. The Buryat shamanic practices have not yet been considered in this perspective. Materials and methods. The work involves scientific and methodological experiences of scientists who had investigated main issues of traditional Mongolian medicines from historical and ethnographic perspectives. The paper approaches medical practices of Mongols in the context of religious and mythological ideas. The main research method is the semantic-hermeneutical analysis of verbal material. Results. Shamanic healing practices of Buryats are ritual and magical activities serving to propitiate and appease the mythological spirit of disease. The shaman/shamaness implement no therapeutic measures, they only somewhat actualize some magical functions aimed at eliminating causes of the disease. Conclusions. Semiotic rituals are main elements of a ritual performance; the ritual basis of Buryat shamanic healing practices is essentially monotypic, and rests on belief in magical powers of word and ritual; the actual types of rituals implemented during treatment correspond to main calendar and life-cycle rituals. The healing ritual uses rudiments and fragments of earlier healing methods preserved in the folk tradition.

Imperfect Surrogate Users: Understanding Performance Implications of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems through Bounded Rationality, Human Error, and Interruption Modeling

Nonspeaking individuals with motor disabilities frequently rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems that allow users to communicate through a text entry interface coupled with a speech synthesizer. Such systems are notoriously difficult to evaluate with end-users. However, recent research has proposed envelope analysis as a method to estimate text entry rates and keystroke savings by simulating the interaction of an expert surrogate user entering sentences on a conceptual word-predictive text entry system. While only a part of the evaluation process of an AAC system, this method enables AAC designers to benefit from quantitative insights early on in the design process. This paper extends prior work by (1) demonstrating how to incorporate natural language generation, such as sentence generation, in such analyses; (2) presenting a model of an imperfect surrogate user that incorporates bounded rationality, human error, and interruptions to provide a more realistic simulation of text entry behavior; and (3) demonstrating how to estimate model parameters by observing users' actual typing behavior. We validate the model with data collected from eight participants using an AAC system on a touchscreen.

Optical coherence tomography imaging can identify Merino lambs’ wool using automatic machine learning vision

Merino lambs’ wool fiber has a unique chemical structure that gives the wool many unique properties and technical benefits. For example, the small fiber diameters mean that Merino wool is soft, countering the scratchiness commonly associated with wool. It is also biodegradable, organic, and environmentally friendly, making it a popular choice of sustainable fabric material. Unfortunately, some fiber sellers unduly sell coarse wool tops to wool yarn factories as Merino wool tops. It is, therefore, an important task to identify the actual wool type for quality assurance in the textile manufacturing process. This paper describes applying the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and automatic machine learning (AutoML) techniques for distinguishing Merino wool from coarse wool. We present the results of wool measurements that were performed by the OCT scans and AutoML algorithms. We conclude that OCT imaging and AutoML algorithms can be applied to distinguish Merino wool from coarse wool in a simple, non-destructive, and contactless manner.

The exploratory case-control study on prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced thyroiditis by human leukocyte antigen types.

2558 Background: Given the function of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in immunity, variation of the HLA type could affect the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that is induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In this study, we examined whether HLA types of cancer patients could be a marker for the development of irAE thyroiditis. Methods: In the present case-control study, we randomly selected 20 cancer patients who received ICIs and developed thyroiditis (irAE thyroiditis group) and 51 who did not develop thyroiditis (No irAE thyroiditis group). The 51 patients were subdivided into 31 who did not develop any irAEs (No irAEs group) and 20 who developed irAEs other than thyroiditis (irAEs other than thyroiditis group). HLA types were classified at the amino acid sequence level (Field 2 resolution). Frequency of the HLA types of each group was compared. Results: There was no significant difference in HLA type prevalence, comparing the irAE thyroiditis group and the No irAE thyroiditis group. When comparing the irAE thyroiditis group with the No irAEs group, the irAE thyroiditis group had significantly higher HLA-X, HLA-Y, and HLA-Z (Tentative names are used here, and actual HLA types will be announced at the time of publication). This result suggested that irAEs other than thyroiditis in the control group could be noise. HLA-X had a specificity of 96.8% for the development of irAE thyroiditis. HLA-Y had a sensitivity of 80.0%. Patients carrying both HLA-X and HLA-Y had the highest specificity of 100.0%. There was a significant difference in frequency of HLA-Y between irAEs other than the thyroiditis group and the No irAEs group. HLA-Y may be a universal marker for any irAEs. On the other hand, HLA-X is a specific marker for thyroid irAE. The median time of onset of irAE thyroiditis in all patients was 72 days after ICI administration. Patients with both HLA-X and HLA-Y tended to have an earlier onset with a median onset time of 53 days. Conclusions: We found an association between specific HLA types and the development of irAE thyroiditis. The present study indicates that HLA types could be a predictive marker for the development of irAE thyroiditis.

Parametric Assessment of Building Heating Demand for Different Levels of Details and User Comfort Levels: A Case Study in London, UK

The Level of Detail (LoD), a parameter used to define the information contained in building models, is an important factor to consider in modeling building energy at the urban scale. In this research, we conducted a parametric study regarding the data requirements for the estimation of the annual residential heat demand in London. More particularly, the requirement of the observation of the actual roof type (LoD2) and the window-to-wall ratio (LoD3) was examined in two different case study areas. Meanwhile, an adaptive comfort level study was implemented using LoD5 models, and its results were assessed holistically with the heat demand to reveal the energy performance of the buildings. The results showed that there was a minor difference in the upgrade of a lower to higher LoD regarding these parameters. At an urban scale, the energy demand of buildings could be estimated using an assumption of archetypes and building ages. However, with a scalable parametric script developed in places, models with a high LoD could provide more detailed insights in the energy performance assessment without generating excessive workload.