Actions Of Perpetrators Research Articles

Legal Protection of Domestic Workers Who Victims of Domestic Violence in Banyumas Regency

Protection of domestic workers who are victims of domestic violence is essential, considering victims' physical and psychological suffering due to the perpetrator's actions. Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence and Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2015 concerning the Protection of Domestic Workers become judges' legitimacy in enforcing the law against perpetrators of violence against household workers. This study aimed to 1) Knowing and analyzing legal protection against domestic workers who experience domestic violence in Banyumas Regency; 2) Knowing the obstacles in the implementation of legal protection against domestic workers in Banyumas Regency. The method used is juridical normative, namely through a literature study that examines secondary data in-laws and regulations and other legal documents and research results, assessment results, and other references complemented by interview results. The results of this study indicate that 1) Protection of household workers who experience household violence in Banyumas Regency is carried out through assistance by the Integrated Service Center- Handling and Protection of Victims of Gender-Based Violence and Children (PPT-PKBGA) where the Heads of (PPT-PKBGA) facilitates the settlement. Through mediation between employers and domestic workers as well as strive to fulfill their rights for household workers. 2) the obstacles in implementing legal protection for household workers in Banyumas Regency are the lack of public knowledge about the law; lack of courage for domestic workers to report cases of violence they have experienced; as well as the people's view that the problem of domestic violence is personal so that it does not need to be taken out of the household. The advice given is to carry out the law's socialization on the Elimination of Household Violence (UU-PKDRT) No. 23 of 20014 and Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No. 2 of 2015 concerning Protection of Household Workers.Keywords: Protection, Household Workers, Violence.

Penegakan Hukum Kepolisian Polres Ternate dalam Menanggulangi Peredaran Minuman Keras pada Masyarakat Kota Ternate

The concrete legal problem that becomes the problem in the city of Ternate is that the center of the supply of liquor (miras) is very high from various centers of Halmahera which are imported by sea, so that it makes it a bit difficult for the police to detect it, this should get serious attention from the city government of Ternate to deal with the problem. liquor which is widely consumed by the wider community, even traded in free places, ironically again among the younger generation, students, who can get it in a freely accessible place. In fact, the influence on the attitudes and actions of perpetrators of these alcohol users is very high, such as speeding on the highway which can disrupt traffic, create noise and chaos, and disturb the peace of other communities. This is due to reduced self-control due to excessive drinking. Various calls for the local government of the city of Ternate to pay more attention to the rampant distribution of liquor, of course there are signals from several sides, both in terms of legislation, regional regulations, which are implemented, law enforcement officials, and the legal culture of the community. Thus questioning law enforcement means positioning law enforcers in the context of realizing the objectives of law with security and order for the realization of a peaceful and prosperous society through an organization. The regional government together with the Ternate City DPRD to be asked to immediately revise the Regional Regulation (Perda) of Ternate City Number 5 of 2004 concerning alcohol which is considered not able to cause a deterrent effect, because the penalties regulated in the existing Ternate municipal regional regulations stipulate the maximum penalty, should be able to replaced with minimal penalties so as to have a deterrent effect on liquor sellers and users.Keywords: Law Enforcement, Alcoholic Beverage

MAXIMUM CRIMINAL SANCTIONS FOR THE PERSONNEL OF Rape ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 285 KHUP (Case Study of Decision Number 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi)

The research objective was to analyze and describe the provision of non-maximum criminal sanctions for perpetrators of the crime of rape according to Article 285 KHUP in Decision Number 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi and to analyze and describe judges' considerations in deciding cases of rape in decision No. 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi. The research method used is the method of data analysis and library research / normative legal research, including primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that the imposition of criminal sanctions is not maximum for the perpetrators of the crime of rape in Decision Number 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi has not provided a sense of justice for victims because in practice law enforcement officials including the panel of judges who should be a mouthpiece of justice turned out to be did not give maximum sanctions to the perpetrators, the panel of judges in the case even openly ignored the condition of victims who had experienced trauma and depression. This provides clear evidence that there is still a lack of guaranteed protection for victims of sexual violence, especially rape in Indonesian criminal justice. Judges considerations in deciding criminal cases of rape in decision No. 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi which imposes imprisonment for 3 (years), namely when the perpetrator is aware of the consequences, the perpetrator is in a healthy condition and is capable of considering his actions. The judge also did not see any justification or excuse reasons which could be the reason for the elimination of the criminal offense committed by the perpetrator. The Panel of Judges only saw incriminating matters, namely the perpetrator's actions which made witness Erica Alendha Sari experience psychological trauma. In this case the judge did not consider guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of victims of sexual violence, especially rape, for remedy that must be accommodated at every stage of the criminal justice system. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate laws and regulations that guarantee the fulfillment of the right to treatment including the right to confidentiality of identity, the right to protection related to guarantees of not being blamed and prosecuted for their testimony and also the right to recovery for victims of violence so that they can continue their life.

MAXIMUM CRIMINAL SANCTIONS FOR THE PERSONNEL OF Rape ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 285 KHUP (Case Study of Decision Number 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi)

The research objective was to analyze and describe the provision of non-maximum criminal sanctions for perpetrators of the crime of rape according to Article 285 KHUP in Decision Number 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi and to analyze and describe judges' considerations in deciding cases of rape in decision No. 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi. The research method used is the method of data analysis and library research / normative legal research, including primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show that the imposition of criminal sanctions is not maximum for the perpetrators of the crime of rape in Decision Number 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi has not provided a sense of justice for victims because in practice law enforcement officials including the panel of judges who should be a mouthpiece of justice turned out to be did not give maximum sanctions to the perpetrators, the panel of judges in the case even openly ignored the condition of victims who had experienced trauma and depression. This provides clear evidence that there is still a lack of guaranteed protection for victims of sexual violence, especially rape in Indonesian criminal justice. Judges considerations in deciding criminal cases of rape in decision No. 131 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Cbi which imposes imprisonment for 3 (years), namely when the perpetrator is aware of the consequences, the perpetrator is in a healthy condition and is capable of considering his actions. The judge also did not see any justification or excuse reasons which could be the reason for the elimination of the criminal offense committed by the perpetrator. The Panel of Judges only saw incriminating matters, namely the perpetrator's actions which made witness Erica Alendha Sari experience psychological trauma. In this case the judge did not consider guaranteeing the fulfillment of the rights of victims of sexual violence, especially rape, for remedy that must be accommodated at every stage of the criminal justice system. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate laws and regulations that guarantee the fulfillment of the right to treatment including the right to confidentiality of identity, the right to protection related to guarantees of not being blamed and prosecuted for their testimony and also the right to recovery for victims of violence so that they can continue their life.

How do confronters want perpetrators to respond? Defining successful confrontation as the match between desired and actual outcomes

ABSTRACT Research on confronting prejudice frequently defines an effective confrontation as one that induces change in the perpetrator’s prejudicial beliefs or actions. We argue for a broader definition, defining successful confrontation as one that elicits the confronter’s desired response. Using a community sample of 152 adults, we conducted an exploratory study in which participants recalled a time when they had confronted racism or sexism. Results revealed a frequent mismatch between what confronters desired and what they received from the perpetrator. Path analysis showed that a perceived match between desired and actual perpetrator responses to confrontation predicted greater positive and lower negative emotion among confronters, across a range of perpetrator responses. We argue that researchers need to expand definitions of successful confrontation to better understand the ways in which confronters’ and perpetrators’ behaviors intersect within lived experiences of prejudice.

Legal Protection against Women Which Do Criminal Actions of Abortion from Victims of Rape for Justice

This study aims to identify and describe the legal protection of women perpetrators of the crime of abortion, victims of rape based on positive law in Indonesia in order to realize justice. This study uses a normative juridical approach, which is descriptive analysis. The data used is secondary data obtained through library research, which is then analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study are legal protection for women perpetrators of abortion, victims of rape based on positive law in Indonesia to achieve justice that in Article 48 of the Criminal Code that the perpetrator's actions are committed due to coercion, then they will not be convicted. The perpetrator was released from punishment on the grounds of forgiveness, whereas in the Republic of Indonesia Act No. 36 of 2009, that abortion is allowed due to indications of a medical emergency that threatens the life of the mother and pregnancy due to rape, given the trauma caused by rape that must be experienced by women who are victims of rape is very severe.

Fascisms and Their Afterli(v)es: An Introduction.

Fascisms and Their Afterli(v)es:An Introduction Dagmar Herzog and Stefanos Geroulanos What ideological "befogging," asked the iconoclast Marxist Freudian Wilhelm Reich in The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933), convinced the impoverished, disempowered masses to find in fascism the answer to their discontent? The only explanation could be, he suggested, that fascism addressed human selves already riven by impulses of insurgence and compliance.1 In 1946 he observed again that Nazism had quite apparently spoken to antiauthoritarian, "rebellious emotions" just as much as long-term, corporeally anchored reflexes of submission to overpowering authority.2 That same year, the philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, in the pages of Commentary, reflected on the faux "scientificality" of all totalitarian regimes, Nazism included. She saw the "ideas" these regimes promulgated as at best a window-dressing that lent to "purely man-made power—mainly destructive … some superior, super-human sanction from which it derives its absolute, not-to-be-questioned force." Perspicaciously, she saw Nazism's distinctiveness in its "assign[ing] to nature the role Marxism assigns to history"—nature's message, according to the Nazis, being that "by killing the weak and the helpless, one proves by implication that one belongs to the strong."3 Both emphasized the pleasures fascism offered its followers—and the challenge of studying fascist ideas in view of the ambiguous fit between the contents of those ideas and their most devastating effects. [End Page 73] Ever since the 1920s, rarely have discussions of fascism broken surface without its perplexing relation to the history of ideas breaching rapidly alongside. Did ideas matter? Fascism has hovered by the centers of political and philosophical thought. Whether as participant, counterpart, or feared enemy, it has determined the histories we tell of political regimes, ideologies, modernity, and state violence. It altered—conceptually too—the place of Europe, its wars, and its declining powers across the globe. As is recognized, Nazism and other fascisms did not wane away along with the summer of 1945. In the postwar, as before, fascism's ideas have been enfleshed in forms of privilege and exclusion, in sex, in violence, in the reassertion of hierarchies, in memory and its cultures. Different authoritarian and nationalist movements ever since—to say nothing of political positions now called "alt-right"—have at least toyed with fascism as both ideology and form of rule. Historians have debated the ways each fascism sheathed its claims in ideas; they have pored over the ways in which each drew from its contexts and fellow travelers; they, like other intellectuals, have quarreled about historical analogies of the present with the fascist era;4 they have outlined the extents to which ideology defined "fascism" and legitimized state violence. The historiography of Nazism in particular has recurrently struggled with the riddle of whether ordinary citizens pursuing their daily lives and even the actual perpetrators of its many mass murder programs ever actually believed regime leaders' ideological pronouncements—on Jews, on Roma, on the disabled, on Communists, on homosexuals, on the "asocial," or any other persecuted category. If ideas mattered, how did they matter? Indeed a peculiar resistance to thinking fascism together with ideas has been characteristic of much historical research. In postwar Germany, historians long focused on depersonalized structures5; in English-speaking historiography, concepts and ideas eventually became collateral to the development of social and cultural history. This persistent resistance all but conditions the contrastive positions in current historical and political debates. One [End Page 74] strand of commentary acts as though only actions or configurations of power are important—and ideas not at all. Another points out that idea-content matters less than the affective work done by rhetoric when it enables identifying with a leader, enjoying surrender to a group, flattering a sense of superiority, or nurturing resentment toward scapegoats. Yet another strand insists that hardly anyone is a true believer but there are many opportunists, and ideas are important at most in legitimizing violence, power over reproduction, and strategies of colonial rule. Everyone is puzzled by the frequently implausible, contradictory, and outrageous qualities of the promulgated ideas. One wonders, actually, why historians do protest quite so much. A century after Mussolini's March...

Practical Challenges in Cross-border Cybercrimes: Prosecutors and Investigators Perspectives

The investigator and prosecutor encounter enormous difficulties and challenges in dealing with the cross-border cyber related crimes. This article intends to show practical difficulties prosecutors and investigators often face when they deal with the cross-border cybercrimes. For example, foreign States often refused to share the information and evidences if the alleged conduct is not amounted to crime under their law. Further, the investigators follow the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLAT) mechanisms to request assistance and other evidences from a foreign country, which often proved to be time-consuming. Alarmingly, it became very challenging for investigators and prosecutors to identify and locate the actual perpetrator since perpetrators now use modern technologies and methods to hide their identity and location. Thus, this article aims to explore some of the common challenges prosecutors and investigators meets in their day-to-day work.

The Adat Litigation and Adultery Sanctions In Batanghari-Jambi Province


 This paper analyzes about the process and sanctions for adultery in the Customary institutions of Batanghari according to Islamic law. The method used sociology of law with a qualitative approach. The technique of collecting information uses observation, interviews and literary studies. The analysis technique uses an interactive model. The results showed, the resolution process and sanctions adultery in the Customary Institution of Batanghari, are:1) adultery pairs will be called by customary stakeholders (niniek mamak) and collected by tuo-tuo tenganai;2) if both have confessed, the niniek mamak, syara’ officials and the village head will determine the sanctions in the form of fines/debts and the time of payment; 3) payment times: 1x7, 2x7, 3x7 (3 weeks). If, the perpetrator has not paid, then he will be expelled from the village, because it is considered that he does not respect customary law. The sanctions for the perpetrator of adultery in that customary law is not the same as the Islamic criminal law, namely the stoning penalty for adultery. However, substantively its does not contradict Islamic law because the Al-Quran and Sunnah do not show the prohibition of imposing sanctions that are less than the ones stipulated by sharia, even Islamic law calls for the perpetrator to be forgiven or to be given a punishment that does not exceed the perpetrator's actions.

Legal safeguards against involuntary criminal confessions in Poland and Russia

A confissão criminal é uma prova poderosa e altamente incriminadora. Uma confissão autoincriminatória autêntica pode ser uma fonte produtiva de novas provas conhecidas apenas pelo verdadeiro autor do crime. Ela também ajuda a acusação a construir um caso mais forte contra o réu em uma situação em que apenas indícios estão disponíveis. Em alguns casos, como homicídios sem localização do corpo e incêndios criminosos em terras selvagens, é difícil provar a participação e a culpa do réu sem o seu consentimento e total cooperação. Tudo isso explica por que, na era das técnicas forenses avançadas, os investigadores buscam obter confissões usando uma variedade de estratégias. Estudos mostram, entretanto, que algumas técnicas de interrogatório têm maior probabilidade de induzir falsas confissões, o que, por sua vez, potencializa o risco de erros judiciais. Do ponto de vista dos direitos humanos, o Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos expressou sérias preocupações sobre o uso de provas obtidas por meio de violência, coerção ou tortura, mas não estabeleceu um equilíbrio entre a aplicação eficaz da lei penal e a proteção adequada dos direitos individuais. Neste artigo, analisam-se as disposições legais contra a compulsão policial imprópria na Polônia e na Rússia. Afirma-se que cada país adota uma perspectiva diferente sobre a questão da coerção policial. Na Rússia, a lei fornece regras específicas sobre a admissibilidade de confissões criminais, seu valor probatório e métodos de verificação da confiabilidade do depoimento do suspeito. Na Polônia, a lei confere aos tribunais nacionais uma maior discricionariedade quanto ao modo de lidar com a confissão e as alegações em relação à utilização de técnicas de interrogatório coercivas. Com base nos resultados da análise de dispositivos legais pertinentes, jurisprudência e revisão bibliográfica, nesta pesquisa busca-se determinar a eficácia de dois modelos jurídicos na prevenção e tratamento de confissões penais coagidas. Em sede proporsitica, alterações foram sugeridas para abordar a questão do formalismo judicial excessivo em relação às alegações sobre o uso de técnicas de interrogatório ilegais.

Menggagas Konsep Dekriminalisasi Pencemaran Nama Baik Sebagai Pelanggaran Hukum Perdata Murni

Law always comes late as opposed to the social deveopment, existing laws are sometimes no longer able to provide solutions to social problems that occur. It is the same with defamation offenses that are blooming in Indonesia. Settlement of cases through criminal law is considered ineffective to resolve the existing problems. This study aims to identify the problem of law enforcement on defamation offenses in Indonesia and providing the right arguments on the urgency of decriminalizing defamation offenses and altering them onto violations of civil law instead. The research method used is a normative juridical with statutory,analytical approach and comparative approaches. The results of the study conclude that law enforcement on defamation offenses using criminal law efforts is considered ineffective because of problems in the material and formal legal aspects of the related article. The imposition of sanctions in the form of corporal punishment actually creates a new social problem and often does not fulfill the sense of justice for both the perpetrator and the victim, especially if the perpetrator's actions cause material losses. Hence the settlement through civil law is considered very appropriate considering that the majority of defamation occurs between individuals. This is also in order to re-establish the existence of criminal law as the ultimum remedium

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak yang Menjadi Korban Tindak Pidana Persetubuhan di Bawah Umur

Legal protection is a legal effort that must be provided by law enforcement officials to provide a sense of security to the community both body and soul from interference and threats from any party. The protection of children who are victims of moral crimes is regulated in Law Number 23 of 2002 jo and Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. This research was conducted with the aim of describing the legal protection of a child who is the victim of criminal acts of sexual intercourse and the criminal sanctions against the perpetrators of the sexual intercourse crime on a child. This research was conducted using the normative legal research method. Based on the results of the research and discussion, the legal protection for children who are victims of criminal acts of intercourse is regulated in Law No. 35/2014. Children who are victims are given protection in the form of medical assistance, psycho-rehabilitation, the right to restitution, the right to compensation. Criminal sanctions against the perpetrator of the criminal act of child sexual intercourse in decision number 58 / Pid.Sus / 2015 / PN.Tab, the perpetrator was sentenced to 7 (seven) years in prison and a fine of 150,000,000.00. Seeing the perpetrator's actions were very cruel, robbing other people's honor, namely his own daughter, the punishment that should be given to the perpetrator is the maximum punishment. If the fine cannot be paid, the defendant's sentence will be increased to 6 (six) months.

LEGAL REGULATION OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE WAS CAUSED AS A RESULT OF A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

Purpose: to characterize the legal regulation of relations for compensation for damage caused to a legal entity as a result of a traffic accident, identify problems and make suggestions for improving these relations. Methods: the study was conducted using methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison. Results: the characteristic is given to the legal regulation of relations for compensation for damage caused to a legal entity as a result of a traffic accident, the proposals are formulated to the Law of Ukraine «On compulsory civil liability insurance of owners of land vehicles» and the jurisdiction of disputes for compensation for damage caused to a legal entity is determined as result of a traffic accident. Vehicles are among the sources of increased danger. No one is protected from the negative consequences of these sources, including traffic accidents, and as a result - material and moral damage. However, according to statistics, in 50% of cases the actual perpetrator of the accident does not admit guilt, and in 95% of cases the victim does not compensate the damage voluntarily. In order to guarantee compensation to the injured party, compulsory civil liability insurance has been introduced. Undoubtedly, such insurance has improved the situation in terms of compensation to the victim at the expense of the insurance company. However, not all victims of road accidents receive such compensation and not always such insurance funds are enough to cover the damage. In addition, the issue of damages is complicated in the case when the participants in the accident are vehicles belonging to legal entities. This article is devoted to the problem of compensation of losses to the victim - the legal entity as a result of road accident.

Ingroup biases of forensic experts: perceptions of wrongful convictions versus exonerations

ABSTRACT People inherently prefer and highly value ‘similar others’ – an ingroup bias that meaningfully distorts associated interpretations and perceptions. We examined the extent to which forensic experts exhibited ingroup biases that manifested in asymmetrical skepticisms whereby experts perceived their work, and the work of those they closely work alongside (i.e. prosecutors), as associated with more exonerations than wrongful convictions despite base rate data establishing the opposite. After reporting background characteristics, 93 forensic experts reported the frequency in which five factors – mistaken forensic analysis, false confessions, mistaken eyewitness identifications, prosecutorial misconduct, and inadequate legal defense – were associated with wrongful convictions. Analysts also reported the frequency in which four factors – confession by the actual perpetrator, new forensic evidence analysis, new, non-forensic evidence, and, legal defense organizations – were associated with exonerations. The results revealed ingroup biases and asymmetrical perceptions, with moderate to large effect sizes (ds ≥ .57) whereby experts perceived their work, and the work of those they closely work alongside (i.e. prosecutors), as associated with more exonerations than wrongful convictions. We discuss the basic and practical advances of the observed effects and emphasize the importance of adopting measures to minimize the influence of ingroup biases.

CHARACTERISTICS WANPRESTASI AND ONRECHTMATIGE DAADAND THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE LAW

<p>Onrechtmatigedaad and wanprestasi claims always rely on a contractual relationship between parties, giving birth to legal rights and obligations. Rights and obligations here are manifested by an achievement. When an achievement is not fulfilled or carried out in accordance with the contents of the agreement, it is called a default. While the act of violating the law the starting point of the lawsuit is the interests of certain parties who are harmed by the actions of other parties, even though between the parties there is no<br />contractual civil law relationship. In this case, the basis for the lawsuit is sufficient to prove whether the perpetrator's actions have actually harmed the other party. In other words, filing a lawsuit in violation of the law is solely oriented to the consequences caused by other parties experiencing losses. Petitum Lawsuit Defaults the plaintiff's demands in the form of: Granting the plaintiff's claim; Stating the Defendant has a Default, Punishing the Defendant to return the Principal, Interest and Profits to be obtained. In a Lawsuit for Violating the Plaintiff's Lawsuit; Stating the Defendant has committed an illegal act; Punish Defendant to pay compensation in the form of Material Compensation and Moriel Compensation. the merging of Unlawful Acts with default in one claim violates the procedural code of conduct because both must be resolved separately</p>

The Implementation of Noodweer Exceeds to Perpetrators of Murder in the Practice of Criminal Justice Practices in Indonesia

Article 49 of the Indonesian Criminal Code regulates acts of "emergency defense" or "forced defense" (Noodweer) for oneself or others, honor, decency or property of themselves or others, because there is an attack or threat of a very close attack. The provision on emergency defense (Noodweer Exces) is a universal principle that the state is not fit to sue its citizens to surrender to let injustice befall them, injustice need not defeat the law. Noodweer Exces is a defense caused by a great mental shock. Not all acts that fulfill all elements of a criminal offense can be convicted of a criminal offense, but the Judge can give an acquittal or acquittal. The possibility of a judge giving a free decision on a criminal offense that has been committed is part of the principle in the criminal justice system in force in Indonesia. The problem is, are there reasons justified by criminal law for a judge to give an acquittal decision or the perpetrator's actions cannot be accounted for a criminal offense committed. The reason referred to is interpreted as a reason for a criminal eraser or a reason for criminal negation.

Forensic DNA Profiling: Autosomal Short Tandem Repeat as a Prominent Marker in Crime Investigation.

Short tandem repeat (STR) typing continues to be the primary workhorse in forensic DNA profiling. Therefore, the present review discusses the prominent role of STR marker in criminal justice system. All over the world, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling provides evidence that may be used to convict criminals, as an irrefutable proof of wrongful convictions, invaluable links to the actual perpetrators of crimes, and could also deter some offenders from committing more serious offences. Clearly, DNA profiling tools have also aided forensic scientists to re-evaluate old cases that were considered closed as a result of inadequate evidence. In carrying out this review, a comprehensive electronic literature search using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Google Search were used, and all works meeting the subject matter were considered, including reviews, retrospective studies, observational studies and original articles. Case reports presented here, further demonstrates the crucial role of forensic DNA profiling in mitigating and providing compelling evidence for the resolution of crimes. For case report 1, there was a 100% match between the DNA recovered from the items found in the crime scene, and the suspect’s DNA sample collected via buccal swab following 15 STR loci examination. Case report 2 further highlights the indispensable contribution of DNA database in solving crime. Therefore, it has become very necessary for developing countries like Nigeria to develop a national DNA database and make policies and legislatures that will further expand and enable the practice of forensic genetics, particularly DNA profiling.

Children’s Eyewitness Lineup Accuracy One Year Later: The Role of Social Support and Working Memory Capacity

Children’s ability to identify perpetrators who are strangers is crucial. Both failures to identify actual perpetrators and false accusations have serious costs for children’s personal security and wellbeing or for innocent suspects. In the current study, we investigated the accuracy of children’s person identification after a very long delay (one year) and, for the first time, as a function of interviewer-provided socio-emotional support, children’s pre-existing social support reserves, state anxiety, and individual differences in children’s working memory capacity. One year after a play session, 7- to 8-year-old children were asked to identify a stranger from a target-present lineup that included four pictures, a “She’s not here” card, and an “I don’t know” option in the form of a question mark card. Overall, children made few correct identifications, but also few false identifications, preferring to give “I do not know” responses or incorrectly stating the person was not in the lineup. Contrary to predictions, there were no main effects of interviewer-provided social support nor of social support reserves, but as predicted, children with higher working memory capacity performed significantly more accurately than did children with lower working memory capacity, regardless of interview condition. Children’s state anxiety and their confidence in the identification were unrelated to their performance, although interviewer support did decrease state anxiety. Implications of these findings for children’s personal safety are discussed.

Six ‘Shots’ in Dallas: ‘Framing’ the Perpetrator of the Kennedy Assassination through the Zapruder Film, 1963-2013

When three shots were fired at the John F. Kennedy motorcade in Dallas on 22 November 1963, three important photographic ‘shots’ were also taken of the scene. These images by amateur filmmaker Abraham Zapruder were seen by Americans as a kind of Rosetta stone for deciphering the otherwise discordant ‘language’ of the assassination and as a key to identifying the perpetrator(s). The Zapruder film was to yield two diametrically opposing interpretations – conspiracy or no conspiracy – de pending largely on the agendas of the viewers and their willingness or unwillingness to contextualize their interpretations with other evidence. While the Zapruder frames have turned out to tell us nothing about the actual perpetrator(s) of this particular crime, the way they are remembered tells us much about the ideal political assassin of the American imagination. Tracing the different ways in which the Zapruder shots were interpreted since the 1960s and circulated across a variety of media, institutional settings, and contexts of display, this article discusses what these changes mean for the cultural memory of the Kennedy assassination in particular and, more generally, what these changes tell us about the evolving perception and definition of the political ‘perpetrator’ in American society. Furthermore, the article explores the relation between visual sources (and their changing status from documentary to eviden tiary to iconic) and political and historical interpretations of the act of perpetration.

Investigative utility of the Cognitive Interview: Describing and finding perpetrators.

The Cognitive Interview (CI) has been shown repeatedly to enhance witness recall of events. The current study examined two conspicuous holes in the CI literature: (a) whether the CI improves witness descriptions specifically of a perpetrator's appearance; and (b) whether CI-elicited perpetrator descriptions help investigators to find the perpetrator. We examined these issues across three studies: In Experiment 1, 67 college students witnessed a simulated robbery and were then interviewed using either the CI or a standard police interview (SI) to elicit a description of the robber. The CI elicited almost three times as many descriptors, and at comparable levels of accuracy. These descriptions were then given to 387 college students (Experiment 2 and 3) and to 71 police officers (Experiment 3), who attempted to find the perpetrator (among a group of suspect photographs). The CI-elicited descriptors increased the rate of finding the perpetrator by almost 30% for both student and police investigators, who did not differ from one another. This study is the first to find that the CI can be properly used by police in a criminal investigation. Investigating the actual perpetrator as opposed to an innocent suspect is likely to have implications for subsequent phases of an investigation, such as increasing the base rate of including perpetrators in lineups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).