Actual Meanings Research Articles

Смысловые замены и субъективная зависимость в двуязычной текстовой коммуникации

The target text is considered a personal (translation) projection of the source text specially created by its translator for secondary readers belonging to the system of the target language. Thus, translators take into account secondary readers’ conceptual systems. At the same time, translators interpret the source text nearly in the same way primary readers from the system of the source language do it. Translators’ image of the really existing World and the text World determines both the choice of translation equivalents and substitutions and the implementation of situation components from the text World. N-multiplicity of translations is influenced not only by psychological, cognitive, and socio-cultural factors, but also by translators’ attitudes, because of which they begin to attribute actual (or currently actualised) meanings to the source text while performing semantic substitutions. All added meanings can transform and / or modify the text World created by its author. The purpose of the article is to show how the principle of semantic substitutions and the principle of subjective dependence (terms of A.A. Zalevskaya) influence the (re)construction of the text World done by translators. The study is based on the analysis of translations of works by Russian writers into English and translations of works by English writers into Russian.

Conflict-Prone Time Frame Nominations in Business Discourse: Linguistic Expert Approach

The practice of conducting linguistic examinations on documentary disputes reveals the urgency of the issue connected with interpretation of time frames nominations by the parties. Time frame nominations starting from ... to ..., through ..., from ... to ..., and similar word combinations have a conflict potential, which is explained by their polyinterpretability. The article is devoted to the description of particular temporal meanings and identification of semantic regularity in the functioning of these word combinations. The research was carried out employing the information from lexicographic sources, the National Corpus of the Russian Language, and the author’s practice of linguistic expertise. The lexicographic description of prepositions involved in the formation of temporal structures was analyzed. Turning to the data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language made it possible to identify two opposite types of functionally actual precise meanings of the studied temporal structures: time frame nomination with the right boundary included in it; and the one not included. The regularity and conditions for the formation of these meanings have been established. Significant factors that influence the realization of one of the meanings within the distinguished antinomy include the semantic signs of the structure components: “pointiness” or “extension” of the object that denotes the right boundary of the time frame, as well as the duration or extension of the process within the time frames. The dominant meaning of the model under study was determined: the structure from ... to ... and the corresponding semantic model with the right boundary included in the time frame nomination. To demonstrate specific expert situations, cases are presented, in which the subject of dispute was the interpretation of constructions indicating the time frames of legally significant processes. Recommendations are given for eliminating ambiguity in time period nominations in documentary texts.

A combined model based on decomposition and reorganization, weight optimization algorithms for carbon price point and interval prediction

With the increasing environmental and climate problems caused by global warming, more and more countries are paying attention to reducing carbon emissions. Accurately predicting carbon prices can help create a stable carbon market and mitigate global warming. Therefore, a combined model which has four modules is proposed, they are the decomposition of carbon price series, reorganization of subsequences, point forecasting, and interval forecasting. For data preprocessing of decomposition, it can reduce the non-linearity of sequences. Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) decomposes the original series into multiple Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). Reorganization uses SampEn (SE) and T-test to reorganize the decomposed sequence into three new sequences according to actual meanings. For point prediction, the combined prediction model uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to obtain the optimal weights of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), which can integrate their strengths to improve prediction accuracy. Interval prediction is based on fitting the optimal distribution function by Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE). Different significance intervals can be obtained from the point prediction results and the distribution function. Empirical and comparative experiments show this combined model has excellent point and interval predictions. Besides, the significance and stability are demonstrated. Finally, some valuable references are provided for policymakers.

Words and Roots – Polysemy and Allosemy – Communication and Language

AbstractMost substantive (content-bearing) words are polysemous, but polysemy is cross-categorial; for instance, the lexical forms ‘stone’ and ‘front’ are associated with families of interrelated senses and these senses are spread across their manifestations as three words, noun, verb and adjective. So, the ultimate unit underpinning polysemy is not a word but the categoryless root of the related words, which must, in some sense, track the interrelated families of senses. The main topic of this paper is the vexed question of the meaning of roots and the backdrop is a view of words as delineated syntactic domains which allow assignment of atomic content (non-compositional meaning), and whose actual meanings are, in the first instance, pragmatically inferred in the throes of communication, some of them subsequently becoming established, so stored in a lexicon and directly retrieved in comprehension. Three different positions on the meanings of roots are outlined, and their merits and shortcomings are discussed: (a) inherent underspecified meanings; (b) meanings conditioned by grammatical context (allosemy); (c) meaninglessness. I argue that, overall, the current state of the evidence favours the third position: roots are categoryless, meaningless (perhaps phonological) indices.

POST-NON-CLASSICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASSESSMENT IN THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS

The article presents some results of a study devoted to post-non-classical aspects of the modification of the role of pedagogical assessment in teaching social sciences and humanities. In order for the student to internalize the actual meanings and values transmitted during the teaching of subjects of the socio-scientific cycle, pedagogical assess- ment should cover both traditional alienated knowledge and skills and inalienable personal neoplasms of students.

СЕМАНТИЗАЦИЯ МОЛОДЕЖНЫХ СЛЕНГИЗМОВ И ЖАРГОНИЗМОВ СФЕРЫ ВИДЕОИГР И АНИМЕ

The article describes the problem of semantization of youth slangisms, video games and anime jargonisms. In the course of the study, the actual functional meanings of thematically related slangisms and jargonisms were established by identifying the frequencies of thematically related words at the level of their paradigmatic relations, as well as at the level of their linear expansion, presented in syntagmatic reactions (short texts), which were obtained during an online survey among schoolchildren and college students in Biysk, the Altai Territory.

Animating the Trauma: Colonial Atrocities and the Use of New Media in Contemporary South Korean Museums

When Tongnip kinyŏmgwan 독립기념관 (the Independence Hall of Korea) opened in 1987 to commemorate independence from Japanese colonial rule, the sensational depiction of violence within its technologically innovative diorama display drew substantial public attention. These diorama displays were particularly striking as they palpably demonstrated to visitors the brutal nature of colonial violence through a series of horrendous images of tortured and murdered Koreans. Across the globe, this use of exhibition as a means to “come to terms with the colonial past” has become a recurring feature within the museological production of national and local discourses of remembrance. In the three decades since the establishment of the Independence Hall, South Korean national, local, and private museums have been developing increasingly technically advanced ways to “animate” historically traumatic experiences. This article explores the transformation of the representation of historical trauma within South Korean museums over recent decades. By examining the popularization of VR (virtual reality) and other digital media, this article will argue that the display of violence through this new technology engenders a simplified, unitary sense of historical trauma, while this new virtual viewer experience also entails the possibility to view such an intended viewing position and create multiple actual personal meanings.

Possibilities of regular word-formation in the poetry of Joseph Brodsky (based on the poems of the 1960s–1970s)

The article is devoted to regular word-formation in the fictional practice. The purpose of the work is to reveal the possibilities of the regular word-formation system based on the poetry of Joseph Brodsky. Within the framework of this study, we consider the concept of “productivity” and the approaches to differentiation between word-formation type and word-formation model definitions. We have formulated the meaning of the term “a word-formation category”. The article studies the structural and semantic aspects of regular derivatives: using the method of word-formation analysis, we have identified productive word-formation types for different parts of speech, actual categorical meanings and frequency morphemes. The article identifies stylistic features of specific morphemes and analyses the combination of different-style derivatives when the image and function of lexemes that implement different word-building types are created. In the corpus of regular derivatives, we reveal the productivity of “color” paradigms, which emphasizes their semantic importance for the poetic imagery of Joseph Brodsky. In the course of our study, we noted derivational lexemes of a different order – potential and occasional. Their basis is the usual system of language, which confirms the high potential of regular word formation for a poetic text. The article concludes that regular derivatives play an important role in constructing poetic imagery.

From our own voices: The meaning making of subculture among extreme metal musicians in Indonesia

In the mid-1990s, extreme metal music in Indonesia was defined as a threat to the authoritarian regime’s unquestioned values of harmony and social stability. Consequently, the music had to rely on the local communities in Yogyakarta, Jakarta and Bandung. After the downfall of the military-based authoritarian regime in 1998, the alliance between extreme metal subculture and the state changed moderately. Extreme metal is no longer considered as a ‘folk devil’, nonetheless as a marketable commodity relevant to the new agenda of creative economy policy. This article draws from stories of Indonesian extreme metal musicians to illustrate the relevance of subculture concept in extreme metal music in the contemporary neo-liberal era. Using the life biographies approach, we highlight how extreme metal musicians make and remake the actual and symbolic meanings of their involvement in music subcultures based upon the temporal and spatial situatedness of their lifeworld. We focus on the narratives of two informants who have been continuously devoted to their ways of life as metalheads, not only in relation to ‘musicking’ but also in respect to maintaining ‘subcultural values’ throughout their life biographies. Regarding this, we conducted interviews with Indonesian extreme metal musicians from two major ‘metal’ cities in Indonesia: Jakarta and Bandung. In this article, we argue that as rookies, the meaning of extreme metal subculture is as a space to embody the authenticity, autonomy and community as a manifestation of subcultural values. As aficionado, they reinterpreted the meaning of extreme metal subculture as a space to maintain the values of authenticity, autonomy and community. In short, extreme metal musicians incrementally made and remade the meaning of subculture centred on the particular temporal and spatial contexts in their life biographies.

Criminal Liability for Petty Theft: Declared Purposes and Actual Meanings

The article considers provisions of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation on responsibility for petty theft (Criminal Code, art. 158.1). The article examines the issue of the stated goals, the actual results of the normative implementation of this initiative. The article clearly demonstrates the trends of law enforcement practice, the state of convictions of the perpetrators of these crimes. The article draws a conclusion on the assessment of the preventive impact of the criminal law rule on petty theft.

Regions with the highest rates of teacher certification and students' cognitive milestones with learning disabilities or emotional/behavioral issues

The teacher's special education certification (SPEC) degree is a barometer for their competence in study, practice, and policy. This research compared the test scores of elementary and middle school children with learning disabilities and emotional and behavioural disorders taught by Special Education Teachers (SET) to those of students who General Education Teachers (GET) led in the same subject areas. The type of certification for teachers has little impact on most student groupings. In Learning Disabilities (LD) and regular education, students with LD and more extraordinary intellectual ability performed better in English language arts (ELA) with a trained teacher. Students with Emotional Behavioural Disorders (EBD) who were less proficient in mathematics were less likely to be helped by SET compared to General Education (GE) and Licensed Special Education Teachers (LSET). These words' actual meanings are examined concerning SET quality measures. The outcomes reported here should be understood under several constraints. Operational datasets, like the one utilized in this study, rarely contain data on crucial factors that affect an exceptional education-certified or dual-certified teacher's capacity for effectiveness.

Binary opposition heaven-earth in Russian and English

In the article, the author explores the semantic behavior of representatives of such fundamental concepts as "heaven" and "earth" in the Russian and English language spaces. This binary opposition, despite its ancient origin, demonstrates both interaction with relevant concepts and a tendency to nominate phenomena of a universal or particular nature. The pragmatics of each lexeme is determined not only by the realization of connotative potential, but also by the projection of actual meanings on a fragment of the universe. It should be noted the priority of differential characteristics that verbalize the functionally demanded spectrum of the semantic field. Each semantic derivative of the sky lexeme is characterized by a set of implication connections motivated by hypo- and hyperonymy phenomena. In the logical and meaningful space of English linguoculture, the concept of "sky" implements the values of the visible space above the earth and the equivalent-the religious name paradise, which illustrates the unification of each case of the development of the original meaning by a sign of height, location in the supramundane space. The linguosemiotic variation of the concept of "earth" in the English language picture of the world is associated with its functioning in topographic, legal and agricultural discourses. In the conceptual sphere of the Russian language, the mental unit of the sky provides information of a religious, spatial, physical or climatic nature, while the earth nominates phenomena of an astronomical, administrative-territorial, linguistic, ideal nature. This behavior of each of the pairs allows us to talk about nomination processes motivated by understanding the processes and phenomena of the universe through the prism of naive consciousness, as well as the desire of the language to use existing lexical units to express as many meanings as possible through association mechanisms.

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY ANTHROPONYMS IN MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORICAL AND ADVENTURE WORKS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH

The article analyzes the functioning specifics of literary and artistic anthroponyms in the novel "Blue Waters" by V. Rutkivskyi and in the story "The Adventures of the Thrice Glorious Robber Pinti" by O. Gavrosh.
 It has been found that the proper name of the character in fiction text can is one of the aspects of the realization of the author’s position in the work, which makes it possible to depict historical events through the prism of the lives of the main characters, to comprehend the general in the specific, to highlight actual personal meanings.
 The historical novel highlights the representation of three cultural worlds: the Lithuanian-Ruthenian, the Tatar, and the borderlands between these worlds. The names of historical figures are used to introduce the reader to the temporal context of the work. Anthroponyms denoting wanderers illustrate the tradition of creating nicknames for Zaporozhian Cossacks. The appellative designating a title, social status or a military rank is important among the literary anthroponymicon of the Tatars. The main children’s anthropocenters of the novel have an affectionate form of names, it indicates the age of these characters and the author’s favorable attitude towards them.
 The author ot the article has studied that historical biographical story about the adventures of the robber Pinti is characterized by folklore stylization, it also has influence on the selection of literary anthroponyms. Nominations for designation of opryshky reflect the transition from one state (rural life) to another (robbery life) and indicate the characterological traits of a person. The proper names of lords and other status officials are emotional and evaluative literary anthroponyms. The context helps to recognize the ironic coloring of the anthroponym. The form of the name can indicate the national origin of the character.
 It has been observed that there are quite a few zoonyms in the works, in particular, those animals have nicknames which are directly related to the main characters of the works and carry some semantic load for the development of the action.
 The article determines that the main function of literary anthroponyms in the analyzed historical texts for children and youth is the creation of an appropriate temporal, spatial, cultural and social context, in addition, they can express an evaluative connotation depending on the author’s intention.

Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Reporting and Data System Version 2.0

Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Reporting and Data System (PSMA-RADS) was introduced for standardized reporting, and PSMA-RADS version 1.0 allows classification of lesions based on their likelihood of representing a site of prostate cancer on PSMA-targeted positron emission tomography (PET). In recent years, this system has extensively been investigated. Increasing evidence has accumulated that the different categories reflect their actual meanings, such as true positivity in PSMA-RADS 4 and 5 lesions. Interobserver agreement studies demonstrated high concordance among a broad spectrum of 68Ga- or 18F-labeled, PSMA-directed radiotracers, even for less experienced readers. Moreover, this system has also been applied to challenging clinical scenarios and to assist in clinical decision-making, for example, to avoid overtreatment in oligometastatic disease. Nonetheless, with an increasing use of PSMA-RADS 1.0, this framework has shown not only benefits, but also limitations, for example, for follow-up assessment of locally treated lesions. Thus, we aimed to update the PSMA-RADS framework to include a refined set of categories in order to optimize lesion-level characterization and best assist in clinical decision-making (PSMA-RADS version 2.0).

Þistil, mistil, kistil: Plants of Death, Rebirth, and Magic in Medieval Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions

<i>Þistil, mistil, kistil</i>: Plants of Death, Rebirth, and Magic in Medieval Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions

Cultural-Historical Jurisprudence: Institutes and Concepts

The topic of the article concerns the evolution of jurisprudence in the definitions of the language of sociocultural of its historical time. Among the factors of changes in legal analytics and the style of argumentation, the key place is occupied by the category-concept of concept. Concepts express basic ideas concerning the mental and cognitive foundations of the development of law and the science of law. As part of the approaches to the study of law and the science of law, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical jurisprudence, analytical the toolkit of which is designed to identify, describe, and explain conceptual and institutional shifts and transitions in the development of legal systems. Each historical epoch of the evolution of law and the science of law exists and defines itself within the framework of its legal and psychological picture of the world, its basic concepts, and the normative grammar of proper or improper law and order. The language of socioculture, constituting simultaneously the plan of expression of the conceptual picture of the world and the plan of content of its actual meanings and meanings, not only reflects the legal reality, but also shapes it. Each historical epoch speaks the language of its socio-culture, which is analytically and practically reflected both in the composition and definitions of legal science and in the legal constructions of the existing legal order.

Islamic Counseling Approach In Preventing Student Brawls

This study aims to determine the "Islamic Counseling Guidance Approach in Preventing Student Brawls". This research is a literature review. Literature review is the process of finding, obtaining, reading, and evaluating sourced reading materials from libraries such as books, articles, reference books, diaries, reports, other magazines. The steps in this research include: (1) reading data sources, understanding and reviewing what is read, (2) writing briefly but meaningfully. Data were obtained from periodicals of journals and literacy. Data analysis consists of pragmatic analysis, subject analysis and symbol analysis. The last step is sorting, comparing, combining, and selecting various actual and relevant meanings. The results of the literature review concluded that counseling guidance needs to contribute to preventing brawls, especially among students by using an Islamic approach both individually and in groups as well as instilling Islamic values ??in the counseling process

Populism on the Web: Presidential Elections in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia (2020–2022)

Populism has become one of the main features of political action worldwide. This research aims to characterize the populist discourse in the tweets of presidential candidates in the Andean Community in recent elections (2020–2022). Accordingly, we analyze the characteristics of their social network profiles, as well as the content and latent discourse of their tweets. We demonstrate that the differences and similarities of their discourse go beyond their right and left association. The differences result from how they construct their identity and establish their relationship with their electorate. Our analysis reveals that this type of discourse is ideological as well as performative. It is ideological because, in the candidates’ discourse, they recontextualize the actual meanings of “us” and “them”. It is performative because it is carried out by a charismatic leader who acts in a specific way to define himself or herself as the embodiment of “the people” and “the good”.

Slang and Catchy Phrases Used in Selected Nigerian Hip Hop Songs: A Pragmatic Analysis

Hip-hop songs purposefully employ slangy expressions and catchy phrases to reduce the level of vulgarity in the content to avoid transgressing society's moral standards and to increase the acceptance of such songs among listeners; to avoid directly stating the name of the referent (s), for example in a satirical song; and also to allow singers to create a landmark worth discussing even after the song is no longer in style. Along with all of these other benefits, slang idioms and snappy phrases give songs a beautiful linguistic quality and, most significantly, enable performers to express a variety of ideas while focusing on a small number of them. This implies that the slang words and catchy phrases used in hip-hop songs contain hidden messages and that a certain amount of language analysis must be employed for listeners to comprehend these hidden messages. This level seems reasonable to us. The technique used is the descriptive technique. The work was influenced by John Austin's speech-act theory. This study intends to undertake a pragmatic analysis of the slang and catchy idioms included in a sample of Nigerian hip-hop songs in order to accomplish this. The purpose of this study is to identify the actual meanings of the catchy phrases and slang words used in Nigerian hip-hop songs in connection to the overarching themes of those songs. As a result of this identification, we will be better able to explain why certain slang phrases and catchphrases are used in the songs, as well as how they relate to the singers' intended meanings. After reaching this objective, we come to the conclusion that a pragmatic analysis is necessary in order for everyone to comprehend what hip-hop music truly means.

IMPLIKATUR PADA UNGGAHAN VIDEO BINTANG EMON TANGGAL 9 OKTOBER 2020 DI MEDIA TWITTER

The article titled "Implicative Analysis of Bintang Emon's Video Upload on October 9, 2020, on Twitter" is a study that discusses the principle of implication in Bintang Emon's video that was uploaded via Twitter on October 9, 2020. The analysis of implicature in this paper aims to find out the actual meanings of criticism conveyed by Bintang Emon regarding the phenomenon of law enforcement. We can see this from the background of Bintang Emon, who is a stand-up comedian that active in voicing his criticism of political and social issues. The research method used is qualitative that focuses on the field of pragmatic discourse analysis with a theoretical basis developed by Sperber and Wilson (2008). Through this research, the researcher finds out that the speech on Bintang Emon's video on October 9, 2020, contains the principle of implicature with contextual meaning that is influenced by situation, place, time, and environment. The video uploaded by Bintang Emon on his Twitter account on October 9, 2020, is a form of his reaction to comments regarding the issue of the Omnibus Law which has mentioned his name on various social media sites. In the video, Bintang Emon uses a form of satire as a criticism of the government. Therefore, this is the background of the implicative in his speech.