Actual Interaction Research Articles

Through mindful colored glasses? The role of trait mindfulness in evaluating interactions with strangers

Converging evidence shows that mindfulness is associated with various indicators of interpersonal behavior and well-being. Although promising, the effects of mindfulness should ultimately be expressed during interpersonal interactions and observed by interaction partners. The current study assessed the associations between trait mindfulness, interpersonal stress, and interpersonal perceptions during stressful interpersonal tasks between strangers. Sixty-seven same sex stranger dyads (134 individuals; all females) participated in a laboratory study. Trait mindfulness was measured via an online questionnaire. In the lab, participants were asked to engage in two tasks with a stranger: (1) a stressful interaction task (they were asked to introduce themselves standing only 27 cm apart) and (2) a joint coordination task. Afterwards, both partners’ levels of interpersonal stress and interpersonal perceptions (i.e. liking of the interaction, perceived attentiveness, and perceived coping) were assessed. Results of Actor Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) showed a negative association between trait mindfulness and experienced interpersonal distress. Trait mindfulness was positively associated with liking of the interaction, perceived attentiveness and perceived coping. Actors’ trait mindfulness was positively associated with the partners’ liking of the interaction (marginally significant), but no other partner effects were found. There was no association between trait mindfulness and performance on the joint coordination task. The current findings underscore the importance of studying trait mindfulness dyadically. In actual interpersonal interactions, trait mindfulness positively affects interaction experiences of actors, but we found little support for a transfer to experiences of interaction partners. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of several theoretical models.

Using community science for detailed pollution research: a case-study approach in Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Heavy metal contamination in urban environments, particularly lead (Pb) pollution, is a health hazard both to humans and ecological systems. Despite wide recognition of urban metal pollution in many cities, there is still relatively limited research regarding heavy metal distribution and transport at the household-scale between soils and indoor dusts-the most important scale for actual human interaction and exposure. Thus, using community-scientist-generated samples in Indianapolis, IN (USA), we applied bulk chemistry, Pb isotopes, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illustrate how detailed analytical techniques can aid in interpretation of Pb pollution distribution at the household-scale. Our techniques provide definitive evidence for Pb paint sourcing in some homes, while others may be polluted with Pb from past industrial/vehicular sources. SEM revealed anthropogenic particles suggestive of Pb paint and the widespread occurrence of Fe-rich metal anthropogenic spherules across all homes, indicative of pollutant transport processes. The variability of Pb pollution at the household scale evident in just four homes is a testament to the heterogeneity and complexity of urban pollution. Future urban pollution research efforts would do well to utilize these more detailed analytical methods on community-sourced samples to gain better insight into where the Pb came from and how it currently exists in the environment. However, these methods should be applied after large-scale pollution screening techniques such as portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF), with more detailed analytical techniques focused on areas where bulk chemistry alone cannot pinpoint dominant pollution mechanisms and where community scientists can also give important metadata to support geochemical interpretations.

Communicating nature during lockdown – How conservation and outdoor organisations use social media to facilitate local nature experiences

Abstract Social media impact not only our communication and social interactions but also our relationships to the natural environment. Social media can increase understanding of our environment by offering information and sharing calls to action, while at the same time, they might present a glamourised, standardised picture of nature and distract from actual outdoor interactions. The COVID‐19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to study the spaces created for interactions between the online and offline natural world, especially in countries where movement and thus outdoor activities were restricted during lockdowns. To understand these interactions, we investigated the social media communication of nature conservation and outdoor organisations by analysing Twitter posts of four prominent NGOs in Scotland. We found that during the first COVID‐19‐induced UK lockdown in spring 2020, Scottish nature conservation and outdoor organisations made distinctive efforts in supporting followers to connect with nature in the face of restrictions. Organisations showed signs of moving towards community‐building through sharing experiences often related to nearby nature, while calls for environmental action, more prominent in the previous year, receded in relative importance. Emphasis was put on sensory engagement with, and finding solace in the rhythm of, nature. References to taking action to protect nature now became linked to a green recovery from the pandemic. We conclude that NGOs used social media not as a space separate from the outdoors, but as an augmented space where online and offline interactions were interwoven and a space in which during the COVID‐19 pandemic, new avenues for engagement were being explored. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Effects of Online Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Students’ Intention to Join the Nursing Workforce: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nursing education programs were interrupted and largely moved online as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to explore Taiwanese nursing students’ perspectives on online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether changes in teaching models have affected their intention to join the nursing workforce. A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted. Nursing students at universities and those at 5-year junior colleges were recruited to participate in the study. Data were collected through an online questionnaire survey. A total of 687 students responded to the questionnaire. The results were analyzed using percentages, mean ranks, and nonparametric methods. The results showed that 78.6% of the students agreed that online teaching was more flexible; most students stated that technical problems with computer equipment and stability of the network were large challenges that impeded online teaching. Furthermore, up to 64.8% of the students considered that online courses had affected their preparations for future nursing jobs, especially in terms of a lack of proficiency in nursing skills and inadequacy in actual interactions with patients. Online teaching is a powerful tool for nursing education, but a thoughtful strategy and more proactive approach are necessary to overcome the existing challenges for online teaching.

Inferring the underlying multivariate structure from bivariate networks with highly correlated nodes

Complex systems are often described mathematically as networks. Inferring the actual interactions from observed dynamics of the nodes of the networks is a challenging inverse task. It is crucial to distinguish direct and indirect interactions to allow for a robust identification of the underlying network. If strong and weak links are simultaneously present in the observed network, typical multivariate approaches to address this challenge fail. By means of correlation and partial correlation, we illustrate the challenges that arise and demonstrate how to overcome these. The challenge of strong and weak links translates into ill-conditioned matrices that need to be inverted to obtain the partial correlations, and therefore the correct network topology. Our novel procedure enables robust identification of multivariate network topologies in the presence of highly correlated processes. In applications, this is crucial to avoid erroneous conclusions about network structures and characteristics. Our novel approach applies to other types of interaction measures between processes in a network.

Development and pilot evaluation of an electronic health record usability and safety self-assessment tool

ObjectivePoor electronic health record (EHR) usability contributes to clinician burnout and poses patent safety risks. Site-specific customization and configuration of EHRs require individual EHR system usability and safety testing which is resource intensive. We developed and pilot-tested a self-administered EHR usability and safety assessment tool, focused on computerized provider order entry (CPOE), which can be used by any facility to identify specific issues. In addition, the tool provides recommendations for improvement.Materials and MethodsAn assessment tool consisting of 104 questions was developed and pilot-tested at 2 hospitals, one using a Cerner EHR and the other using Epic. Five physicians at each site participated in and completed the assessment. Participant response accuracy compared to actual EHR interactions, consistency across participants, and usability issues identified through the tool were measured at each site.ResultsAcross sites, participants answered an average of 46 questions in 23 min with 89.9% of responses either correct or partially correct. The tool identified 8 usability and safety issues at one site and 7 at the other site across medication, laboratory, and radiology CPOE functions.DiscussionThe tool shows promise as a method to rapidly evaluate EHR usability and safety and provide guidance on specific areas for improvement. Important improvements to the evaluation tool were identified including the need to clarify certain questions and provide definitions for usability terminology.ConclusionA self-administered usability and safety assessment tool can serve to identify specific usability and safety issues in the EHR and provide guidance for improvements.

Locals’ Claims of Rights and Access to Forest Resources in Three Forest Management Regimes in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta

One of state forest areas managed by three management regimes is Bunder forest area, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Three management regimes are the production forest of KPH Yogyakarta, the conservation forest of Tahura, and the educational forest of KHDTK Wanagama I. The differences of management regimes are thought to affect the actual interaction pattern of villagers with the forest. This research aims to compare the actual rights and access of villagers to Bunder forest area in three management regimes in the hope of finding more effective forest management patterns. This research used a qualitative approach through the case study method of the interaction villagers of Bunder, Banaran, Ngleri, and Gading villages with the surrounding forests. The results show that forest management regimes affects the way villagers can access the forests. The aggregate value of the actual rights received by the villagers to the production forest of KPH Yogyakarta is higher than the educational forest of KHDTK Wanagama I. The lowest is management regimes in conservation forest of Tahura. Based on the access mechanisms that empower villagers, the educational forest regime of KHDTK Wanagama I is higher than the production forest regime of KPH Yogyakarta and the conservation forest regime of Tahura. This research recommends defining rights and access to increase certainty about the benefits of forest resources.

Locals’ Claims of Rights and Access to Forest Resources in Three Forest Management Regimes in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta

One of state forest areas managed by three management regimes is Bunder forest area, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Three management regimes are the production forest of KPH Yogyakarta, the conservation forest of Tahura, and the educational forest of KHDTK Wanagama I. The differences of management regimes are thought to affect the actual interaction pattern of villagers with the forest. This research aims to compare the actual rights and access of villagers to Bunder forest area in three management regimes in the hope of finding more effective forest management patterns. This research used a qualitative approach through the case study method of the interaction villagers of Bunder, Banaran, Ngleri, and Gading villages with the surrounding forests. The results show that forest management regimes affects the way villagers can access the forests. The aggregate value of the actual rights received by the villagers to the production forest of KPH Yogyakarta is higher than the educational forest of KHDTK Wanagama I. The lowest is management regimes in conservation forest of Tahura. Based on the access mechanisms that empower villagers, the educational forest regime of KHDTK Wanagama I is higher than the production forest regime of KPH Yogyakarta and the conservation forest regime of Tahura. This research recommends defining rights and access to increase certainty about the benefits of forest resources.

Imaging mass cytometry reveals the prominent role of myeloid cells at the maternal-fetal interface

SummaryAlthough the immunological complexity of the maternal-fetal interface is well appreciated, the actual interaction of maternal immune cells and fetal trophoblasts is insufficiently understood. To comprehend the composition and spatial orientation of maternal immune cells and fetal extravillous trophoblasts, we applied imaging mass cytometry on decidua basalis of the three trimesters of healthy pregnancy. Within all trimesters, we observed considerably higher frequencies of myeloid cells in the decidua than is seen with single-cell suspension techniques. Moreover, they were the most pronounced cell type in the microenvironment of other decidual cells. In first trimester, HLA-DR- macrophages represented the most abundant myeloid subcluster and these cells were frequently observed in the vicinity of trophoblasts. At term, HLA-DR+ macrophage subclusters were abundantly present and frequently observed in the microenvironment of T cells. Taken together, our results highlight the dynamic role of myeloid cells at the human maternal-fetal interface throughout gestation.

Actual and potential drug interactions of psychotropic drugs in patients of the COVID-19 medicine service of the emergency hospital-Lima, 2021

Background: Actual and potential drug–drug interactions of psychotropic drugs in patients of the COVID-19 Medicine Service of the Villa El Salvador Emergency Hospital during the months of February to July, 2021. Methods: The study is deductive, retroprospective, quantitative, applied, cross-sectional observational. The instrument used was a collection card for 86 pharmacotherapeutic follow-ups where psychotropic drugs for anxiety, depression and insomnia were registered. Results: In the actual and potential drug interactions of psychotropic drugs, according to the degree of severity dimension, it was identified that the important indicator represented the highest frequency of 89% of the interactions; according to the type of interaction dimension, it was identified that the pharmacodynamic indicator presented a higher frequency with 53%; according to the clinical evidence dimension, it was identified that the fair indicator had a higher frequency with 73% interactions; in the manifestation dimension, it was identified that the potential indicator presented a higher frequency with 92.2% interactions. In its moment of appearance dimension, it was identified that the quick indicator had a higher prevalence with 5.5% of real interactions. In its causality algorithm dimension, the probable indicator was identified as having the highest frequency with 7.25% of actual interactions. With respect to sex, the male presented 49.9% of potential interactions and in the real interactions, the female sex presented a higher incidence with 4.3% interactions. The average age of the potential interactions was 48.83 years, and the average age of the real interactions was 45.67 years. Sertraline presented 53.2% of potential interactions and in relation to real drug interactions the one that presented the highest frequency was mirtazapine with 3.5% interactions. Conclusion: We conclude that the increase in the prescription of psychotropic drugs is related to a higher probability of interactions.

Abstract 5676: Digital spatial profiling for determination of pancreatic stromal components and correlation with survival

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States. Recently, intensive research has revealed the remarkable heterogeneity and complexity of the different components in the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment. However, our knowledge regarding active stroma (dominated with activated cancer-associated fibroblasts), infiltrated immune cells and actual tumor cells interactions in the tumor microenvironment, and how these interactions impact patient outcomes, remains limited. Digital spatial profiling (DSP) technology now allows us to quantitatively analyze transcript and protein expression on intact tissue, offering an opportunity to study the intra-tumor cell-to-cell communication. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pancreatic tumors from patients with shorter survival (DFS < 12 months, n=2), and longer survival (DFS > 36 months, n=2) were recruited in this study. Immunofluorescent histochemistry staining of tissue morphology identification uses antibodies to pan-cytokeratin (panCK+) for PDAC cells, alpha-smooth muscle actin (aSMA+) for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Six replicated regions of interest (ROI) of tumor, CAFs adjacent and distal to tumor area were annotated from each tissue sample and a panel of 78 transcripts (73 target genes and 5 reference genes) were profiled using GeoMx DSP (Nanostring). Person’s correlation (R2) was computed for regression of GeoMx DSP data. All statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software. p-values were calculated on two-sided t-tests and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. As expected, the morphologic selection successfully separates panCK+ PDAC cells from CAFs demonstrated by the correspondent expression of epithelial genes of EpCam and KRT, allowing single cell profiling. Within the panel of 78 genes, 9 genes (approximal 12%) were detected with significantly higher expression levels in PDAC cells than CAFs. Five genes (BATF3, IL12b, ITGB8, CD4 and IFNAR1) were found increased expression levels in CAFs-adj comparing to CAFs-dis, regulating molecular functions of Organismal Death (p value = 3.88E-03), Maturation of Cells (p value = 2.94E-06), and Migration of Cells (p value = 2.37E-03). When comparing the differential transcriptomes in PDAC cells between the longer and shorter survival groups, higher expression of antigen presentation gene HLA-E and integrin alpha- and beta- family genes (ITGAV, ITGAX, ITGB2, and ITGB8) was seen in longer-lived patients. Proliferation genes (CCND1 and MKI67) were also found to be increased in CAFs in patients with longer survival. Our results suggest that further exploration of gene and protein expression and interactions within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment may improve our understanding of tumor and stromal communication and how it impacts on patient outcomes. Citation Format: Gerik W Tushoski, Dongtao Ann Fu, Lingsong Meng, Kelly Herremans, Andrea N Riner, Christopher E Forsmark, Zhiguang Huo, Steven J Hughes, Song Han. Digital spatial profiling for determination of pancreatic stromal components and correlation with survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5676.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on postgraduate training in Paediatrics.

To assess the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic on paediatric postgraduate training as perceived by the trainees. The cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted at the Department of Paediatrics, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan, from May to June 2020, and comprised paediatric postgraduate trainees associated with various hospitals across the country who were approached online with a pre-designed 24-item questionnaire during the peak months of the pandemic. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Of the 226 postgraduates, 134(59.2%) were females. The overall mean age was 28.85±3.06 years. Of the total, 200(88.5%) and 195(86.2%) reported that pandemic had adversely impacted their training and research. The number of trainees managing >30 patients and doing >5 procedures per week before the pandemic decreased from 126(55.8%) and 150(66.4%) to 38(16.8%) and 41(18.1%), respectively, during the pandemic (p=0.01). Regarding e-learning, 168(74.3%) trainees thought it might partly compensate for training, 135(59.7%) showed readiness for it, and 179(79.2%) believed this could not replace actual patient interaction. The coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic was found to have adversely impacted paediatric postgraduate training.

KEADA: Identifying Key Classes in Software Systems Using Dynamic Analysis and Entropy-Based Metrics.

Software maintenance is indispensable in the software development process. Developers need to spend a lot of time and energy to understand the software when maintaining the software, which increases the difficulty of software maintenance. It is a feasible method to understand the software through the key classes of the software. Identifying the key classes of the software can help developers understand the software more quickly. Existing techniques on key class identification mainly use static analysis techniques to extract software structure information. Such structure information may contain redundant relationships that may not exist when the software runs and ignores the actual interaction times between classes. In this paper, we propose an approach based on dynamic analysis and entropy-based metrics to identify key classes in the Java GUI software system, called KEADA (identifying KEy clAsses based on Dynamic Analysis and entropy-based metrics). First, KEADA extracts software structure information by recording the calling relationship between classes during the software running process; such structure information takes into account the actual interaction of classes. Second, KEADA represents the structure information as a weighted directed network and further calculates the importance of each node using an entropy-based metric OSE (One-order Structural Entropy). Third, KEADA ranks classes in descending order according to their OSE values and selects a small number of classes as the key class candidates. In order to verify the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted experiments on three Java GUI software systems and compared them with seven state-of-the-art approaches. We used the Friedman test to evaluate all approaches, and the results demonstrate that our approach performs best in all software systems.

Investigating Potential Drug-Drug Interactions from Greek e-Prescription Data.

The prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) is indicative of the prevalence of actual drug-drug interactions and prescription quality. However, they are significantly understudied in Greece. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of pDDIs among outpatients and identify factors associated with their occurrence. Anonymous e-prescription data between 2012 and 2017 were obtained from community pharmacies in Thessaloniki, Greece. Patients taking more than one medication for at least three months were included. pDDIs were identified and categorized depending on their clinical significance using Drug Interactions Checker. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of risk factors of pDDIs occurrence were identified using multivariable logistic regression. During the study period, 6,000 anonymous e-prescriptions (1,000 per year) satisfying the inclusion criteria were collected. The overall prevalence of major pDDIs was 17.4% (63.0% for moderate pDDIs). The most common major pDDIs were between amlodipine and simvastatin (22.8% of major interactions), followed by clopidogrel and omeprazole (6.4% of major interactions). Polypharmacy (≥5 concomitantly received medications) was associated with an increased risk of major pDDIs (adjusted OR, 5.72; 95% CI, 4.87-6.72); no associations were observed regarding age, sex, and number of prescribing physicians. The prevalence of pDDIs in this study was higher than previously reported in other European countries, with polypharmacy being a potential risk factor. Those results argue for a need for improvement in the area of prescribing in Greece.

Internal interfacial interaction analysis of geopolymer-recycled aggregate pervious concrete based on a infiltration model

The comprehensive utilization of solid waste and construction waste is an important problem at present. In this study, geopolymer paste was prepared by fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag powder and the alkali-activator. Then geopolymer recycled-aggregate pervious concrete(GRAPC) was prepared by geopolymer paste and recycled coarse aggregate. The internal interfacial interaction between geopolymer paste and recycled coarse aggregate was studied by theoretical analysis and laboratory tests. The surface texture profile characteristics of recycled coarse aggregate was quantitatively measured by 3D morphometer. Contact angle was tested to characterize the surface energy of geopolymer paste. Combined with the microstructure of the experimental analysis and the classical theory of solid–liquid contact model, the geopolymer paste-recycled aggregate infiltration model was established. The investigation of infiltration and interaction of geopolymer paste on different types of recycled coarse aggregate was carried out. Based on the measurement of paste thickness and GRAPC macro performance, the actual internal interfacial interaction of GRAPC was analyzed by the infiltration model. The paste thickness, working performance, mechanical properties and water permeability of GRAPC were analyzed by laboratory tests. Furthermore, the correlation laws of porosity and enhanced treatment of recycled coarse aggregate were analyzed by the systematical investigation on internal interaction of GRAPC.

Levelling the Hard Pitch of Politics in Organisations Through Code Switching: An Insider View from Education Sector

Public sector universities in Pakistan have a strong political and hierarchical structure that leads to power struggles between the managers and subordinates (Shaheen, Abrar, Saleem, Shabbir, and Zulfiqar, 2021). According to Esdahl (2003), all conversations are also battles for power, and in these battles, linguistic resources can be used as tools. Therefore, the current study aims to find how code-switching, as a linguistic resource, is used as a tool to achieve higher status in the power hierarchy by the employees of a higher education institution. This research brings forward the functions of code-switching by observing the actual interactions from a native perspective and exploring the multiple goals achieved through shifting to English and Urdu during the conversation between/among employees in the organization. This paper extends a rare in-depth understanding of the role of code-switching in a public sector institution while giving directions for future research in this field.

The Problem of Moral Agency: Prospects of the Sociological Approach in the Context of the “Moral Dyad” Theory

In the context of developing a new sociology of morality, the article examines such phenomena as moral agency and moral patiency, understood as an actor’s attributed ability to be seen as a subject or object of morally relevant actions. The authors analyze the concept of the “moral dyad” as the most popular general approach that addresses various aspects of attributing moral agency and patiency through mind ascription. We also examine the four key principles of the moral dyad concept: causing harm as a prerequisite for the moral relevance of the action, the inseparable link between mind ascription and moral agency/patiency, the phenomenon of moral typecasting, and the principle of the moral scheme’s completion being a necessity. Based on the criticisms of these basic principles, we consider the prospects for further research in the field of studying these moral qualities of actors of various types. For this purpose, we identify and discuss three key problems of the concept of the “moral dyad”, which, as we argue, should be addressed from a sociological perspective: explaining the moral status of actors in the case of pro-social actions, as well as the moral status of collective (groups, corporations, states, institutions) and non-human (robots, computer algorithms) actors. In conclusion we suggest that focusing on these problems in the context of actual social interactions can become one of the key research areas within the framework of the new sociology of morality.

Relationship between the idea of fairness and the principles of justice as a basic condition for the functioning of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine

The article highlights the relationship between the idea of fairness and the principles of justice as a basic condition for the functioning of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. It is pointed out that the entire legal system in the world, declarative-formal or real, is based on the idea of fairness, and accordingly, all judicial bodies, including the Constitutional Court of Ukraine are called to serve this idea. Since the main task of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is to guarantee the supremacy of the Constitution as the Basic Law of the state throughout Ukraine, the basic principles on which the justice system develops and operates are determined by the Constitution of Ukraine. To ensure and protect them by the Basic Law, the only body of constitutional jurisdiction, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, is empowered to exercise judicial constitutional control over legislation, international law and other bylaws. The paper reveals the relationship between the idea of fairness, which is not formally defined in the constitutional norms, and the principles that serve the purpose of justice, which is protected by a single body of constitutional jurisdiction of Ukraine. It is also presumed that the principle of fairness plays an important role when there are gaps in the legislation; when judges need to apply not the analogy of law but the analogy of law. Fairness is also a moral category. Accordingly, the resolution of the dispute depends on the moral qualities of the judge, his legal culture and legal awareness, awareness of their responsibility to the parties. Conclusions are offered that the principles of justice are the basic preconditions, the intellectual and spiritual basis that serve to embody the idea of fairness. In turn, the principles are a tool to ensure it on the basis of their actual application and interaction. And in terms of the relationship of the idea of fairness with the principles of justice as a basic condition for the functioning of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, it should be emphasized that although the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is not part of the judiciary, its procedural activities should be based on principles of justice should be implemented in close connection with the idea of fairness in order to implement it in public relations.

From Teachers’ Minds to Speakers’ Minds in the Applications to Psychology and Philosophy, Connected to Sociolinguistics in the Ways of Interactions for Better Relationships to Make Parts of Narratives

This paper is focused on discourse analyses that give us an insight that there is a cultural difference in showing empathy in dialogues from the issue of sociolinguistics. It would be based on further investigations and promotions to learn actual interactions as usages of languages, which is connected to a problem of bilingualism. The way to construct a conversation well shows a cultural view to give empathy in dialogues. This paper reveals the discourse frames in Japanese and American dialogues, related to frames of self of “we”, “you”, and “I”. It is significant for us to notice that these frames appear in expressions and discourse structures as speakers and hearers. It puts forward an investigation of ways with which people interact.

Graduate students in public health predict their actual usage of different library services and resources quite accurately.

Public health students need to use different resources to those used by other health science students. To compare how users expect to interact with library resources and services with how they reported actual interactions and expected future usage, to inform library planning. During first semester orientation, a paper questionnaire was administered to graduate students (n=25), followed by an end of semester questionnaire in a mandatory public health course. Differences (orientation vs. actual and actual vs. predicted future) were analysed using chi-square tests. Most graduate students utilized library resources as frequently as they anticipated at the semester's start. Regarding which library resources they would use, respondents' predictions during orientation were accurate. Respondent confidence in their abilities to use the library resources rose by the semester's end, and the group's expectations of using electronic books in the future semester increased significantly. Graduate students had realistic expectations when predicting their library resource usage and difficulties and most expected to value the quiet space as much as they did. Such tracking of group expectations, experience and predicted usage helps library managers' plan where support is required.