Actual Division Research Articles

Курсив как средство актуализации высказывания в поэзии М. Цветаевой

The purpose of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of italics as a means of actualizing statements in the poetry of M. Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva is one of the few poets who widely use italics in their literary practice. The selection of the most significant word in terms of meaning is found not only in the poet's poems, but also in her artistic and epistolary prose. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in M. Tsvetaeva's poetry, italics are studied from the standpoint of the actual division of the sentence. Despite the fact that the graphical means of M. Tsvetaeva was described in the aspect of actual division, the object of analysis was her original punctuation system, not italics. It is proved for the first time that italics, emphasizing the semantic and intonation center of an utterance, acts as a distinctive element in the system of actual division of a poetic text devoid of specific means of expressing actual division - word order and intonation. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed for the first time that the font change is used by M. Tsvetaeva's poetic text is used not only to highlight an informatively important word, but also as a way of conveying a certain intonation, and as a means with an expressive stylistic function.

Торгівельні війни та їх вплив на національні економіки

The article examines the impact of trade wars on the US and Chinese economies and their foreign economic relations. The analysis showed that throughout the considered period of 2016-2023, from the outside it looks like the US-China "war" is a normal trade dispute. China has declared its intention to become the sole leader in the world market not only of goods, but also of technologies. However, the real cause of the conflict is hidden in the global confrontation between the two leading economies, the purpose of which is the actual division of the world into new spheres of influence. To determine the impact of countries' exports on their GDP, appropriate regression models were built. The model for the USA showed that during the period 2000- 2021, the volume of exports from the USA to China had a decisive influence on the GDP of the USA. A similar model for China shows that the most powerful influence on China's GDP comes from the volume of its exports to the United States. Therefore, during the current part of the considered period, the economies of both countries are not only in a state of protracted trade war, but also depend on each other

СЛОВО-АРГУМЕНТАТОР «ВСЕ-ТАКИ» В КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ СТРУКТУРЕ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯ

The article deals with the actual (theme-rhematic) division of the sentence. An additional marker of the actual division of the sentence is singled out – the argument word

Complex sentences of heterogeneous subordination with one conditional component in the scientific style of the Russian language (based on texts of mathematical works)

In the scientific style of the Russian language, of particular interest are multicomponent complex sentences of heterogeneous subordination. They allow decomposing a complex idea into components and conveying it to the addressee intelligibly, which is very important in the texts of mathematical works. However, such constructions cannot be considered as a “mechanicalˮ coupling of different sentences – it is an integral communicative unit that has a single modality in which the dominant syntactic connection can be distinguished. The most productive construction in the scientific style is a three-component complex sentence of heterogeneous subordination, where the main part is combined with a component of an indivisible structure (object, attributive, pronominal-conjunction correlative clauses) and one conditional clause. In the text of mathematical works, where the course of logical reasoning is of great importance, the conditional part helps to identify the connection between two situations, to clearly structure scientific thought, and it contributes to the implementation of the text-forming function of such constructions. The material for the study was the works of famous mathematicians of the 20th – 21st century, the authors of a number of scientific papers and textbooks in the field of algebraic and differential topology, the presentation style of which is considered classical in the scientific community. The article explores various cases of combining a conditional and a component of an indivisible structure in one complex sentence. Structural and semantic features of constructions with prepositive, interpositive and postpositive conditional components are considered. The most pronounced conditional semantics is manifested in the first case; while in the latter case, the conditional clause acquires an additional, restrictive connotation. The subordinate part of the indivisible type loses its independence, becomes like a semi-predicative unit and closely merges with the main part. In a complex sentence, two organising centres are created – in the main clause and in the conditional clause. Thus, it turns out that the multicomponent syntactic construction is in a state of equilibrium, where the complex main clause is balanced by the conditional subordinate part. Such a division coincides with the actual division of the sentence and is easier for the reader to perceive.

Parallel imaging reconstruction using spatial nulling maps.

To develop a robust parallel imaging reconstruction method using spatial nulling maps (SNMs). Parallel reconstruction using null operations (PRUNO) is a k-space reconstruction method where a k-space nulling system is derived using null-subspace bases of the calibration matrix. ESPIRiT reconstruction extends the PRUNO subspace concept by exploiting the linear relationship between signal-subspace bases and spatial coil sensitivity characteristics, yielding a hybrid-domain approach. Yet it requires empirical eigenvalue thresholding to mask the coil sensitivity information and is sensitive to signal- and null-subspace division. In this study, we combine the concepts of null-subspace PRUNO and hybrid-domain ESPIRiT to provide a more robust reconstruction method that extracts null-subspace bases of calibration matrix to calculate image-domain SNMs. Multi-channel images are reconstructed by solving an image-domain nulling system formed by SNMs that contain both coil sensitivity and finite image support information, therefore, circumventing the masking-related procedure. The proposed method was evaluated with multi-channel 2D brain and knee data and compared to ESPIRiT. The proposed hybrid-domain method produced quality reconstruction highly comparable to ESPIRiT with optimal manual masking. It involved no masking-related manual procedure and was tolerant of the actual division of null- and signal-subspace. Spatial regularization could be also readily incorporated to reduce noise amplification as in ESPIRiT. We provide an efficient hybrid-domain reconstruction method using multi-channel SNMs that are calculated from coil calibration data. It eliminates the need for coil sensitivity masking and is relatively insensitive to subspace separation, therefore, presenting a robust parallel imaging reconstruction procedure in practice.

INFORMATION PERSPECTIVE OF POLYPREDICATIVE COMPLEX SENTENCES IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PROSE

The article is an attempt to prove dependence in the location of information perspective peaks in polypredicative complex sentences in English-language prose on the peculiarities of their formal and grammatical structuring. The author proves that the number of such peaks is directly related to the syntactic structure of the polypredicative hypotactic construction. One peak of information perspective is common for polypredicative complex sentences with heterogeneous co-subordination of dependent clauses, consecutive subordination and heterogeneous co-subordination, as well as heterogeneous co-subordination and consecutive subordination. A few peaks of information perspective may be found in constructions with homogeneous co-subordination and also in structures where homogeneous syntactic connection precedes heterogeneous or consecutive one. The communicative approach to studying complex syntactic constructions creates additional possibilities for interpreting their heterogeneous communicative structure. The actual division theory is used as a methodology for identifying the most communicatively important elements of the hypotactic construction. The main aim of the article – setting up regularities between the information perspective peak(s) and the structural peculiarities of the constructions under study – is realized via the analysis of English fiction texts.

БОЛЬШАЯ РОЛЬ «МАЛЫХ» СЛОВ (на материале английского языка)

The object of research in the article is functional parts of speech, and the subject matter is their role in the language realization of its main functions: cognitive, communicative and interpretive. As the author states, functional words have been thoroughly studied in the context of structural paradigm whereas their role in the reconstruction of the work of consciousness calls for a more detailed analysis which is the aim of the article. The analysis is carried out on the material of the English language with occasional references to the Russian language. The main methods of analysis are introspection and semantic interpretation, inferential and context-situational types of analysis. As the analysis shows the functional parts of speech contribute greatly to the language realization of its main functions: cognitive, communicative and interpretive. The history of the determination category, constituted by the opposition of the definite, indefinite and zero articles, reveals that articles reflect the cognitive development of a human being, the transition from the perception of a single object to categorization, i.e. from concrete to abstract thinking. The participation of the article in the actual division of the sentence reveals its contribution to the language realization of its communicative and interpretive functions. The main function of the prepositions consists in forming the scaffolding for our thought on its way to verbalization in the sentence as a special format of knowledge about a situation of reality. Prepositions serve as language markers of the roles of participants of the event, presented in the sentence. Besides, the variation in the choice of a preposition manifests the difference in the focus of attention during the perception of an event as well as the difference in the perception of the same event by different types of language consciousness. Conjunctions as markers of the character of relations between the components of a composite sentence as a special format of knowledge manifest the possibility of different interpretations of the relations between the events of reality presented in the proposition of the composite sentence as a mental analog of reality. The study of conjunctions in the cognitive aspect enables us to get knowledge about the cognitive development of a child as well as about the specificity of discourse patterns in different languages related to ethnocultural factors. Reflecting the deep relations between the events of reality, conceptualized by the individual mind, conjunctions carry out an important function in the fiction text, participating in the expression of its dominant meanings and the plot development.

How fathers’ values matter for work–family decisions and partner support: a capability approach

ABSTRACT This qualitative study identified the values of 26 Dutch dual-earner fathers underlying their actual division of paid and unpaid work, and the role work decisions favoring their family, referred to as Family Relatedness of Work Decisions (FRWD), and received partner support played in realizing these values. We used the capability approach as theoretical framework to compare individuals on the kind of lives they value, and what constrains or enables them herein. Results showed different patterns in what is valued related to fathers’ paid workhours. Work-oriented fathers primarily valued income provision and received substantial partner support in caregiving and housework. Work–family fathers valued gender-equality in the division of labor with support from their partners both in earning and caregiving. Family–work fathers’ lack of substantially paid work hampered them in realizing their valued equal division of labor. Our results illustrated that fathers’ values shaped their time-allocation in paid and unpaid work, in synergy with FRWD and received partner support. Moreover, FRWD were more closely related to fathers’ values than to their employment type. We conclude that partner support needs to be incorporated into the FRWD framework.

H2O2 Induces Calcium and ERMES Complex-Dependent Mitochondrial Constriction and Division as Well as Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Remodeling in Aspergillus nidulans.

The dynamin-like protein DnmA and its receptor FisA are essential for H2O2-induced mitochondrial division in Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we show that in the absence of DnmA or FisA, mitochondria show few spontaneous transient constrictions, the frequency of which is extensively increased by H2O2 or the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). While H2O2-induced constrictions are transient, CCCP induces a drastic and irreversible alteration of mitochondrial filaments. H2O2 induces a gradual mitochondrial depolarization, while CCCP-induced depolarization is abrupt. The calcium chelator BAPTA-AM prevents the formation of mitochondrial constrictions induced by either H2O2 or CCCP. H2O2 also induces major rearrangements of the mitochondrial outer membrane, which remain after constrictions dissipate, as well as changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear morphology. Similar mitochondrial constriction, ER and nuclear morphology changes are detected during the early stages of asexual development. ER and ER-Mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) complex—composed of proteins Mdm10, Mmm1, Mdm43 and Mdm12—are important for mitochondrial division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As the Mdm10 ortholog MdmB was found to be essential in A. nidulans, we evaluated its functions in ΔmdmB terminal mutants and ΔmdmB heterokaryons. ΔmdmB conidia produce a short germ tube that fails to grow further, in which inherited mitochondria become gigantic and round shaped, lacking clear contacts with the ER. In slow-growing ΔmdmB heterokaryotic mycelia, multiple hyphae contain very long mitochondria with high ROS levels, as occur in ΔdnmA and ΔfisA mutants. In this hyphae, H2O2 fails to induce mitochondrial constrictions but not outer mitochondrial membrane reshaping, indicating that these are two separate effects of H2O2. Our results indicate that H2O2 induces a generalized mitochondrial constriction response, prior to actual division, involving gradual depolarization; they also indicate that Ca2+ and the ERMES complex are critical for both mitochondrial constriction and division. This supports a view of mitochondrial dynamics as the result of a cascade of signaling events that can be initiated in vivo by H2O2.

Сiprus-france relations and problems of region security

After gaining independence in 1960, Cyprus began to establish relations with other countries. However, the ethnic conflict between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in 1974 led to the actual division of the island into two state entities and to various forms of intervention by foreign states, including Greece, Turkey, France and also Great Britain and the United States. The purpose of the article is to analyze the history and current state of Cypriot-French relations, to study the whole range of French interests in Cyprus after gaining independence to the present. Methods used to achieve the goals of the study: historical and comparative analysis, systematization and generalization, retrospective method. The article emphasizes that from the very beginning of the Cypriot ethnic conflict, France has consistently advocated the territorial integrity of Cyprus and condemned the creation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. In subsequent years, France contributed to the fact that Cyprus in 2004 became a member of the EU. But bilateral relations became most intense during the presidency of E. Macron in 2017–2022. The economic interests of France in Cyprus are primarily associated with the discovery of large gas reserves on the Cyprus shelf, for which several states are fighting in the Eastern Mediterranean region, among which Turkey is the most active. This struggle stimulates the establishment of military cooperation between France and Cyprus. The related 2017 bilateral treaty, which came into force in 2020, aims to contain Turkey. This treaty, the French-Cypriot military exercises and French efforts to resolve the Cyprus conflict aggravate French-Turkish relations and the political situation in the region. The analysis presented in this article, the study of the experience of these bilateral relations will be important for the development of appropriate strategies for international interactions for post-Soviet states, in particular, Ukraine.

Topic-Comment Relation as a Means of Textual Organization

Mechanisms of topic-comment relations, or actual division of the sentence, attracted scientists of previous centuries. However, the general idea was that of connection between the theme and the rheme. Subject and predicate connection is an independent unit of grammatical and logical unity. In spontaneous speech, such units are seldom coherent. The coherence is a result of the speaker’s purpose that turns a flow of sentences into a super-phrasal unity with a common theme and syntactic coherence. The connection of the theme and the rheme makes a foundation for the hyper-theme and the hyperrheme of the narrative. The research featured the ways of transmitting the new and the known to the recipient. It also included coherence achieved by inversion, when the rheme can be interpreted as the theme as a result of inverted word order. A comparative analysis of parts within the super-phrasal unity revealed an important semantic-syntactic entity called "abstract" as a minimal element of text division. The predicative-relative complex that unites a few super-phrasal unities accompanies abstract division. Therefore, actual division is much broader than a mere connection of themes and rhemes but remains a part of communicative value in spite of the tendency to identify them as equivalents. A thorough analysis of coherence of linguistic units made it possible to describe the level of their informative value, as well as to single out the semantic components that render the idea to the greatest extent. In an ambiguous situation, it enables to choose the right variant thanks to extra-linguistic connections. Thus, the text is a unit marked by the coherence of semantic and syntactic relations. The text is a realization of the author’s viewpoint developed thanks to a unique concept that constitutes the super-rheme, while the general theme is given in the form of the author’s subjective appeal to the reader.

Conflicts over the division of domestic work: A matter of gender-specific expectations and needs

This study investigates the frequency of conflicts over the division of domestic labor among heterosexual couples with dependent children ( N = 1597), considering the actual division of labor, perceived fairness about the division of labor, spouses’ levels of general appreciation for one another, varying preferences for housework and housekeeping standards, and role expectations. By applying actor–partner interdependence models (APIMs) to data from the representative German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) (wave 11), we analyze actor and cross-partner effects simultaneously, allowing us to consider the concept of dyadic interdependency derived from social exchange and gender theories. Results indicate that it is not the division of labor that is decisive for conflicts in relationships, but what is perceived to be fair. While men require approval from their spouses when they deviate from normative gender standards, women need housework to not be merely thought of as their natural responsibility. The results are used to suggest how conflicts over domestic labor can be avoided among parents during the intense life phase of childcare.

A Deep Learning Based Social Distance Analyzer with Person Detection and Tracking Using Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks for Novel Coronavirus

With its staggering spread, the continuous novel coronavirus Covid flare-up has caused a worldwide disaster. Populace weakness develops because of an absence of productive helpful prescriptions and a shortage of antibodies against the infection. Since there are no antibodies accessible as of now, social detachment is viewed as a sufficient insurance (standard) against the transmission of the illness. With the ascent in cases, the public authority has ordered a base actual division of 2 meters in all open spaces as a security measure. Utilizing PC vision on video reconnaissance, we made an AI device to forestall the spread of the (novel coronavirus). A social separating analyzer AI apparatus that utilizes video observing from CCTV cameras and robots to control social removing convention. The made AI device was introduced in broad daylight spaces and guaranteed the distance between gatherings of individuals. If the hole was excessively close, the red line showed up, demonstrating a higher danger of being influenced, trailed by the green and yellow light, showing a protected line, and the other, demonstrating a generally safe of being influenced.

The concept of the actual division in the English scientific text

In the present work the research of the problem of actual division of the scientific text and its role in English is carried out, the question of lexical subject and lexical predicate is considered. The paper discusses several means of expressing the actual division such as semantic highlighting of the subject, constructions with introducing “there” and “it”, using direct objects to the subject at the beginning of the sentence, semantic highlighting the adverbial modifiers in the sentence, inverting the final rheme to the beginning of the sentence, expressing the theme and the rheme in infinitive constructions, in the interrogative sentences and in the sentences lacking a finite verb. The work concludes that the most common means of expressing the actual division of the English sentence is a logical stress.

Microtext as a unit of connected speech

The article considers microtext as one of the main units of connected speech. Connected speech in the process of communication is realized by texts of various types and purposes. Microtext is considered a unit of communication and is characterized by coherence and integrity. To be a microtext, its constituent sentences must be semantically interrelated. It is noted that its study takes place around such concepts as topic, main idea, title, paragraph, complex syntactic whole, actual division of the sentence. In descriptive narration, there is a subject (theme, "given") of speech and information (rheme, "new") about it. There are two main ways of linking sentences in the text: sequential (chain) connection and parallel connection.

АКТУАЛЬНОЕ ЧЛЕНЕНИЕ НА СТЫКЕ ПАРАДИГМ

The article is devoted to the problem of actual division in the Azerbaijani and Japanese languages. It is suggested that specific studies of actual division in world languages can successfully use the methodology of systemic-structural and cognitive linguistics. Contrary to popular belief, the capabilities of these two paradigms complement each other. It is argued that the invariant of actual division is a structure independent of speech conditions. In speech, there is a variation in stress on the components that directly make up. The structure itself is of a casual nature and resembles a keyboard, the game on which is of a speech nature and depends on the communicative intentions of the speakers. In the Azerbaijani language, the structure of actual division is more rigid, in Japanese - freer. The prospect of speech development in the Azerbaijani language is covered by an invariant scheme, in Japanese it is less predictable, therefore, in Japanese linguistics considerable attention is paid to the topic, its composition and means of expression. In this case, the bump, as a rule, does not become the object of close attention.

Словообразовательная специфика числительных в языках тундренных и лесных юкагиров

The paper aims to reveal word-formation specifics of quantitative and limitative numerals in the Tundra Yukaghir language in comparison with the Forest Yukaghir language. The article describes numerals possessing the features of an intransitive verb. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the researcher analyzes the functioning of verbal numerals in the Tundra and Forest dialects of the Yukagir language. The research findings are as follows: the author identifies the role of sentence actual division in the formation of quantitative and limitative numerals and concludes that quantitative numerals acquire verbal features due to the use of an auxiliary verb -(ҥ)ол . It is shown that these lexical units do not form a special lexico-grammatical category; they belong to a lexico-grammatical class of numerals.

Gendered Division of Domestic Labour and Childbearing Intentions in Tehran, Iran.

Objective: Changes in the gendered division of domestic labour are often assumed to influence childbearing intention, but existing evidence is varied and less examined in the Asian context. This paper aims to investigate the association between the gendered division of domestic labour and the intention to have another child. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Tehran on 455 married women aged 18-40 years who were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling. Results: Domestic labour is still a feminine role and the majority of women are satisfied with the division of domestic labour. Women’s satisfaction with the division of domestic labour is a predictor of their tendency to have another child, but the actual division of domestic labour has not a significant effect on women’s desire to childbearing, in the multivariate model. Conclusion: Women’s desire for having another child is positively impacted by their satisfaction with the gendered division of labour in their household. To achieve more fertility, gender equality in the family and identifying the factors affecting women's satisfaction with the division of domestic labour is suggested.

“Don't think, just shoot” – The paradox of shooting three-point shots in basketball

ABSTRACT A two-phase study was conducted on shooting three-point shots in basketball in pressure/no-pressure game situations. In Phase 1 – a subjective approach, our aim was to discover what the players and coaches thought about shooting beyond the three-point arc when the shooters were performing under defensive pressure or when they were free of such pressure. In Phase 2 – an analysis of shooting success, we examined the actual success (i.e., percentage of successful shots) of shooting three-point shots under these two situations. In Phase 1, 97 Division 1 male basketball players and 12 elite coaches were asked how they perceived shooting three-point shots in various game situations. In Phase 2, the success of 382 three-point shots taken in actual Division 1 games was analyzed. The shots were classified by four expert coaches into two categories – shots taken in free-of-defense and shots taken in under-pressure game situations. The success of the two classified shots was analyzed under 10 conditions. Expected results were found in Phase 1 – both players and coaches believed that the success of three-point shots is higher when the shots are taken when the shooter is free of defense. In Phase 2, a surprising finding was revealed: shooting success was higher when the players shot under defensive pressure. We discuss the data in line with Kahneman’s (2011), Thinking, fast and slow, model, and propose a number of practical implications for coaches who are preparing their three-point shooters to deal with real game situations.

Еще раз о времени прихода асов на монгольскую служб

Research objectives: To ascertain the time and circumstances of the As people’s incorporation into the service of the Great Mongol Qa’ans. Research materials: Biographies of the As military commanders presented in the official History of the Yüan dynasty (the main source), the narratives of John of Plano Carpini and William of Rubruck, the chronicles of Vardan Areveltsi, Kirakos Gandzaketsi, and Grigor Aknertsi, Rashid al-Din’s Compendium of Chronicles, the Hypatian Codex, notes of Chinese officials Peng Da-ya and Xu Ting on the Mongols. Results and novelty of the research: The paper clarifies one aspect of the author’s previous research of the problem under consideration. It partially refutes a prior conclusion that the As entried into the Mongols’ military service only during the Western campaign. On the contrary, this paper substantiates the traditional assertion that the As joined Mongol service during the reign of Möngke Qa’an. Besides, it indicates that this argument finds its substantiation in the information found in the As military commanders’ biographies in the History of Yuan which are usually overlooked on this issue. The assumption is also put forward and argued that the enthronement of the rulers of Alania took place in the Caucasus, and they did not need to go to the capital of the Mongol Empire for this purpose. In addition, it is noted that in the related sources, analyzed by the author in both papers on this topic, there is no information that would allow for asserting or suggesting the possibility of the arrival of the As to serve in Mongolia and China after the beginning of the process of the actual division of the Empire into independent uluses following the death of Möngke Qa’an in 1259.