Actual Cost Research Articles

Economic features of services and energy cost for engineering systems

There are the results of some municipal services actual specific cost for residential apartment building. These services consist of cold water supply system; drainage and sewage systems; electricity; collection and disposal of municipal solid waste system. Authors did not indicate the specific operating cost for hot water supply and heating systems because their cost was constant. Research period: from 1st quarter of 2018 year to the 2nd quarter of 2022 year. This period was acute phase of Covid-19 pandemic period. Authors have written the dynamics changes in the cost of considered services. Researchers have presented additional factors which affect to the unit cost of municipal services in this paper. There is a brief overview of management companies types which could be in municipal service system. Also it has been considered their capabilities and limitations in creating tariffs process. Authors have identified different trends in the engineering service unit cost changing process. This article could be interested for management companies and tariffs planning departments of public municipal service system in different parts of Russian Federation. Results which were presented in this paper could be used in predictive mathematical models of municipal services economical parts in critical as pandemic or other emergency situations.

Power load prediction of smart grid based on deep learning

Real electricity costs, weather, and historical load data are added as new reference data when analyzing the characteristics of the load change policy to improve the forecasting model. A load forecasting model for smart grid based on convolutional neural network(CNN) is proposed. The model first analyzes the characteristics of the variable model and determines the forecast model inputs using two methods of correlation analysis to understand the impact of actual energy costs, weather and other factors on the changes. Second, since Feedforward neural network is deficient in processing the correlation information between loads, the prediction model developed by the author was studied as CNN. After completing the training, input two sets of real datasets for final data analysis and comparison, and the results show that, LSTM, BP, SVR[UNK]MAPE[UNK]RMSE respectively 0.49%, 0.57%, 0.83%, 1.44% and 106.08 MW, 113.82MW, 169.77 MW, 285.61 MW. It can be seen that the prediction model proposed by the author has the highest accuracy and the best fit with the trend of actual load changes. It is proved that the CNN model has certain advantages when dealing with load forecasting problems related to time series.

Parametric modeling of radio engineering devices at the stage of system design

System design provides for solving the task of comparative analysis and choosing the best option for constructing a radio engineering device. Its main result should be a structural diagram of the product and an assessment of the effectiveness of its implementation. The number of possible structural options for their implementation is limited when designing radio engineering devices of a certain class, so the search for the best option is mainly determined by the costs of its implementation, provided that the requirements of the technical specifications are fully satisfied. The main way to reduce the costs of developing devices is to use high-availability modules as much as possible in the designed product, which means electronic modules that have passed certain stages of development or have at least working design documentation. Then, the task of system design is reduced to solving the task of covering the given structures of high-availability modules, and the efficiency of its solution depends to a large extent on the number of possible alternatives. The methodology of using parametric modeling to determine the best option of construction of a radio engineering device (system) is considered. It is proposed to use an information approach to assess the degree of coincidence of the parametric models of highavailability modules with the values of parameters specified in the technical specifications while maintaining a given level of reliability. The degree of coincidence is evaluated by three criteria: informativeness, adequacy, and accuracy. It is shown that the considered methodology makes it possible to solve the parametric synthesis task of the effective structure of a radio engineering device while maintaining its specified reliability. The resulting options are highly reliable because the cost estimation is performed by real developers. As information on the actual costs for possible modifications of high-availability modules is accumulated, the preliminary cost estimation procedure can be automated.

Care Cycle to Prevent and Treat a Breast Tumour: Where is The Opportunity for Technology to Cut Health Costs?

One of the main challenges of current health systems is the improvement of the services provided without increasing the existing costs or decreasing costs without worsening the quality of the provided care services. Given the complexity of current health care services, the accurate calculation of the actual costs is an arduous task, which requires knowledge of the various elements involved in the health care cycle provided to a patient with a certain medical condition.With this investigation, we aim to study the care cycle provided to a patient, from breast tumour prevention to treatment. Through this study we seek to understand, within the current care cycle provided, where there are opportunities for technology to help reduce the costs currently existing.To achieve this research objective, we performed a documental analysis of articles, books, and other sources of information on medical procedures performed by a patient with a breast tumour.Based on this analysis, the result obtained was a better understanding of the care cycle, which encompasses the different stages and elements involved in the possible process carried out in the case of a breast tumour.With this investigation, it is possible to systematize different phases of this care cycle and perceive the opportunities for intervention to increase its efficiency, namely with the use of communication and image technologies. This preliminary study provides knowledge and the basis to prepare the survey that will be applied to physicians responsible for breast cancer units around Europe, as well as the perception of the existing opportunities to introduce technology to help to reduce the current costs.

Establishment of Mathematical Model of Different Burr Removal Methods for Automobile Valve Body Parts

In the process of auto body parts processing, machining surface at the junction will produce burrs or flares. The existence of burr will have a bad effect on the machining accuracy, assembly accuracy and appearance quality of parts. In industrial production, the cost of removing these burrs is enormous. In automotive parts, the cost of deburring body parts can account for machining costs15% - 20%. Industry practice has shown that the actual cost of deburring systems increases as the complexity and accuracy of parts increase. Precision parts such as automobile valve body require high precision, and burr is usually removed by grinding. In grinding process, different types of burr will adopt different grinding process to purify, frequent adjustment process will affect the production efficiency, so the combination with the characteristics of grinding, the grinding grain edge radius, equivalent negative rake Angle and other factors into consideration, burr types can be divided into three categories, respectively on the three types of burr mathematical modeling, The removal mechanism of different kinds of burr is explained theoretically, which lays a theoretical foundation for improving efficiency in production practice.

Об организации учета дебиторской и кредиторской задолженности коммерческих предприятий в соответствии с международными стандартами в современных условиях развития экономики

The article discusses options for assessing accounts receivable and ways to reduce the negative effect of delayed payment from buyers. Valuation in accounting is the process of representing accounting objects in monetary units of measurement. In international practice, it is accepted that assets are accounted for at the purchase price, and written off at the sale price (disposal). Therefore, there is a division into the initial and subsequent assessment. As a rule, the initial assessment for liabilities is a reflection of actual costs, i.e. in the amount of the amount indicated on the invoice, and the subsequent amount in the amount of amortized costs using the effective interest rate method.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ОЦІНКИ В СИСТЕМІ БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКОГО ОБЛІКУ

Enterprises often request the services of valuation expertise and value consulting, and in some cases, conduct it themselves. The purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical aspects of assessment in the accounting system. The task was to determine what the reality of the assessment in accounting is. To determine the value of the actual cost, costing is used a method of calculating the cost, a means of binding the object according to one or another price of a certain assessment. It was concluded that it is very difficult to objectively assess profitability, which leads to a variety of financial assessments, including tax, investment and credit assessments. It has been established that tax assessment is related to the fact that each type of tax or fee usually requires special methods of property assessment for taxation purposes. It was concluded that investment estimates can be used in predictive studies when calculating the efficiency of future capital investments. It is emphasized that credit evaluations are designed to measure the value of collateral for loans. So, valuation as an accounting method, is a way of monetary expression of the objects of this accounting (property, liabilities, business transactions) by means of summarizing costs in order to reflect them in accounting. The reality of the assessment consists in the calculation and display of the true size of certain types of funds, including the sources of their formation (the monetary expression of the accounting objects must correspond to their actual value).

Key Performance Indicators for value-based reimbursement in Radiology: a Review.

Value-based reimbursement is increasingly discussed in association with efforts to develop modern healthcare systems value-based. Relevant information (clinical, economic) should support the reimbursement systems that mirror the actual cost and benefits of a healthcare service. The reimbursement model should be understandable by decision makers and commensurate with the hospital information system (HIS). HIS should be aligned with the clinical and administrative data collection required to support the characterization of the care episode and allow a calculation of the benefits and costs incurred. The significant amount of information that HIS can gather results in an information overload that healthcare managers and professionals hardly can simplify. KPIs are crucial measurement tools capable of compiling and aggregating such information's. Radiology departments are highly technology-related service, operator-dependent, involving multiple stakeholders and considered as an adjunct to quality care, but not a primary contributor to value. Current radiology reimbursement levels are based on the same over the past 20 years criteria. Given the complexity and the inadequate criteria the first stage for new reimbursement models development, the aim of this study, is the identification of appropriate metrics to be used to monitor and evaluate the quality of services provided. The identified 160 metrics were aggregated and synthetized according to the radiology value chain in seven categories in a total of 56 value KPI's.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКОЙ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ НА ОСНОВЕ КЛАСТЕРНОГО ПОДХОДА

The changing geopolitical situation in the world inevitably causes changes within the country, including economic ones. Conditionally free principles of economics cease to work in practice, since the subjects of economic activity act in their own interests, which do not always coincide with the interests of the state. The article presents the author’s concept of implementing the industrial policy of the Russian Federation based on the principles of target-costing, behavioral economics and TBC-costing, which allows to increase the accuracy of cost planning and prices of cluster products, the objectivity of calculations between participants in a single end-to-end technological process (ESTP). In accordance with the developed concept, the theoretical foundations of the implementation of the industrial policy of the Russian Federation are developed. The methodology of forming the end-to-end cost of an industrial cluster is described, which, unlike the existing one, has high accuracy, which contributes to a more effective implementation of industrial policy. A new method of factor analysis of the cluster cost is presented, which allows to more accurately determine the causes of deviations in the value of the actual cost of the cluster from the planned one, determine the responsibility of each participant of the ESTP, including within the redistribution, and also obtain a fair mechanism for adjusting the cost of the cluster order. An algorithm for managing the order of an industrial cluster is proposed, taking into account the principle of fairness, which allows to harmonize the relationship in the chain between the state and enterprises participating in a single end-to-end technological process. The proposals of amendments to the legislative acts of the Russian Federation are presented, which make it possible to put into practice the author’s concept based on the claster-costing method to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of industrial policy.

Valuation of unpaid time savings on toll roads using transport model

A well-known problem known worldwide is that demand on toll roads gets overestimated when traffic intensity is being predicted. This leads to inefficient operation of highways and loss of profit. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict flexible demand when designing a toll road. Flexibility of demand depends on VTTS and is usually determined by public polls.Purpose: the purpose of this article is to develop a method for estimating the amount of unpaid travel time savings on toll roads. The value of travel time savings is calculated on basis of a sociological survey. The amount of travel time savings is estimated on basis of objective data acquired, i.e. information about actual motorists’ trips in St. Petersburg on both free and paid roads. The value of travel time savings allows to realistically tune the parameters of a transport model for agents planning their trips. As a result, the transport model allows to estimate the total amount of time saved daily with a toll road.The cost of the travel time savings for St. Petersburg drivers as well as the total amount of unpaid time savings on the toll road is calculated. It turned out that the price of the time saved by motorists on most routes did not correspond to the established road fares. The research results show the potential to set up toll road fares based on the actual cost of the saved travel time, which could optimize toll road revenue.

Impact of eviction during pregnancy: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Eviction in pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of eviction versus no eviction of individuals during pregnancy. A cost-effectiveness model using TreeAge software was designed to evaluate the cost, effectiveness, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) associated with eviction relative to no eviction in pregnancy. The estimated cost of eviction was compared to the annual median rent in the US to represent the cost of housing in the no eviction group. Birth outcomes included pre-term birth, neonatal death, and major neurodevelopmental delay. Probabilities and costs were derived from the literature. A cost-effectiveness threshold was set at $100,000/QALY, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the results. In our theoretical cohort of 50,000 pregnant individuals aged 18-44 facing eviction annually, no eviction during pregnancy was associated with 3,374 fewer pre-term births, 20 fewer neonatal deaths, and 30 fewer cases of neurodevelopmental delay compared to eviction. At the median cost of rent in the US, the eviction strategy was associated with lower QALYs but also lower costs (Table 1). Despite the lower cost of eviction, no eviction was the cost-effective strategy, with an ICER of $37,087. In univariate sensitivity analysis varying the cost of housing, no eviction remained the cost-effective strategy and became cost-saving when annual rent reached below $12,000 (Figure 1). The no eviction strategy is cost-effective and reduces cases of pre-term birth, neonatal death, and neurodevelopmental delay. When rent was lowered to $12,000, eviction became the cost-saving strategy. This rent price may be closer to the actual cost of rent for those facing eviction. These findings demonstrate that policy interventions to provide housing and prevent eviction of pregnant individuals are necessary and represent an actionable target to reduce costs and improve birth outcomes.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ОБЛІКУ ВИТРАТ НА ВИРОБНИЦТВО ПРОДУКЦІЇ РОСЛИННИЦТВА

The article discusses the methodological principles of cost accounting for the production of plant products. The classification of cost accounting methods for the production of plant products is revealed: by cost accounting object (order, process, cycle, production phase); by the degree of cost inclusion (full/commercial and reduced/production cost); according to the completeness of cost planning (actual, normative, expected costs); according to the method of cost management (foreign cost accounting practice). It has been established that agricultural enterprises in Ukraine mostly use domestic methods of cost accounting, namely process-by-process, pre-partition, non-contractual and normative. A systematic evaluation of domestic and foreign methods of accounting for plant production costs was carried out with the aim of using the optimal method or combining several to increase the usefulness of accounting information. It is emphasized that the main purpose of using cost accounting methods is not arithmetic calculation, but rather the determination of the value and reasons for changes in these costs in the production process in order to manage them to obtain the optimal level of cost while maintaining the volume and quality of crop production. In the course of the research, it was established that any of the methods has advantages and disadvantages, therefore it cannot be mechanically introduced into the accounting practice of an agricultural enterprise. In this regard, it is necessary to take into account the technological features of agricultural production, the organization of the accounting process, and the specifics of accounting objects in the field of crop production. It has been proven that the application of the process-by-process method most accurately reflects costs in the production process. After all, it is based on the formation of costs for each technological operation. This will be facilitated by the mandatory formation of technological maps to determine the planned costs for the execution of each operation provided for by the technological process, which increases the managerial value of the results of comparing actual costs with planned costs, as it details the cost and quality of the entire set of works related to the production of plant products. The attention of scientists and practitioners was drawn to the fact that the usefulness of cost accounting methods for the production of plant products can be increased by using information obtained with the use of technical means.

Analytical study of the actual cost of the completed overhaul of multi-apartment residential buildings in Russia

This paper examines the distinctive features of the pricing system when planning and carrying out overhaul in multi-apartment residential buildings. The authors analyzed the data posted in public resources, after which they were optimized in terms of sufficiency for further research. Due to the qualitative heterogeneity of the data, a unified unit of measure was proposed and introduced for the present value of the overhaul works. To select data and determine their stable relationships in a series, calculations of absolute and relative indicators of variation were performed. The results of the study showed that the coefficient of variation of the average present costs of overhaul of apartment buildings within the framework of the totality of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is equally homogeneous and heterogeneous for various types of work. It was found that for certain types of work, cost indicators have a stable average, while for others it is impossible to single out this indicator.

Natural resources: Cost of capital and discounting – Risk and uncertainty

Notable contention remains around what discount rate should be used in the determination of the net present value (NPV) of a mining operation's discounted cash flows (DCF). It is typically deemed simpler to apply a single “corporate discount rate” that satisfies the targeted project's return associated with the investment capital outlay and some unquantified element of risk. This targeted return will ideally incorporate the actual cost of capital, being the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), incorporating the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for the equity component and the cost of debt (the inter-bank lending rate with an additional lending margin). In addition, it will also incorporate some gut-feel or indeterminate additional return factor, to account for risk, to appease the project owners and its associated shareholders. This additional project risk being captured in a discount rate is contentious, as it generally is not quantified. In addition, while there may be some argument to justify why a single, all-encompassing discount rate should be used, notably for a short-life operation, can a single discount rate applied over the life of an operating asset actually be justified? Can a single rate be equally justified for medium and long-term operations as it is for short-life operations? Importantly and accepting that the WACC and hence the discount rate vary over time, how does the risk and the uncertainty associated with a mining project get factored into the valuation, and should these factors remain static, or should they be considered separately and also be varied over on operation's life?

Production Cost Control using Activity-Based Costing Methods in Information Systems

Companies engaged in furniture manufacturing with marketing targets mostly abroad are faced with very tight price and quality competition that requires a more accurate production costing system than traditional methods, which are still widely used in Indonesia. In general, companies use cost calculation methods that pay attention to only one cost driver, resulting in deviations in the calculation of actual production costs. A production cost calculation method is proposed using activity-based costing to overcome this problem. Many companies have used this method in developed countries, showing improvements in calculating production costs. The activity-based calculation method takes into account the activities that are cost drivers and is taken into account in obtaining actual production costs. So that the cost planning for the management is better, in this study, calculations using traditional methods are shown, and the results are compared with the results of the activity-based costing (ABC) method. Then an analysis of the system needed for applying the information system-based ABC method and the proposed implementation is also carried out. The information system will help calculate costs faster and more accurately.

Inventory Control Analysis of Flowline Pipe (Case Study: PT. Pertamina Hulu Rokan Field Limau)

Flowline is a means of distributing oil and natural gas from drilling wells to the separation point or collection station. The need for this flowline is fast moving but the problem that often occurs in companies is that the flowline needs cannot be fulfilled. Stock out on the 4-inch flowline pipe can cause a loss of production opportunity. To overcome the stock out, it is necessary to do proper inventory control. Forecasting the demand for the 4-inch flowline pipe using the ARIMA model to determine the amount of demand in the future period. After getting the number of requests, the requests are analyzed using the ADI-CV technique to see the demand pattern. The characteristics of the demand pattern are used to determine the appropriate type of inventory control. The result of the ADI value is 1 and the CV value is 0.04, so the demand pattern is smooth moving and uses the continuous review method. The continuous review method resulted in a total cost of Rp. 17,780,325,626, while the actual cost was Rp. 18,247,993,200. These results indicate that with inventory control, the proposed condition using the continuous review method can reduce inventory costs by Rp. 467,667,574 compared to actual conditions, and there is a saving of 2.56%.

Analysis of Time and Cost Control Using The Earned Value Method In Well Pad Hilling and Compacting Work In The PT. Pertamina Hulu Rokan Riau Province

The development of physical facilities in Indonesia is increasing rapidly along with the promotion of modernization. In the implementation of a project it is very rare to find a project that goes exactly as planned. Generally, they experience delays from what was planned, both in terms of time and progress of work, but there are also projects that experience acceleration from the initial schedule planned. The research objectives were to determine time and cost performance, and to determine cost estimates and final project completion time for the Well Pad stockpiling and compaction project in the Rokan Riau Oil and Gas Block environment. The method used in this study is the Earned Value method which combines the elements of cost and time as well as the physical performance of the work. The data obtained from the project includes the project time schedule, budget plan (RAB), project weekly reports and actual costs, then an analysis of costs, schedules, variances and performance indexes is carried out by explaining the problems that arise during the research. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the calculation of the CPI value is> 1 from the 1st week to the 16th week. This means that from the 1st week to the 16th week, the project cost is more economical. The EAS calculation for the 16th week estimates the project completion time is 116 days or 16 weeks. This means that the project is experiencing a delay from the planned schedule. At the end of the review period, an estimated final project cost of Rp. 4,022,024,000.00. And the estimated time for project completion is 116 days, which means the project will be completed in a longer time than planned, which is 211 days.

Production Cost Control Analysis with Standard Cost System

This research purposes to analyze production cost control with a standard cost system at UD. Central Jaya Springbed in Probolinggo City. This research is a quantitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection methods used are documents, interviews and observation. Data analysis methods are presented in the form of descriptions and numerical calculations using a standard costing system. The results showed that controlling production costs at UD. Sentral Jaya Springbed in January 2022 for springbed products with a size of 200 x 140 cm with specifications for springbed mattresses only, full sets, and full sets of purple foam which are profitable as shown by the cost of raw materials each showing a favorable difference (favorable) of IDR 111,000.00; IDR 311,000.00; and IDR 80,000.00. Direct labor costs show normal differences while factory overhead costs respectively show unfavorable differences of IDR 23,190.00; IDR 26,810.00; and IDR 5,337.00. Profitable difference in production costs at UD. Sentral Jaya Springbed Probolinggo City is caused by the standard production costs that are determined to be greater than the actual costs.

PENERAPAN METODE IMPROVED EXPONENTIAL APPROACH DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH TRANSPORTASI FUZZY DI PERUM BULOG SUB.DIVRE MEDAN

Transportation is an activities that affect the smooth wheels of the economy. The core problem of transportation is to minimize distribution costs. Matters that affect distribution costs are in the form of demand quantities, supply quantities, and transportation costs. In 2021, the rice distribution costs of Perum Bulog Sub Divre Medan was very high accompanied by uncertain demand and supply so it is expressed in fuzzy numbers. It is necessary to use a method that can solve this transportation problem optimally. In this study, the improved exponential approach method was used to find the optimal solution in rice distribution and combined with fuzzy integer transportation to find the integer value of the parameters with fuzzy values. The improved exponential approach method is a method of solving balanced and unbalanced transportation problems directly. The results showed that the improved exponential approach method can be applied to solve the fuzzy transportation problem. The cost of distributing rice in 2021 using the improved exponential approach method has decreased by IDR 41,155,480 from the actual distribution cost. Through these results, it can be concluded that the improved exponential approach method can optimally solve the fuzzy transportation problem in 2021 at Bulog Sub-Divre Perum Medan

METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE COST PRICE OF THE BENDING PROCESS FOR THE NEEDS OF MANUFACTURING LOGISTICS

The research of this paper aims to characterize and describe the methodological sequence of operations necessary for the correct calculation of the cost price when performing a bid calculation in the bending process step on a bending machine. The research focuses on determining the methodology and its application exclusively to sheet metal parts in the engineering industry in the processing of steel and stainless-steel sheets. To research this issue, we used empirical and quantitative research in a real work environment. The methodology for calculating the cost price of bending sheet metal parts yields the relationships between component inputs, the result of which is a time parameter that is expressed by the actual production costs. The results can be used in the real working environment of manufacturing companies for comparison with already established practices and a verification of their outputs. At the same time, it is possible to use the determined methodological procedure as a basis for implementation in the Aurendi web application.