Actual Campaign Research Articles

Time-of-voting decision and susceptibility to campaign effects

There is mounting evidence that election campaigns matter. There are also reasons to expect interpersonal heterogeneity in the susceptibility to campaign influence. Time-of-voting decision has been suggested as a key mediating variable for campaign effects. However, there is no persuasive empirical evidence to substantiate the claim that people who decide during campaigns actually respond to campaign events or campaign-specific information. This study incorporates time of decision into dynamic models of campaign effects in order to test whether there is a significant interaction effect between time of decision and campaign persuasion. In sum, the vote intentions of campaign deciders are indeed more volatile because they respond to actual campaign events and coverage, not because they fluctuate haphazardly. People who say they decided before the campaign are, reassuringly, not influenced by campaigns.

Detection of Intermediate‐Period Transiting Planets with a Network of Small Telescopes: transitsearch.org

ABSTRACTWe describe a project (transitsearch.org) currently attempting to discover transiting intermediate‐period planets orbiting bright parent stars, and we simulate that project’s performance. The discovery of such a transit would be an important astronomical advance, bridging the critical gap in understanding between HD 209458b and Jupiter. However, the task is made difficult by intrinsically low transit probabilities and small transit duty cycles. This project’s efficient and economical strategy is to photometrically monitor stars that are known (from radial velocity surveys) to bear planets, using a network of widely spaced observers with small telescopes. These observers, each individually capable of precision (1%) differential photometry, monitor candidates during the time windows in which the radial velocity solution predicts a transit if the orbital inclination is close to 90°. We use Monte Carlo techniques to simulate the performance of this network, performing simulations with different configurations of observers in order to optimize coordination of an actual campaign. Our results indicate that transitsearch.org can reliably rule out or detect planetary transits within the current catalog of known planet‐bearing stars. A distributed network of skilled amateur astronomers and small college observatories is a cost‐effective method for discovering the small number of transiting planets with periods in the range 10 days < P < 200 days that orbit bright (V<11) stars.

In Search of Stupidity: Over 20 Years of High-Tech Marketing Disasters

Merrill R. ChapmanApress (2003), 256 pp. ISBN: 1-59059-104-6 $24.99 / €24.95

Quest for decisive victory: from stalemate to Blitzkrieg in Europe, 1899-1940

Since the earliest days of warfare, military operations have followed a predictable formula: after a decisive battle, an army must pursue the enemy and destroy its organization in order to achieve a victorious campaign. But by the mid-nineteenth century, the emergence of massive armies and advanced weaponry and the concomitant decline in the effectiveness of cavalry had diminished the practicality of pursuit, producing campaigns that bogged down short of decisive victory. Great battles had become curiously indecisive, decisive campaigns virtually impossible. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the inability to achieve decisive victories in warfare had become the single greatest military problem facing modern armies. Robert Citino now tells how European military leaders analyzed and eventually overcame this problem by restoring pursuit to its rightful place in combat and resurrecting the possibility of decisive warfare on the operational level. Quest for Decisive Victory chronicles the evolution of European warfare during the first half of the twentieth century. A study of war at the operational level, it demonstrates the interplay and tension between technology and doctrine in warfare and reveals how problems surrounding mobility including such factors as supply lines, command and control, and prewar campaign planning forced armies to find new ways of fighting. Citino focuses on key campaigns of both major and minor conflicts. Minor wars before 1914 (Boer, Russo-Japanese, and the Balkan Wars of 1912-13) featured instructive examples of operational maneuver; the First World War witnessed the collapse of operations and the rise of attrition warfare; the Italo-Ethiopian and Spanish Civil Wars held some promise for breaking out of stalemate by incorporating such innovations as air and tank Ultimately, it was Germany's opening blitzkrieg of World War II that resurrected the decisive campaign as an operational possibility. By grafting new technologies tanks, aircraft, and radio onto a long tradition of maneuver warfare, the Wehrmacht won decisive victories in the first year of the war and in the process transformed modern military doctrine. Citino's study is important for shifting the focus from military theory and doctrine to detailed operational analyses of actual campaigns that formed the basis for the revival of military doctrine. Quest for Decisive Victory gives scholars of military history a better grasp of that elusive concept and a more complete understanding of modern warfare.

Electronic Advertising

With the increasing popularity of the internet and online sales as a viable way of doing business, many merchandisers have attempted to do much of their marketing by creating advertising campaigns directed at online customers. However, just as in the physical marketplaces of the real world, there are complexities to promoting online businesses. Although the ideas of prospecting, promotion, and push-pull marketing are the same, the manners in which they are approached are quite different, and different systems have begun to develop to address each of these needs. Several different campaign types have been developed. Branding campaigns, click-through campaigns, and sell-through campaigns are the ones that will be discussed here, as well as basic electronic prospecting and final advertising hosting of the campaign. The purpose of this study is to provide the managers with a systematic method for examining a more comprehensive understanding of electronic advertising, as developing the actual campaign. The implications of such examinations will be addressed, in regards to a few important issues. Costs associated with these systems will be touched on, not only monetary but also in terms of times and opportunity, and specific strategies for maintaining such a system will be discussed. Such information should be helpful in developing and maintaining a successful online advertising strategy, one that will stand the test of time.

Ninety-Eight Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign

Grant's campaign against Vicksburg has been studied from a number of perspectives--but always with the outcome in the foreground. This documented history of the final phases of the Vicksburg Campaign, from March 29 through July 4, 1863, examines the actions of Union and Confederate commanders as they unfolded, reconstructing their decisions based only on what they knew at any given time. In meticulous detail, Warren E. Grabau describes the logistical situation at key junctures during the campaign and explains how and why those situations constrained the choices available to Grant and Confederate commander John C. Pemberton. Alternating between Confederate and Federal perspectives, he allows the reader to see the situation as the commanders did and then describes how the available information led to their decisions. Grabau examines not only topographic and hydrographic features but also strategic, political, economic, and demographic factors that influenced the commanders' thinking. He analyzes the effectiveness of the intelligence-gathering capabilities of each side, shows how the decisions of both commanders were affected by the presence of the Union Navy, and describes the impact of political philosophies and command structures on the conduct of the campaign. Through his detailed analysis, Grabau even suggests that Grant had no actual campaign plan but was instead a master opportunist, able to exploit every situation. Remarkably detailed maps reconstruct the terrain as it was at the time and show how incomplete data often resulted in poor military decisions. Other supportive material includes Command Structures of the Federal and Confederate Forces in diagrammatic form as they stood at the beginning of the ninety-eight days. Ninety-eight Days is a monumental work masterfully executed, a reconstruction of military reasoning that is more analytical than any previous study of Vicksburg. It contributes substantially to our understanding of those military operations and demonstrates how crucial geography is to the conduct of war.The Author: Warren E. Grabau is a retired geologist with a long interest in the Civil War. He is he coauthor of two earlier books: Evolution of Geomorphology; A Nation-by-Nation Summary of Development (with H. J. Walker) and The Battle of Jackson, May 14, 1863 (with Edwin C. Bearss).

Can We Measure Encoded Exposure? Validation Evidence From a National Campaign

Exposure is often cited as an explanation for campaign success or failure. A lack of validation evidence for typical exposure measures, however, suggests the possibility of either misdirected measurement or incomplete conceptualization of the idea. If whether people engage campaign content in a basic, rudimentary manner is what matters when we talk about exposure, a recognition-based task should provide a useful measure of exposure, or what we might call encoded exposure, that we can validate. Data from two independent sources, the National Survey of Parents and Youth (NSPY) and purchase data from a national antidrug campaign, offer such validation. Both youth and their parents were much more likely to recognize actual campaign advertisements than to claim recognition of bogus advertisements. Also, gross rating points (GRPs) for a campaign advertisement correlated strikingly with average encoded exposure for an advertisement among both youth (r = 0.82 ) and their parents (r = 0.53 ).

Optimal Campaigning in Presidential Elections: The Probability of Being Florida

This paper delivers a precise recommendation for how presidential candidates should allocate their resources to maximize the probability of gaining a majority in the Electoral College. A two-candidate, probabilistic-voting model reveals that more resources should be devoted to states which are likely to be decisive in the electoral college and, at the same time, have very close state elections. The optimal strategies are empirically estimated using state-level opinion-polls available in September of the election year. The model's recommended campaign strategies closely resemble those used in actual campaigns. The paper also analyses how the allocation of resources would change under the alternative electoral rule of a direct national vote for president.

Modeling Response to Repetitive Promotional Stimuli

Marketers frequently include promotional stimuli which elicit some form of response from the recipient among the tactics used to market products or services. Print ads, including 800 numbers which allow consumers to respond, and direct mail campaigns are examples of such activities. Promotions of this nature are often repeated a number of times, thus providing several opportunities to respond. Understanding consumer response to such campaigns is critical for more efficient design and use of these activities. A conceptual framework of response to repetitive stimuli is proposed, and stochastic models of alternative response patterns are developed. Alternative contexts in which such models are useful are also noted. Variations of the models are provided for those situations when only a fraction of the target population will ever respond. Estimation of model parameters is discussed, and data from actual campaigns are used to demonstrate how to apply the models.

A turning point in the German EMU debate: The Baden‐Württemberg regional election of March 1996

In this article it is argued that the regional election in Baden‐Württemberg of March 1996 marked a crucial turning point in the German domestic debate on EMU. In its election campaign the SPD openly challenged the prevailing political consensus on European integration by proposing that monetary union should be postponed by at least five years. In contrast to prior expectations, the Social Democrats did not profit from their strategy but lost a considerable share of their vote. This article examines the motives behind the SPD leadership's decision in Baden‐Württemberg to make EMU an election issue, analyses the actual election campaign and assesses the significance of the election outcome for the future domestic debate on European monetary integration in Germany.

Using a Public Relations Course to Ruild University Relationships

In All the President's Men, Deep Throat directed Woodward and Bernstein to follow the money. Increasingly, journalism and mass communication programs are on the ropes, some to the point of obliteration, at various universities across the country (Beasley, 1994a, 1994b, 1994c; Carter, 1995; Turk, 1995). At the same time, these programs are playing catch up with university-wide efforts to emphasize fund raising, and it is clear that no program will prosper without significant private contributions in the 1990s (Anderson, 1994, p. 75). Follow the money may well serve as good advice to public relations programs seeking to strengthen their relationships inside and outside of the university. If public relations is truly in the business of relationship management (Pavlik, 1987), then perhaps public relations sequences can help improve these relationships through their own pedagogy. This paper reviews a case study of how a public relations sequence at the University of Georgia in Athens adopted the offices of development for the university and its own college as the for enrolled in a Public Relations Campaigns course. Students in the class first conducted research among donors and non-donors to the college and the university. Then the suggested a variety of communication strategies based on their research findings to encourage non-donors to give and donors to give more. In doing so, the gained firsthand knowledge of fund-raising theory and practice. Having campaigns work with clients is not a new idea. What is exceptional about this case is the breadth and depth of the campaign and its unique outcome: as a direct result of the students' campaign, the public relations sequence has gained a new public relations laboratory funded by the university and the professional community. The who conducted the campaign and their successors benefit, and the sequence and college strengthened their relationships with both constituencies. Literature review Great teachers are innovators who search creatively for more effective ways to teach their materials (Woodward, 1986). A review of recent literature on teaching techniques in public relations reveals varied as well as creative approaches. The techniques include developing an operations matrix extending Marston's 1963 R-A-C-E process model to include functions (Files, 1986); and modeling classes as student public relations agencies, working with clients, which gives students considerable anxiety at the outset but considerable confidence by semester's end (Rayfield and Pincus, 1987,p. 45). Equally creative techniques involve: having conduct research and produce detailed public relations plans for actual clients that expose the students' novice thinking to more expert views and experiences (Quarles, 1987, p. 441; having conduct research and produce a strategic plan for a client, then supervise implementation of the plan by others (Hunt, 1991); leading in-class group presentations about relevant course content (Weimer, 1991); and, applying cooperative learning models in class presentations of textbook case histories combined with actual campaign work with clients (Slater, 1991). The use of client-based, case-study teaching techniques was found to increase tolerance of ambiguity among public relations in a writing class (Sallot, 1992). Public relations educators also have reported good results in general with: tracking current public relations issues (Anderson, 1989); patterning action-reaction exercises after military education techniques to bridge gaps between theory and practice (Fleming, 1988); practicing actual research techniques, such as focus groups (Lederman, 1989) and other information-seeking behaviors (Bissland, 1989); analyzing pseudo-events designed to attract media (Larson, 1988); relying on student peer reviews to improve writing skills (Rayfield, 1988); and, simulating the real world by means of interactive computers (Pavlik, 1988). …

Routine fuel and control assembly surveillance during scheduled reactor outages / Routineuntersuchungen an Brennelementen und Steuerelementen bei planmäßigen Reaktorabschaltungen.

Fragema has developed and operates various equipments to conduct surveillance programs on fuel and rod cluster control assemblies which can be used during scheduled reactor outages. These programs may include visual examination, overall and fine dimensional measurements. Equipments and capabilities are described. The overall experience and examples of actual campaigns are presented

Issue Information and Connotation in Candidate Imagery

Due to a simplistic conception of candidate imagery and overreliance on survey methods in voting research, relatively little is known about the dynamics of candidate imagery. This experiment exposed subjects to typewritten transcripts of candidate issue positions from an actual campaign, and measures of subjects' candidate images were taken. Results indi cate that subjects are prone to conceptualize candidates in personal terms, even though only issue-position information was made available. This tendency appears to be affected by the volume and content of issue-position information to which subjects are exposed. If these findings apply to the general population, researchers may have to reformulate the "issue voting" controversy in voting research.

Brucellosis eradication planning: An application of simulation modelling

A stochastic simulation model designed to aid decision-making in Australia's campaign to eradicate bovine brucellosis is outlined. The model uses data related to district cattle numbers, disease prevalence and campaign intensity to project workload requirements, culling rates and campaign duration under alternative campaign strategies. Explicit account is taken of the uncertainty associated with initial disease prevalence and eradication procedures and provision is made for the updating of projections as actual campaign data become available. The application of the model is illustrated.

Changing Role of the Mass Media in American Politics

Political campaigns have changed in techniques and intensity of effort, particularly during the past three decades. How may these changes be related to the changes which have occurred in the mass media? A look at the 1976 primaries makes it clear that the whistle-stop technique is still a basic part of political campaigning, even if candi date appearances are designed in part to entice media coverage, particularly by television cameras. Combining the advantages of television penetration of masses of voters with the excitement of the political rally and personal appearance became the ultimate goal of political managers. Returns from 1976 primaries through April, and opinion poll findings, indicate the mass media projected the image of front-running candidates to Americans in all parts of the country. In this sense, the mass media remained an im portant part of the political structure—including the print media. Since all available research evidence indicates rela tively few voters change their minds or make them up during an actual campaign (rather they vote traditionally), the media cannot have a massive effect upon voter decision-making. But since many elections are decided by small percentages of voters, media influences can become crucially important. Their rivals are, of course, interpersonal communication, group associations, and opinion leader influences. At times, television has played a key role in political campaigns, particularly when it brings an event directly to the viewer.

The Roman Conquest of the Balearic Isles

Research Article| January 01 1969 The Roman Conquest of the Balearic Isles M. Gwyn Morgan M. Gwyn Morgan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California Studies in Classical Antiquity (1969) 2: 217–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/25010590 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation M. Gwyn Morgan; The Roman Conquest of the Balearic Isles. California Studies in Classical Antiquity 1 January 1969; 2 217–231. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25010590 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentClassical Antiquity Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The control of malaria in Borneo (An account of the Tambunan experiment)

1. (1) In previous work, Anopheles maculatus was exonerated, and “ Anopheles leucosphyrus” was incriminated as the chief vector of malaria in Borneo (as it would appear to be throughout a considerable part of the East). 2. (2) Based on this work, the Tambunan Experiment was carried out in North Borneo from 1949 to 1952, to determine whether the admission of sunlight to seepages, followed if possible by cultivation to render it permanent, eradicated not only the vector but the malaria which it carries. 3. (3) An area of about 10 square miles of particularly difficult jungle-covered hills was selected, in which spleen rates had been maintained at over 80 per cent. for at least 14 years. In this area, jungle was cleared over all seepages, numbering about 200, and involving about 32 miles of waterway. 4. (4) There was an immediate 95 per cent. reduction of vector breeding. This was maintained throughout the 3 years without significant further work. 5. (5) There was a fall in spleen rates during the 1st year, from 86 per cent. to 56 per cent. This fall was continued during the subsequent years to 53 and 45 per cent respectively. 6. (6) There was some malaria transmission remaining, as shown by parasites in the blood of some young babies.This was possibly due to infiltration of infected mosquitoes from surrounding uncontrolled highly malarious villages. 7. (7) In a Comparison Area, the spleen rate, maintained at 100 per cent. at every examination during the previous 14 years, was still 100 per cent. during the first 2 years of the experiment while conditions remained the same. 8. (8) During the final 2 years of the Experiment this spleen rate fell unexpectedly, and for the first time on record children were found without evidence of malaria. This was found to be due almost certainly to the enthusiasm of a new Village Headman who had distributed drugs to the children, and had imitated the methods carried out in the Experimental Area. 9. (9) It is considered very desirable that measures should be undertaken over a larger area, on the scale of an actual campaign, to eliminate infiltration of infected mosquitoes, to test other means of clearing such as the use of selective herbicides, and as the next justifiable step in the conquest of malaria in those lands where “ A. leucosphyrus” is the vector. 10. (10) It is believed that the Tambunan Experiment has shown this method of malaria control to be effective, relatively permanent, and able to be applied by the people themselves, to the advantage of their agriculture and to the economic development of the land.

Korea and Asia

T tHE struggle now going on in Korea may be regarded as a compound of four distinct wars, each of which has different international implications. There is first of all a civil war between Communist and anti-Communist Koreans; though this would naturally arouse strong sympathies abroad on either side according to the prevailing political ideology of each country, it would be by itself an internal affair of Korea, not a war between States, and would not provide or justification for any external intervention. But the Korean civil war is also a war between North Korea and South Korea, two organized States which were divided by a clearly defined frontier, and one of which had been brought into being under the auspices of the United Nations. This second aspect of the war gave the conflict an international character; it rendered possible an appeal to the United Nations and thus led to an extension of the war in which the United Nations as an institution, and in particular the members who voted for or accepted the Security Council's resolution condemning North Korea, were ranged against the defiant North Korean aggressor. Finally, as a part of this general United Nations action against North Korea, but to be distinguished from it in its moral and political effect, was the actual military campaign of non-Korean United Nations forces in Korea-at first exclusively, and later, mainly American, with the recent addition of British and Australian contingents, and, since the middle of October, of Turkish, Philippine, and Canadian units. The decision of the United Nations gave the action to protect South Korea the character of a universal enterprise transcending all divisions between the continents or between East and West; except for the Communist States which had aided and abetted North Korea's aggression, the whole world as represented in the United Nations was united in condemning it, and India's vote at the crucial meeting of the Security Council was particularly significant in this respect. On the other hand, the fact that United Nations intervention in Korea has so far been carried out in the military sphere almost entirely by American and European troops has inevitably had the effect of making it appear to Asian minds as an external interference in Asia by non-Asians, and has even given colour to the allegation that the United Nations is merely being used as cover for a revival of Western imperialism in a new form. Communist propaganda has thus been provided with a very favourable opportunity for exploiting against the West those widespread sentiments and emotions summed up in the slogan 'Asia for the Asians'. The Soviet Union has in any case an advantage over the nations of Europe and the Americas in relation to feelings of pani8