Actual Body Research Articles

Neonatal Serum Gentamicin Concentrations and Outcomes Following Maternal Once-Daily Gentamicin Dosing.

This study evaluated newborn gentamicin serum concentrations after birth and the effects on the newborn after extended interval gentamicin dosing in peripartum mothers. This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of neonates born to mothers that received peripartum once-daily gentamicin dosing of approximately 5 mg/kg within 12 hours of delivery. A gentamicin serum concentration was obtained immediately after birth in the newborn. The primary outcome was initial neonatal gentamicin serum concentration after birth. Several secondary outcomes were evaluated including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. A subgroup analysis comparing baseline demographics of mother-newborn dyads with birth neonatal serum concentrations of less than 2 mcg/mL versus 2 mcg/mL or greater was performed. A total of 32 mother-newborn dyads were included. Newborns had a median gestational age of 39.4 weeks and median birth weight of 3.4 kg. The mean initial gentamicin serum concentration was elevated at 3.1 ± 1.9 mcg/mL among all newborns. The median maternal dose based on actual body weight in newborns with gentamicin serum concentrations less than 2 mcg/mL was 3.5 (IQR, 3.3-4.8) mg/kg versus 4.8 (IQR, 4.3-5.2) mg/kg in those that had serum concentrations of 2 mcg/mL or greater (p = 0.025). All newborn gentamicin serum concentrations were less than 2 mcg/mL for maternal doses given less than 1 hour prior to delivery (n = 8). There were no significant differences in nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity. Peripartum once daily dosing of gentamicin administered between 1 to 12 hours of birth may lead to clinically significant serum concentrations in newborns.

Body Perception From Connected Speech: Speaker Height Discrimination from Natural Sentences and Sine-Wave Replicas with and without Pitch.

In addition to language, the human voice carries information about the physical characteristics of speakers, including their body size (height and weight). The fundamental speaking frequency, perceived as voice pitch, and the formant frequencies, or resonators of the vocal tract, are the acoustic speech parameters that have been most intensely studied for perceiving a speaker's body size. In this study, we created sine-wave (SW) replicas of connected speech (sentences) uttered by 20 male and 20 female speakers, consisting of three time-varying sinusoidal waves matching the frequency pattern of the first three formants of each sentence. These stimuli only provide information about the formant frequencies of a speech signal. We also created a new experimental condition by adding a sinusoidal replica of the voice pitch of each sentence. Results obtained from a binary discrimination task revealed that (a) our SW replicas provided sufficient useful information to accurately judge the speakers' body height at an above chance level; (b) adding the sinusoidal replica about the voice pitch did not significantly increase accuracy; and (c) stimuli from female speakers were more informative for body height detection and allowed higher perceptual accuracy, due to a stronger correlation between formant frequencies and actual body height than stimuli from male speakers.

Community-Dwelling Adults' Perceived Versus Actual Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity Levels and Related Factors.

The difference between actual and perceived risk levels shows distorted risk perception. Unrealistic perceptions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks and insufficient knowledge about CVD risk factors can not only hinder the adoption of a positive lifestyle change but also obstruct preventive efforts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between perceived and actual risks, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity levels. This descriptive study included 522 community-dwelling adults in 2 different regions of Antalya/Turkey. The actual CVD risk level of the participants was determined using the "HeartScore program," actual body weight was determined according to BMI, and actual activity levels were found using the "International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF)." The perceived risks were measured with the CVD Risk and Risk Factors Perception Determination Questionnaire. CVD Risk Factors Knowledge Level (CARRF-KL) Scale was used to calculate the participants' level of knowledge about the risk factors. There was no concordance between the participants' actual and perceived CVD risks. A below-average agreement was found between the participants' actual and perceived BMI levels. In terms of actual measurements, it was seen that slightly obese individuals have a realistic perception. There was a weak agreement between the actual and perceived physical activity levels of the adults. Knowledge about the CVD risk factors of adults does not affect the perception of CVD risk and BMI and physical activity. Adults have an optimistic risk perception regarding CVD risk, BMI, and physical activity levels. It may be beneficial to periodically assess actual risks to change skewed perceptions of CVD and risk factors. These findings will inform the development of tailored intervention strategies and policies for these adults.

Safety and Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) may be effective in reducing body weight and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) post-kidney transplantation. Limited literature exists on use of these agents outside of kidney transplant. The purpose of this program evaluation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SGLT2i in kidney, liver, and lung transplant recipients. Methods: This was a retrospective program evaluation of adult kidney, liver, and lung transplant recipients between August 31, 2016 and July 31, 2021. Patients initiated on SGLT2i for diabetes for a minimum of 90 days with at least 1 follow-up appointment were screened for inclusion. Outcomes were compared between SGLT2i initiation to nadir values 3-12-months post-initiation. Outcomes included change in hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, actual body weight, and body mass index. Safety outcomes included adverse effects, cardiovascular events, death-censored graft loss, and all-cause mortality. Results: Forty-nine patients met inclusion criteria, (26 liver, 18 kidney, 4 lung, and 1 simultaneous liver-kidney recipient). The median time from transplant to SGLT2i initiation was 1216 days (IQR 524-2256). Glycemic and weight loss outcomes showed a statistically significant benefit from SGLT2i use. Total safety outcome incidence was minimal at 12 months. No patient experienced myocardial infarctions, graft loss, or mortality at 3-12 months. One incidence of urinary tract infection and stroke occurred each. The most common adverse effects included hypotension and hypoglycemia. Conclusion: This program evaluation demonstrated that SGLT2i can be used safely in solid organ transplant recipients. These agents can provide an additional non-insulin agent for post-transplant diabetes mellitus management in solid organ transplant.

Body Image and Lifestyle Behaviors in High School Adolescents.

This secondary data analysis study aimed to examine the associations between 1) body size perception (BSP) and body size dissatisfaction (BSD) and 2) lifestyle behaviors and BSP and BSD in adolescents. The study pooled cross-sectional data from two studies (n = 301) performed in adolescents. Weight and height were measured, while lifestyle behaviors and perceived actual and desired body size variables were self-reported. Linear regression analysis assessed the contribution of sex and zBMI to BSP and BSD scores. Pearson's correlation explored associations between BSP and BSD. Cohen's effect sizes compared satisfied and dissatisfied adolescents within the underestimators subgroup. A positive association between BSP and BSD scores was observed among girls living with normal-weight and overweight/obesity only (r = 0.26; p ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.38; p < 0.05, respectively). Underestimators who were satisfied with their body size showed a moderate effect size for a lower zBMI, a small effect size for lower screen time, and higher sleep duration compared to dissatisfied underestimators. Underestimation was associated with more body size satisfaction in adolescent girls with normal weight and overweight/obesity, suggesting a protective effect of underestimation. These findings support the hypothesis that body size satisfaction and underestimation in adolescents is associated with healthier lifestyle behaviors.

Development of the LSTM Model and Universal Polynomial Equation for All the Sub-Phases of Human Gait

Human gait can be measured using a change in the joint angles value of the lower limb joints during walking. Inverse kinematics (IK) of a human leg refers to calculating joint angle values from different leg positions during locomotion. This paper calculates a real-time IK for a 3-link kinematic leg using a musculoskeletal model in OpenSim. The model provides the analytical solution of IK, which is quick and accurate. But, the model-based approach is very much dependent on the morphology of the bipedal robot. The existing bipedal robots are mainly planned for walking on flat terrain and unconstrained environment. So, these limitations lead to the developing of a generalised polynomial equation for generating walking trajectories. The model-based approaches rely on the degree of similarity between the virtual human model and the actual human body, which does not fully describe the human body. Due to the difference in real and virtual models, the model-based approaches suffer during the optimisation process of the boundary conditions and the mass-inertial parameters, leading to an unstable numerical solution. The learning-based method using long short-term memory (LSTM) model for gait generation is proposed to overcome the limitation of model-based approaches.

Compliance verification method on CCAR 25.1443(c) for civil aircraft passenger oxygen system based on blood oxygen saturation

This paper generally introduces the compliance verification method on airworthiness regulation CCAR 25.1443(c) of popular passenger oxygen system on civil aircraft firstly, then technical interpretation on regulation CCAR 25.1443(c) <Minimum Mass Flow of Supplemental Oxygen> is demonstrated and method of satisfying this regulation in Top-Down design is analyzed. For those passenger oxygen system based on blood oxygen saturation which is not directly fulfill the requirement of the regulation, equivalent altitude theory is established to transform mean tracheal oxygen partial pressure required by the regulation to blood oxygen saturation index of equivalent altitude, and user’s blood oxygen saturation of these passenger oxygen system is equivalent or higher than that transformed from the regulation through actual human body physiological test and theoretical analysis from aviation physiology, then compliance to the airworthiness regulation is demonstrated by Equivalent Level of Safety. This paper gives the compliance verification method on the airworthiness regulation for those passenger oxygen system based on blood oxygen saturation on civil aircraft and this method have been used and gotten approval of the Authority for a type of civil aircraft. This paper also provides theoretical basis and test basis for further airworthiness regulation revising of the regulation CCAR25.1443(c).

Levothyroxine Dosing in Older Adults: Recommendations Derived From The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

ObjectiveAs thyroid hormone metabolism slows with advancing age, treatment dosing requirements change. Guidelines recommend titration from a low starting dose for older adults with hypothyroidism while providing weight-based estimates for younger populations. However, rapid replacement may be appropriate with acute onset of overt hypothyroidism. Therefore, a weight-based recommendation specific to older adults is needed. MethodsWe determined mean levothyroxine dose using actual and ideal body weight (IBW) ratios for the outcome of euthyroid on therapy relative to assay-specific and proposed age-specific ranges for independently living participants aged ≥65 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. We examined risk factors to identify those at highest risk of overtreatment using regression analyses adjusted for potential covariables and clustering to account for multiple visits per individual. ResultsOne hundred eighty-five participants aged ≥65 years were on levothyroxine at 645 eligible visits. At euthyroid visits, participants were on an average dose of 1.09 μg/kg (1.35 μg/kg IBW), with 84% of euthyroid individuals on a dose of <1.6 μg/kg. Average euthyroid dose did not differ by sex using either actual body weight (ABW) or IBW. For obese individuals, mean euthyroid dose was lower if calculated using ABW (0.9 μg/kg vs 1.14 μg/kg; P < .01) but similar if calculated using IBW (1.42 vs 1.32 μg/kg IBW; P = .41) compared with those with a body mass index of <30. ConclusionThyroid hormone dose per body weight estimates for replacement in older adults (1.09 μg/kg ABW or 1.35 μg/kg IBW) are one-third lower than current weight-based dose recommendations for younger populations.

Body Shape Perception in Relation to the Apparel Choices of the Young and Late Adult Women of Peshawar

The current study was conducted to examine how young and older women in the Peshawar city perceive their body image which influences their clothing choices. The selected sample of women whose age ranged between 20-50 years were evaluated by using the Stunkard body image measure. The correlation between actual body mass index (BMI) and perceived body image was significant indicated by 39% of female population having a favorable impression of their bodies. Women with a poor body image often use clothing to camouflage their protruding body parts. Positive body image leads to a preference for fitting clothing, while negative body image favors loose-fitting clothing. The study also examined the impact of patterns on women's body image, finding that women enjoyed all types of prints in their attire. The study would be distinctive in the field of fashion industry which enable a woman in identifying real body image (BMI) and perceived body image, hence help in designing attires to camouflage minor flaws.

Coupled radical and nonradical activation of peroxymonosulfate by the piezo-photocatalytic effect of α-SnWO4/ZnO heterojunction to boost the degradation and detoxification of carbamazepine

Piezo-photocatalytic processes based on heterogeneous catalysts, by establishing electronic fast track to realize electronic storage and conversion, are proved to be effective ways to improve the efficiency of PMS activation. Herein, α-SnWO4/ZnO catalyst with p-n heterojunction was constructed to testify the piezo-photocatalytic effect on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for pollution control. The decomposition rate of carbamazepine (CBZ) in the piezo-photocatalytic PMS activation process by α-SnWO4/ZnO heterojunction was 12.6 and 5.2 times to that by ZnO and α-SnWO4 processes, respectively. In addition, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of CBZ reached 89%, and TOC in the actual water body was also effectively removed. Free radical quenching and detection experiments showed that nonradicals (1O2) and free radicals (O2−, OH) were the mainly active species of the process, by which the toxicity of the intermediates of CBZ was significantly reduced by the combination of the radical and nonradical pathways through hydroxylation and singlet oxygen oxidation. Furthermore, the influences of the experimental factors, including the initial pH, PMS concentration, temperature and reuse of catalysts on CBZ degradation were evaluated. Notably, the activation energy (Ea) in this work was calculated as 34.2 kJ mol−1, which was lower than that of other reported systems. Overall, this work can scientifically guide the design of high-performance piezo-photocatalysts to use common metals for efficient activation of PMS as economical alternatives over expensive rare metal catalysts for water purification.

Alkaline lignin-derived N-doped biochars as peroxymonosulfate activators for acetaminophen degradation: Performance and catalytic bridging mediated Electron-Transfer mechanism

Carbon-catalyzed persulfate activation processes are promising techniques for oxidizing aqueous organic pollutants, while high-performance and low-cost carbocatalysts are urgently needed. To address this issue, nitrogen-doped biochar catalyst from alkaline lignin was developed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for acetaminophen (APAP) degradation. The optimized N-doped biochar achieved a complete removal of 50 ppm APAP within 15 min under the conditions of 0.1 g/L catalyst and 0.5 mM oxidant across a wide pH range of 4–10. Notably, the optimized N-doped biochar exhibits remarkable stability, retaining 75% APAP removal after four cycles. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation, including quenching tests, electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, and electrochemical analyses, elucidated the electron-transfer mechanism involved in the nonradical N-doped biochar/PMS system. Surprisingly, the results indicated that the primary species responsible for APAP oxidation was an activated state of N-doped biochar with electron deficiency generated from the interactions between the catalyst and PMS. This work not only provides cost-effective and high-performance biochar catalyst for selectively removing APAP from actual water body, but also sheds new light on the electron-transfer mechanism involved in nonradical carbon/PMS systems.

Global future population exposure to heatwaves

The increasing exposure to extreme heatwaves in urban areas from both climate change and the urban heat island (UHI) effect poses multiple threats and challenges to human society. Despite a growing number of studies focusing on extreme exposure, research advances are still limited in some aspects such as oversimplification of human exposure to heatwaves and neglect of perceived temperature as well as actual body comfort, resulting in unreliable and unrealistic estimates of future results. In addition, little research has performed comprehensive and fine-resolution global analyses in future scenarios. In this study, we present the first global fine-resolution projection of future changing urban population exposure to heatwaves by 2100 under four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) considering urban expansion at global, regional, and national scales. Overall, global urban population exposure to heatwaves is rising under the four SSPs. Temperate and tropical zones predictably have the greatest exposure among all climate zones. Coastal cities are projected to have the greatest exposure, followed closely by cities at low altitudes. Middle-income countries have the lowest exposure and the lowest inequality of exposure among countries. Individual climate effects contributed the most (approximately 46.4%) to future changes in exposure, followed by the interactive effect between climate and urbanization (approximately 18.5%). Our results indicate that more attention needs to be paid to policy improvements and sustainable development planning of global coastal cities and some low-altitude cities, especially in low- and high-income countries. Meanwhile, this study also highlights the impact of continued future urban expansion on population exposure to heatwaves.

141-OR: Discrepancy between Genetically-Predicted and Actual Body Mass Index Predicts Incident Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is a key predictor of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can predict BMI based on common variants, and genetically-predicted BMI (BMI-pred) could serve as a threshold for personal fat storage. We hypothesized that difference between BMI-pred and actual BMI (BMI-diff) could reflect severity of environmental factors affecting BMI and may predict incident T2D. Methods: From the UK Biobank cohort, we selected participants of white British descent without a history of T2D (n=383,160). The PRS for BMI was calculated using polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors (PRS-CS) with summary statistics from the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits consortium GWAS. According to the BMI-diff, the 10-year risk of T2D was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model. Results were validated in an independent cohort from South Korea (n=8,840). Results: Participants (mean age 56.8 ± 8.0, male 45.3%) were randomly divided into train (n=268,041) and test set (n=115,119) to establish BMI-pred using PRS-CS. In the test set, the BMI-pred could explain 7.1% of the variance of BMI and T2D occurred in 3,599 (3.1%) cases during 10-year follow-up. The risk of T2D increased linearly according to the decrease of BMI-diff. Participants in the higher quintiles of BMI-diff (more obese than genetically-predicted), had significantly higher risk of T2D than those in the lowest quintile (less obese than genetically-predicted) regardless of their own BMI: adjusted HR (aHR) of 1st quintile 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.05, P &amp;lt;0.001; aHR of 2nd quintile 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.81, P &amp;lt;0.001. Results were consistent when validated in the South Korean cohort. Conclusion: Deviation of actual BMI from BMI-pred which reflects severity of environmental factors is a significant predictor of incident T2D. Disclosure T.Rhee: None. H.Lee: None. J.Choi: None. J.S.Lee: None. S.Kwak: None. K.Park: None.

Deep learning-based body weight from scout images can be an alternative to actual body weight in CT radiation dose management.

Accurate body weight measurement is essential to promote computed tomography (CT) dose optimization; however, body weight cannot always be measured prior to CT examination, especially in the emergency setting. The aim of this study was to investigate whether deep learning-based body weight from chest CT scout images can be an alternative to actual body weight in CT radiation dose management. Chest CT scout images and diagnostic images acquired for medical checkups were collected from 3601 patients. A deep learning model was developed to predict body weight from scout images. The correlation between actual and predicted body weight was analyzed. To validate the use of predicted body weight in radiation dose management, the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol ) and the dose-length product (DLP) were compared between the body weight subgroups based on actual and predicted body weight. Surrogate size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs) acquired from actual and predicted body weight were compared to the reference standard. The median actual and predicted body weight were 64.1 (interquartile range: 56.5-72.4) and 64.0 (56.3-72.2) kg, respectively. There was a strong correlation between actual and predicted body weight (ρ=0.892, p<0.001). The CTDIvol and DLP of the body weight subgroups were similar based on actual and predicted body weight (p<0.001). Both surrogate SSDEs based on actual and predicted body weight were not significantly different from the reference standard (p=0.447 and 0.410, respectively). Predicted body weight can be an alternative to actual body weight in managing dose metrics and simplifying SSDE calculation. Our proposed method can be useful for CT radiation dose management in adult patients with unknown body weight.

In critically ill adult patients with COVID-19, lower energy and higher protein intake are associated with fewer mechanical ventilation and antibiotic days but not with ICU length of stay.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) nutrition management guidelines recommend hypocaloric, high-protein feeding in the acute phase of critical illness. This study aimed to determine, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, whether nutrition support affects outcomes in nonobese patients when providing a mean energy intake of ≥20 kcal/kg/day vs <20 kcal/kg/day and protein intake of ≥1.2 g/kg/day vs <1.2 g/kg/day, using actual body weight, and in patients with obesity when providing ≥20 kcal/kg/day vs <20 kcal/kg/day and a protein intake of ≥2 g/kg/day vs <2 g/kg/day using ideal body weight. This retrospective study included adults with COVID-19 on mechanical ventilation (MV) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from 2020 to 2021. Clinical and nutrition parameters were recorded the first 14 days of ICU stay. One hundred four patients were included: 79 (75.96%) were male and had a median age of 51 years and body mass index of 29.65 kg/m2 . ICU length of stay (LOS) was not affected by nutrition intake, but patients receiving <20 kcal/kg/day had fewer MV days (P = 0.029). In a subgroup analysis, MV days were lower in the nonobese group receiving <20 kcal/kg/day (P = 0.012). In the obese group, those receiving higher protein intake had fewer antibiotic days (P = 0.013). In critically ill patients with COVID-19, lower energy and higher protein intake were respectively associated with fewer MV days and, in patients with obesity, fewer antibiotic days, but they had no effect on ICU LOS.

Utilization of a Population Pharmacokinetic Model to Improve a Busulfan Test-Dose Strategy in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients.

Busulfan is an alkylating agent used as part of conditioning chemotherapy regimens prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT). Pharmacokinetic (PK)-guided test-dose strategies have been shown to improve the number of patients achieving busulfan exposure goals and improve clinical outcomes. However, current practices require extensive PK sampling. In this study, PK data were retrospectively collected from busulfan drug monitoring records from adult allo-HCT recipients who received once-daily intravenous busulfan at the University of North Carolina Medical Center (UNCMC). A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model was developed to identify sources of interindividual variability and evaluate alternative PK sampling strategies. A 2-compartment model, with covariate effects of actual body weight and sex, best described the data. The typical value of clearance for an 83kg male was estimated to be 11.21L/h. Fifty-nine percent of allo-HCT recipients were estimated to have met the UNCMC institutional myeloablative conditioning (MAC) exposure goal based on model post hoc estimates of clearance using all PK samples obtained following MAC dosing. Fifty-seven percent of patients were estimated to have met this goal based on post hoc estimates using a single PK sample. Our results indicate once-daily, intravenous busulfan PK in adult allo-HCT recipients receiving MAC dosing can be reasonably described by a popPK model, and the use of a sparse PK sampling strategy may be feasible for determining target exposure attainment following MAC dosing. Use of a popPK model and sparse PK sampling strategy to carry out busulfan test-dose procedures could reduce health care costs and inconvenience to patients.

Accuracy of stretch flange formability prediction by considering strain gradient for actual car body parts

The effect of the strain gradient on the stretch flange deformation limit of steel sheets was investigated by hole expansion tests under various forming conditions and by FEM forming simulations. The hole expansion ratio was changed by changing the initial hole diameter and punch shapes. This study clarified the fact that deformation limit strain increases, as it does not depend on the initial hole diameter or punch shape, and thus the strain gradient increases. The deformation limit thickness strain of the stretch flange portion could be changed by changing the strain gradient. These results suggest that the formability of the stretch flange deformation area should be determined from not only the maximum principal strain but also the strain gradient. Then, the accuracy of stretch flange formability prediction by considering the strain gradient for actual car body parts in mass production was investigated. The maximum principal strain and the strain gradient of the parts were calculated by FEM or measured in the press part. These results suggest that the formability of the stretch flange deformation area for actual car body parts could not be predicted by not only the maximum principal strain or the thickness reduction, but also the conventional FLD. This investigation verified the accuracy of stretch flange formability prediction by considering the strain gradient for actual car body parts.

Exploring The Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Weight Perception, And Weight Change Behaviour Among University Students in Urban Gujarat, India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: In the context of the rising trend of overweight and obesity, young people are more concerned about their weight. This study investigates the association between measured Body Mass Index (BMI), self-perception of body weight and weight change behavior among university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed a sample of 415 university students aged 18-23 years residing in urban areas of Anand. Measures included weight, height, BMI, body weight perception and weight change behavior. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, the student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results: About 36.1% of the participants misclassified their weight category. More women than men felt overweight in relation to their actual body shape. Among normal-weight or underweight BMI participants, 44.4% of females and 31.8% of males were inappropriately trying to lose weight. Conclusions: The study showed a higher prevalence of weight perception and inappropriate weight change behaviour. It also observed that the correct perception of body weight influences the willingness to lose or gain weight. It is important to consider these issues while designing a public health campaign targeting obesity and healthy lifestyles.

A bifunctional graphene-based cathode for wastewater treatment in heterogeneous electro-fenton: Taking textile, old landfill leachate and simulated antibiotic wastewater as examples

Enhancing heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) efficiency to deal with water pollution cannot avoid the limitation of Fe(II) regeneration and low efficiency of H2O2 production. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient and robust strategy for the growth of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and iron layered double hydroxide (FeIIFeIII-LDH) composites on graphite felt (rGO-FeIIFeIII-LDH/GF). rGO-FeIIFeIII-LDH/GF shows accelerated Fe(II) regeneration, and excellent 2e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. It was revealed by electrochemical measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations that rGO acted as an electron mediator, which enables a feasible fast electron transfer pathway (rGOHOMO(−0.99 eV) → FeIIFeIII-LDHLUMO(0.53 eV)) for Fe(II) regeneration. The 2e− ORR activity can be attributed to the electron transfer number (1.77–1.94), N-doping and Fe occupied the defect site of rGO. The heterogeneous (total Fe leaching meet GB 5740–2006) EF process enabled immediate activation of H2O2 into OH and O2−. Various wastewaters including simulated dye and antibiotic wastewater, textile effluent, old landfill leachate can be efficiently treated in 120 min. Moreover, after avoiding the influence of Cl− in the actual water body, the pollution load and toxicity of the effluent were more acceptable. These results provide new insights into the heterogeneous EF system constructed with carbon fiber-based bifunctional electrode for the treatment of various actual wastewaters.

How Does Barbie Influence the Aesthetic Standards of Growing Children?

The research hopes to explore the relationship between Barbie dolls and beauty standards in growing children, taking body dissatisfaction as a direction. The research analyzes the experiment conducted by Dittmar et al. in 2006, The Effect of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Image of 5 to 8- Year-Old Girls, about the body image of different dolls and responses from young girls. The responses include their actual body shape, the body shape they ideally desired to be, and their ideal body shape as an adult woman. It is proven that girls with Barbie dolls experienced body dissatisfaction due to our theoretical framework. They experienced lower self-esteem and higher body dissatisfaction, which reflects the internalization of Barbie's proportion as the beauty standard. This research focuses on the potential reasons behind the body dissatisfaction of young girls with Barbie and why they might take Barbie as the aesthetic standard. Compared to previous research, this research provides more references for improving Barbie, whereas previous research focuses more on Barbie's impact on teenagers.