Intracellular Enzyme Activity Research Articles

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of phlorizin against osteoarthritis.

To study the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of phlorizin in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) through network pharmacological analysis, molecular docking, and experimental validation. First, we screened out the relevant targets related to phlorizin and OA from the public database. The key targets, biological processes, and signaling pathways of phlorizin against OA were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO), and Encyclopedia of Kyoto Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to predict the binding activity between phlorizin and key targets. Finally, we evaluated the effects of phlorizin on hydrogen peroxide-induced OA in rats and validated its possible mechanism of action based on the findings of the network pharmacology analysis. Network pharmacology revealed a total of 235 cross-targets involved in the treatment of OA. Phlorizin's anti-OA effect was found to be primarily mediated through oxidoreductase activity, with JAK-STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways playing a regulating role, according to pathway enrichment analysis. Phlorizin demonstrated a strong affinity for NF-κB1 targets through molecular docking. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that phlorizin could enhance intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities with good ROS scavenging ability and significantly reduce the expression of NF-κB1 and inflammatory cytokines. Phlorizin can inhibit the progression of OA. The potential underlying mechanism involves inhibiting the NF-κB pathway to reduce inflammation and promote intracellular antioxidant action.

Glutamine enhances pneumococcal growth under methionine semi-starvation by elevating intracellular pH.

Bacteria frequently encounter nutrient limitation in nature. The ability of living in this nutrient shortage environment is vital for bacteria to preserve their population and important for some pathogenic bacteria to cause infectious diseases. Usually, we study how bacteria survive after nutrient depletion, a total starvation condition when bacteria almost cease growth and try to survive. However, nutrient limitation may not always lead to total starvation. Bacterial adaptation to nutrient shortage was studied by determining bacterial growth curves, intracellular pH, intracellular amino acid contents, gene transcription, protein expression, enzyme activity, and translation and replication activities. No exogenous supply of methionine results in growth attenuation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a human pathogen. In this paper, we refer to this inhibited growth state between ceased growth under total starvation and full-speed growth with full nutrients as semi-starvation. Similar to total starvation, methionine semi-starvation also leads to intracellular acidification. Surprisingly, it is intracellular acidification but not insufficient methionine synthesis that causes growth attenuation under methionine semi-starvation. With excessive glutamine supply in the medium, intracellular methionine level was not changed, while bacterial intracellular pH was elevated to ~ 7.6 (the optimal intracellular pH for pneumococcal growth) by glutamine deamination, and bacterial growth under semi-starvation was restored fully. Our data suggest that intracellular acidification decreases translation level and glutamine supply increases intracellular pH to restore translation level, thus restoring bacterial growth. This growth with intracellular pH adjustment by glutamine is a novel strategy we found for bacterial adaptation to nutrient shortage, which may provide new drug targets to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria under semi-starvation.

Changes in stresses sensitivity of ohmic heating-induced sublethally injured Staphylococcus aureus during repair: Potential mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels

Ohmic heating (OH), an emerging food processing technology employed in the food processing industry, raises potential food safety concerns due to the recovery of sublethally injured pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In the present study, sensitivity to various stress conditions and the changes in cellular-related factors of OH-injured S. aureus during repair were investigated. The results indicated that liquid media differences (nutrient broth (NB), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), milk, and cucumber juice) affected the recovery process of injured cells. Nutrient enrichment determines the bacterial repair rate, and the rates of repair for these media were milk > NB > cucumber juice > PBS. The sensitivity of injured cells to various stressors, including different acids, temperature, nisin, simulated gastric fluid, and bile salt, increased during the injury phase and subsequently diminished upon repair. Additionally, the intracellular ATP content, enzyme activities (Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, and T-ATPase) and ion concentrations (Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+) gradually increased during repair. After 5 h of repair, the intracellular substances content of cell's was significantly higher than that of the injured bacteria without repair, while some indicators (e.g., Na+/K+-ATPase, K+, and Ca2+) were not restored to the untreated level. The results of this study indicated that OH-injured S. aureus exhibited strengthened resistance post-recovery, potentially due to the restoration of cellular structures. These findings have implications for optimizing food storage conditions and advancing OH processes in the food industry.

Efficient disinfection of combined sewer overflows by ultraviolet/peracetic acid through intracellular oxidation with preserving cell integrity

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) introduce microbial contaminants into the receiving water bodies, thereby posing risks to public health. This study systematically investigated the disinfection performance and mechanisms of the combined process of ultraviolet and peracetic acid (UV/PAA) in CSOs with selecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a target microbial contaminant. The UV/PAA process exhibited superior performance in inactivating E. coli in simulated CSOs compared with UV, PAA, and UV/H2O2 processes. Increasing the PAA dosage greatly enhanced the disinfection efficiency, while turbidity and organic matter hindered the inactivation performance. Singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl (•OH) and organic radicals (RO•) contributed to the inactivation of E. coli, with •OH and RO• playing the prominent role. Variations of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, enzymes activities, DNA contents and biochemical compositions of E. coli cells suggested that UV/PAA primarily caused oxidative damage to intracellular molecules rather than the damage to the lipids of the cell membrane, therefore effectively limited the regrowth of E. coli. Additionally, the UV/PAA process displayed an outstanding performance in disinfecting actual raw CSOs, achieving a 2.90-log inactivation of total bacteria after reaction for 4 min. These results highlighted the practical applicability and effectiveness of the UV/PAA process in the disinfection of CSOs.

The dynamic analysis of non-targeted metabolomics and antioxidant activity of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo by the synergistic fermentation of bacteria and enzymes

The fermentation metabolites of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) exists a crucial influence on its antioxidant activity which further affects the comprehensive utilization of D. officinale fermentation products. In this research, multiple proteases were selected for the synergistic fermentation of D. officinale with Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the metabolite characteristics and predict the metabolic pathways of fermented D. officinale liquid (FDL). In vitro chemical assay and cellular oxidative stress model were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of FDL. The contents of phenols, flavonoids and B vitamins were significantly increased during the synergistic fermentation of bacteria and enzymes. A total of 45 key differential metabolites were identified, consisting primarily of 16 sugars, 15 organic acids and 5 polyols. Furthermore, the changes in their types and contents were shaped by 6 critical differential metabolic pathways. As fermentation progressed, the scavenging capability of FDL on free radicals was notably augmented, and it had the ability to enhance the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes by suppressing the generation of intracellular ROS and MDA. The synergistic fermentation of bacteria and enzymes was beneficial for D. officinale exhibited efficient antioxidant activity.

Walnut protein isolate-epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticles: A functional carrier enhanced stability and antioxidant activity of lycopene

Walnut isolate protein (WPI)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) conjugates can be employed to creat food-grade delivery systems for preserving bioactive compounds. In this study, WPI-EGCG nanoparticles (WENPs) were developed for encapsulating lycopene (LYC) using the ultrasound-assisted method. The results indicated successful loading of LYC into these WENPs, forming the WENPs/LYC (cylinder with 200–300 nm in length and 14.81–30.05 nm in diameter). Encapsulating LYC in WENPs led to a notable decrease in release rate and improved stability in terms of thermal, ultraviolet (UV), and storage conditions compared to free LYC. Simultaneously, WENPs/LYC exhibited a synergistic and significantly higher antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 23.98 μg/mL in HepG2 cells compared to free LYC’s 31.54 μg/mL. Treatment with WENPs/LYC led to a dose-dependent restoration of intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and inhibition of intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicated that enrichment in glutathione metabolism and peroxisome processes following WENPs/LYC addition. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) verified the expression levels of related genes involved in the antioxidant resistance pathway of WENPs/LYC on AAPH-induced oxidative stress. This study offers novel perspectives into the antioxidant resistance pathway of WENPs/LYC, holding significant potential in food industry.

Metabolic effects of phospholipids extracted from capelin (Mallotus villosus) roe on HepG2 cells

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of capelin roe phospholipid (CPL) on lipid accumulation, fatty acid profile, oxidative stress, and changes in target macromolecular structure in HepG2 cells using multidimensional hyperspectral technique. The results showed that CPL significantly inhibited oleic acid-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids and increased the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH-Px, SOD). The control and CPL-treated groups promoted accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids and reduced deposition of saturated fatty acids. The therapeutic effects of CPL positively correlated with its concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared analysis indicated that CPL decreased the relative contents of intracellular carbohydrate, nucleic acid, –CH2-, and ν(C=O)/νas (CH2+CH3), and maintained the order of intracellular protein structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used for label-free cell sorting. This work provided a direction for the subsequent development of functional lipids in aquaculture.

Kaempferia galanga (L.): An Updated Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Properties

Kaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga) locally called aromatic ginger or “kencur" in Bahasa is traditionally for the treatment of various diseases related to antioxidants such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulator. This paper aims to provide a critical review of the current antioxidant activity of K. galanga using in vitro and in vivo assays. The information and data of K. galanga were collected from various resources such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The results showed that K. galanga plays a role in defense systems against oxidative stress. Several in vitro assays have been used to measure the antioxidant activity of K. galanga, namely,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reduction of antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Whereas, the parameter in vivo antioxidant assay of K galanga including lifespan, survival life, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and antioxidant enzyme activities: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Based on the findings, it can be indicated that K. galanga has powerful antioxidant activities and, therefore could have the potential as a natural antioxidant.

Allelochemicals of Alexandrium tamarense and its algicidal mechanism for Prorocentrum donghaiense and Heterosigma akashiwo

The effects of culture filtrate of Alexandrium tamarense on Prorocentrum donghaiense and Heterosigma akashiwo were investigated, including determination of algal density, photosynthesis, intracellular enzyme content and activity. The filtrate of A. tamarense had a stronger inhibitory effect on P. donghaiense than H. akashiwo, and the inhibitory effect decreased with higher temperature treatment of the filtrate. Instantaneous fluorescence (Ft) and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) values of both kinds of target algae were reduced as exposed to the filtrate of A. tamarense, which proved that allelopathy could inhibit the normal operation of photosynthetic system. The increase of Malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the two kinds of target algae indicated that the cell membrane was seriously damaged by allelochemicals released by A. tamarense. The different responses of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity in two kinds of target algae demonstrated the complexity and diversity of allelopathic mechanism. The filtrate of A. tamarense also influenced the metabolic function (ATPases) of P. donghaiense and H. akashiwo, and the influence on P. donghaiense was greater. Liquid-liquid extraction was used to extract and isolate allelochemicals from the filtrate of A. tamarense. It was found that only component I with molecular weight of 424.2573 and 434.2857 could inhibit the growth of P. donghaiense by HPLC-MS.

Сравнительная характеристика эффективности профилактики прогрессирования ХПН с использованием терапии секретомом эмбриональных клеток и трансплантации неонатальных тканей.

Introduction. Literature data and our own research indicate that therapy with immature cell secretion products (secretome) has a pronounced nephroprotective effect both in acute kidney injury and in chronic renal failure (CRF). Considering that the source of the complex of signaling molecules stimulating reparative processes in organs are low-differentiated cells of functionally and anatomically immature organs in a state of deveopment, the question arises to what extent tissue transplantation of these organs reproduces the effect of therapy with a secretome of stem cells in relation to the progression of CRF. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on 40 outbred male rats weighing 260-290 g, in which CRF was modeled by resection of 4/5 functionally active renal parenchyma. In the 1st series (control), no therapeutic actions were performed. In the 2nd series, after modeling CRF, a course of therapy with Cellex, the active component of which is the secretome of pig embryonic brain cells, was carried out in the form of 2 10-day courses with a 10-day break between them. In the 3rd and 4th series, immediately after CRF modeling, kidney or testicle tissue obtained from newborn baby rats (1-2 days after birth) was injected under the capsule of the resected kidney as a source of immature cells. Tissues of different organs were used to assess the severity of the tissue-specific effect of therapy. Results. 7 days after the modeling of CRF in all series, a deterioration of more than 2 times of all functional parameters was revealed. After 1 month, in the control and in the 2nd and 3rd series, a tendency to an increase in GFR was revealed, which did not reach statistical significance, whereas in the 4th series, the increase in GFR turned out to be statistically significant. After 2 months in the control series, there was a repeated decrease in the GFR index, whereas in all experimental series, GFR continued to increase or remained at subnormal values. The activity of tubular reabsorption of sodium and calcium after a significant decrease after 7 days to 1 month in the control series increased slightly (but unreliably), and after 2 months they again decreased to values 2 times lower than normal. In all experimental series, after 1 and 2 months, the reabsorption of these electrolytes was at values close to normal. The improvement was especially pronounced in groups 2 and 4. After 7 days, the activity of intracellular enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) in the blood increased in all series with a gradual decrease in hyperfermentemia after 2 months, more pronounced in group 4, as well as in all experimental groups with respect to LDH. Histological examination of the condition of neonatal transplants revealed the destruction of transplanted kidney tissue and a viable testicular graft. Conclusion. Transplantation of neonatal organ tissue under a kidney capsule to rats with CRF has a comparable nephroprotective effect with therapy with the secretome of embryonic cells (Cellex drug). A more pronounced improvement in functional parameters during testicular tissue transplantation is explained by the preservation of the viability of the graft.

Protective Mechanism of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Fermentation Broth against Ultraviolet-A-Induced Photoaging of Human Embryonic Skin Fibroblasts.

This study takes the fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) as a fermentation substrate and carries out a quantitative visual analysis of the domestic and foreign literature on screenings of five different lactic acid bacteria to obtain a fermentation broth. Systemic anti-photoaging effects are analyzed at the biochemical, cellular, and molecular biological levels. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities are used to verify the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth in vitro. Human embryonic skin fibroblasts (HESs) are used to establish a UVA damage model, and the antioxidant capacity of the RRT fruit fermentation broth is verified in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activity. RT-qPCR and ELISA are used to detect the expression of TGF-β/Smad, MMPs, and the MAPK/AP-1 and Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathways in order to explore the anti-oxidation and anti-photoaging effects of the RRT fruit fermentation broth by regulating different signaling pathways. The results show that an RRT fruit fermentation broth can effectively protect cells from oxidative stress caused by UVA and has significant anti-photoaging effects, with the co-cultured Lactobacillus Yogurt Starter LYS-20297 having the highest overall effect.

Nb2CTx MXene coating with inhibition of oxidative stress prepared by Marangoni effect for hemodialysis therapy

Oxidative stress is an important risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), that can further aggravate the disease during dialysis of patients and eventually lead to various complications. Here, Nb2CTx MXene was deposited using the Marangoni force to tightly stack them on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate membrane, conferring the alleviation of oxidative stress. Owing to the excellent antioxidant activity of Nb2CTx MXenes, PVDF/Nb2CTx membranes can scavenge a wide range of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Additionally, the functionalized membranes modulated the intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity and maintained an intracellular oxidative-antioxidant system balance. In the simulated dialysis experiment, the optimised hemodialysis membrane (MMX-0.2 membrane) exhibited the high clearance of middle and small uraemic toxins (72.6% of lysozyme and 90.0% of urea) owing to the unique lamellar structure of Nb2CTx. Protein adhesion experiments showed that Nb2CTx MXenes improved membrane hydrophilicity and hindered protein adsorption. The functionalized membranes exhibited excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, meeting the biocompatibility requirements for hemodialysis membranes. In this work constructed PVDF/Nb2CTx functionalized membranes with excellent oxidative stress inhibition and high dialysis performance are proposed as a novel hemodialysis membrane preparation method to improve patient prognosis.

Feasibility and mechanism of removing Microcystis aeruginosa and degrading microcystin-LR by dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Harmful cyanobacterial bloom is one of the serious environmental problems worldwide. Microcystis aeruginosa is a representative harmful alga in cyanobacteria bloom. It is of great significance to develop new technologies for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins. The feasibility and mechanism of removing microcystis aeruginosa and degrading microcystins by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma were studied. The suitable DBD parameters obtained in this study are DBD (41.5 W, 40 min) and DBD (41.5 W, 50 min), resulting in algae removal efficiency of 77.4% and 80.4%, respectively; scanning electron microscope and LIVE-DEATH analysis demonstrate that DBD treatment can disrupt cell structure and lead to cell death; analysis of elemental composition and chemical state indicated that there are traces of oxidation of organic nitrogen and organic carbon in microcystis aeruginosa; further intracellular ROS concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity analysis confirm that DBD damage microcystis aeruginosa through oxidation. Meanwhile, DBD can effectively degrade the microcystin-LR released after cell lysis, the extracellular microcystin-LR concentration in the DBD (41.5 W) group decreased by 88.7% at 60 min compared to the highest concentration at 20 min; further toxicity analysis of degradation intermediates indicated that DBD can reduce the toxicity of microcystin-LR. The contribution of active substances to the inactivation of microcystis aeruginosa is eaq− >•OH > H2O2 > O3 > 1O2 >•O2− >ONOO−, while on the degradation of microcystin-LR is eaq− >•OH > H2O2 > O3 >•O2− >1O2 > ONOO−. The application of DBD plasma technology in microcystis aeruginosa algae removal and detoxification has certain prospects for promotion and application.

Bidirectional Regulation of Intracellular Enzyme Activity Using Light-Driven Nano-Inhibitors.

Photochemical regulation provides precise control over enzyme activities with high spatiotemporal resolution. A promising approach involves anchoring "photoswitches" at enzyme active sites to modulate substrate recognition. However, current methods often require genetic mutations and irreversible enzyme modifications for the site-specific anchoring of "photoswitches", potentially compromising the enzyme activities. Herein, we present a pioneering reversible nano-inhibitor based on molecular imprinting technique for bidirectional regulation of intracellular enzyme activity. The nano-inhibitor employs a molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle as its body and azobenzene-modified inhibitors ("photoswitches") as the arms. By using a target enzyme as the molecular template, the nano-inhibitor acquires oriented binding sites on its surface, resulting in a high affinity for the target enzyme and non-covalently firm anchoring of the azobenzene-modified inhibitor to the enzyme active site. Harnessing the reversible isomerization of azobenzene units upon exposure to ultraviolet and visible light, the nano-inhibitor achieves bidirectional enzyme activity regulation by precisely docking and undocking inhibitor at the active site. Notably, this innovative approach enables the facile in situ regulation of intracellular endogenous enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Our results represent a practical and versatile tool for precise enzyme activity regulation in complex intracellular environments.

Bidirectional Regulation of Intracellular Enzyme Activity Using Light‐Driven Nano‐Inhibitors

AbstractPhotochemical regulation provides precise control over enzyme activities with high spatiotemporal resolution. A promising approach involves anchoring “photoswitches” at enzyme active sites to modulate substrate recognition. However, current methods often require genetic mutations and irreversible enzyme modifications for the site‐specific anchoring of “photoswitches”, potentially compromising the enzyme activities. Herein, we present a pioneering reversible nano‐inhibitor based on molecular imprinting technique for bidirectional regulation of intracellular enzyme activity. The nano‐inhibitor employs a molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle as its body and azobenzene‐modified inhibitors (“photoswitches”) as the arms. By using a target enzyme as the molecular template, the nano‐inhibitor acquires oriented binding sites on its surface, resulting in a high affinity for the target enzyme and non‐covalently firm anchoring of the azobenzene‐modified inhibitor to the enzyme active site. Harnessing the reversible isomerization of azobenzene units upon exposure to ultraviolet and visible light, the nano‐inhibitor achieves bidirectional enzyme activity regulation by precisely docking and undocking inhibitor at the active site. Notably, this innovative approach enables the facile in situ regulation of intracellular endogenous enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Our results represent a practical and versatile tool for precise enzyme activity regulation in complex intracellular environments.

Photodynamic inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes using a natural aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer and its application in salmon preservation

Photodynamic sterilization has been regarded as a promising alternative to conventional antibacterial approaches. However, the photodynamic efficiency of conventional photosensitizer is often compromised by aggregation-induced quenching effects. Photosensitizers, especially natural products, with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties open a new avenue for photodynamic sterilization. Herein, we investigated the photodynamic antibacterial performance and mechanism of the AIE-type natural product of berberine (BBR) against Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The bactericidal effect was assessed through the determination of minimum bactericidal concentration and implementation of anti-biofilm experiments. The results showed that BBR can significantly suppress the proliferation of L. monocytogenes and can efficiently remove the L. monocytogenes-derived biofilm in a concentration-dependent trend. The mechanism of killing L. monocytogenes has been speculated based on bacterial morphology characterization, viability staining results, enzyme activity assays, DNA electrophoresis analysis, and molecular docking. The excellent anti-bacterial activity of BBR mediated photodynamic process may account for its abilities to the irreversibly disruption of bacterial membrane, inhibition of intracellular enzyme activity and decomposition of intracellular DNA molecules. We also demonstrated that BBR embedded sodium alginate/chitosan packaging film is feasible to maintain the freshness of salmon under light illumination by inhibiting the bacterial proliferation.

Nanotech-Driven Activation of Glycolysis in Stored Red Blood Cells through Innovative Resuspension Solution Processing

At present, nanotechnology offers fresh possibilities for influencing anaerobic glycolysis processes and hexose monophosphate reactions in preserved red blood cells. We investigated components containing red blood cells donated with the CPDA-1 preservative. We utilized modified solutions consisting of 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose for resuspension. The solutions underwent treatment with magnetite nanoparticles (specifically, ICNB brand) using the Belousov’s method. Spectrophotometry was employed to determine the levels of 2,3-DPG, ATP, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. This research presents promising avenues for extending the shelf life and maintaining the functional activity of preserved red blood cells. Our findings demonstrated a significant increase in ATP and reduced glutathione, accompanied by a reduction in 2,3-DPG and glutathione peroxidase. It was evident that the enhancement of anaerobic glycolysis was less pronounced in experiments involving modified physiological saline compared to those using a glucose solution. Instead, the pentose glucose oxidation cycle prevailed. A comprehensive analysis of the collected data suggests that the modified resuspension solutions possess membrane-protective properties, which can be attributed to the rise in ATP and reduced glutathione, maintaining the cell's redox potential in equilibrium. The introduction of magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) induces changes in the mobility and orientation of hydrogen protons within the resuspension solutions. This results in polarization of the aqueous environment surrounding the erythrocytes due to van der Waals forces. This polarization constitutes the primary cause behind the activation of ATP phosphate residue hydrolysis and the activation of intracellular enzymes that regulate anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate cycle. As a consequence, transmembrane metabolism and metabolic processes are altered, leading to a shift in the energy state of erythrocytes and the activation of enzymes. All of these changes exert a substantial influence on the energy supply of preserved red blood cells, thus preserving their functional capabilities under storage conditions at temperatures ranging from 2 to 6℃.

Полиорганная патология в организме крыс при экспериментальном аллоксановом диабете

The purpose of the study was to identify multiple organ pathologies in rats with experimental alloxan diabetes. The work shows that intraperitoneal administration of alloxan to Wistar rats (n=80), at a dose of 150 mg/kg of animal body weight, leads after 30 days to morphological changes in parenchymal organs. The combined pathology is determined by the etiological factor and toxic products of the altered organism of rats, the causal links of which are: destruction of B cells with lymphocytic infiltration of the islets of Langerhans, insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, qualitative changes in intracellular proteins and enzyme activity, swelling of organelles and an increase in the volume of the cell as a whole, intra- and extracellular changes in electrolyte content. Consequently, insulin is a moderator in the regulation of the metabolism of many cells, and in its long-term absence, typical pathological processes in organs and tissues stereotypically arise.

Effects of Two Different Self-Paced Training Modalities on the Aerobic Fitness Levels, Psychophysiological Responses, and Antioxidant Status in Physically Active Young Adults

This study aims to investigate the effects of self-paced high-intensity interval training (Sp-HIIT) vs. self-paced moderate-intensity continuous training (Sp-MICT) on aerobic fitness levels, psychophysiological responses, and antioxidant status to assess the relationship between aerobic fitness levels and antioxidant markers. Physically active young adults were randomised into Sp-HIIT and Sp-MICT groups. The intervention consisted of three weekly sessions during an eight-week period. Sp-HIIT consisted of performing two sets of 12–24 × 30 s high-intensity runs ≥ 85% HRmax followed by 30 s rest periods, while Sp-MICT consisted of performing 24–48 min of continuous running at 60–75% HRmax. Pre- and post-intervention testing included a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) assessment during a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT), as well as resting blood samples, which were analysed for oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)). The Sp-HIIT group showed a greater improvement in velocity of 30-15 IFT, VO2max, and MDA responses. Furthermore, the Sp-HIIT group demonstrated higher psychophysiological responses than the Sp-MICT group, except for anger responses. In conclusion, these results suggest that Sp-HIIT has a higher level of beneficial exercise-induced effects in physiological responses with greater perceived exertion in physically active young adults.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КЛИНИЧЕСКИХ И ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ SARS-COV-2 В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ СЕРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ

To date, over 270 million people have been ill with COVID-19 and more than 2 million have died. Tens of thousands of new cases of the disease are still registered in the world every day, so the assessment of the methods for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 associated pathology remains highly relevant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variability of clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection depending on the results of serological diagnostics. Material and methods. 170 patients (88 women, 82 men aged 23 to 90 years) diagnosed with community-acquired interstitial pneumonia following SARS-CoV-2 infection were examined in accordance with the clinical protocol, in 80 of them the blood levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, CXCL8, and interferon-α were determined. Results. It was found that only in 34.09% of cases a negative PCR result for the presence of the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 viruses in patients diagnosed with interstitial pneumonia coincided with a negative result of testing for IgG and/or IgM to the viral antigen. A positive PCR result was confirmed by the presence of elevated levels of antibodies in 64.29% of cases. In PCR-positive patients, stage II III respiratory failure was determined significantly more often than in PCR-negative ones (in 40.28% and 16.32% of cases, respectively, p<0.01), and their condition was more often regarded as severe and extremely severe (in 31.94% and 10.0% of cases, respectively, p<0.05). The level of antibodies was associated with the severity of the immune response to a viral infection: the volume of lung damage, the blood level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18, acute phase inflammation proteins, and the activity of intracellular enzymes were significantly higher in patients with elevated levels of IgG and/or IgM than in patients with negative results of these tests. Conclusions. The determining of IgM and IgG specific to the Spike antigen of the SARS-CoV-2 virus does not duplicate, but complements the molecular genetic study. PCR helps to detect the presence of the genetic material of the virus. Detection of the level of antibodies can be used to make a conclusion about the intensity and stage of the immune response to a viral infection.