Nanotech-Driven Activation of Glycolysis in Stored Red Blood Cells through Innovative Resuspension Solution Processing

Abstract

At present, nanotechnology offers fresh possibilities for influencing anaerobic glycolysis processes and hexose monophosphate reactions in preserved red blood cells. We investigated components containing red blood cells donated with the CPDA-1 preservative. We utilized modified solutions consisting of 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose for resuspension. The solutions underwent treatment with magnetite nanoparticles (specifically, ICNB brand) using the Belousov’s method. Spectrophotometry was employed to determine the levels of 2,3-DPG, ATP, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. This research presents promising avenues for extending the shelf life and maintaining the functional activity of preserved red blood cells. Our findings demonstrated a significant increase in ATP and reduced glutathione, accompanied by a reduction in 2,3-DPG and glutathione peroxidase. It was evident that the enhancement of anaerobic glycolysis was less pronounced in experiments involving modified physiological saline compared to those using a glucose solution. Instead, the pentose glucose oxidation cycle prevailed. A comprehensive analysis of the collected data suggests that the modified resuspension solutions possess membrane-protective properties, which can be attributed to the rise in ATP and reduced glutathione, maintaining the cell's redox potential in equilibrium. The introduction of magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) induces changes in the mobility and orientation of hydrogen protons within the resuspension solutions. This results in polarization of the aqueous environment surrounding the erythrocytes due to van der Waals forces. This polarization constitutes the primary cause behind the activation of ATP phosphate residue hydrolysis and the activation of intracellular enzymes that regulate anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate cycle. As a consequence, transmembrane metabolism and metabolic processes are altered, leading to a shift in the energy state of erythrocytes and the activation of enzymes. All of these changes exert a substantial influence on the energy supply of preserved red blood cells, thus preserving their functional capabilities under storage conditions at temperatures ranging from 2 to 6℃.