Gamma-glutamyltransferase Activity Research Articles

Zafirlukast protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via modulating Bcl-2/Bax and NF-κB/SMAD-4 pathways.

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a clinical problem commonly during liver transplantation and other liver surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of zafirlukast (ZFK) on IR-induced hepatic injury and investigate its relevant protective mechanism. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated to four groups: sham, IRI, ZFK, and ZFK+IR groups. ZFK was administered orally in a dose of 80mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBL) levels, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity were estimated. Liver tissues were used to assess oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NOx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents. Inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-33 (IL-33), in addition to apoptosis biomarkers, BCL2 associatedXprotein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and galactine-9 (GAL9) proteins were also assessed. Western blot analysis was performed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibrinogen expressions. Immunohistochemical analysis for hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and SMAD-4 was done in addition to histopathological examination. Our study revealed that ZFK pre-treatment resulted in liver function restoration and oxidative stress correction. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced and a remarkable reduction of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and clotting formation has been indicated. Additionally, a significant reduction in SMAD-4 and NF-kB protein expressions was observed. These results were supported by hepatic architecture improvement. Our findings revealed that ZFK possesses a potential protective effect against liver IR possibly through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.

Exploring porcine kidney explants as a model for the study of nephrotoxins and the therapeutic potential of phytic acid

The use of in vivo models to assess nephrotoxicity has faced ethical limitations. A viable alternative is the ex vivo model that combines the 3 R principles with the preservation of tissue histology. Here, we established a gentamicin nephrotoxicity model using pigs` kidney explants and investigated the effect of phytic acid (IP6) against gentamicin- induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 360 kidney explants were divided into control, gentamicin (10 mM), IP6 (5 mM), and gentamicin+IP6 groups. The activity of gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), creatinine levels, histological assessment, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine expression were analyzed. Exposure to gentamicin induced an increase in GGT activity, creatinine levels, lesion score, lipoperoxidation and IL-8 expression. Explants exposed to IP6 remained like the control. The addition of IP6 to gentamicin prevented tissue damage, increasing the antioxidant status and gene expression of IL-10. This model proved to be an adequate experimental approach for identifying nephrotoxins and potential products to modulate the toxicity.

Efficacy of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles on virulence genes of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) in broilers

BackgroundColibacillosis is one of the broilers’ most dominant bacterial diseases, either as a primary or a secondary infection. As E. coli antimicrobial drug resistance is rising; there is a need to develop new approaches to its control. In light of this, a comparative study of the in-vitro antibacterial activity of Arabic gum stabilized zinc and copper nanoparticles (AG-ZnNPs and AG-CuNPs) against PCR-identified field avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains and virulence genes (ibeA, hlyA, iss, pap C and ompA) was applied to study the therapeutic effect of zinc and copper nanoparticles to be used as an antibiotic alternative (Nanobiotic). Furthermore, the in-vivo effects of CuNPs were evaluated. Additionally, the CuNPs liver and muscle residues with or without infection were examined. The eighty broilers were divided into four groups; G1: negative control, G2: infected control with E. coli O17, G3: non-infected treated (AG-CuNPs 50 mg/kg body weight), and G4: infected treated (AG-CuNPs 50 mg/kg body weight). AG-CuNPs treatment was given to broilers for five days in drinking water.ResultsE. coli was isolated from diseased broilers at an average incidence rate of 20% from intestinal and liver samples. All identified serotypes (O17, O78, O91, O121, and O159) were resistant to AG-ZnNPs and sensitive to AG-CuNPs. AG-CuNPs minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) for O17 were 7.5 and 60 mg/ml, respectively. Conventional uniplex PCR results showed that strain O17 contained virulence genes (ibeA, hlyA, iss, and papC), where AG-CuNPs significantly reduced the expression of all target genes when examined by Real-time quantitative PCR. Additionally, the bactericidal activity of AG-CuNPs on O17 was 100% at 20 minutes and 40 mg/ml and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, no mortality was recorded in treated groups compared to G2. Subsequently, no E. coli was re-isolated from the liver in the G4 after treatment. The total protein, albumin, globulin, and lysozyme activity were significantly increased in G4 compared to G2, while the activities of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) were markedly decreased in G4 compared to G2. Additionally, uric acid, creatinine, and C-reactive protein levels were decreased in G4 compared to G2. However, the liver enzymes, kidney functions, C-reactive protein levels, and Cu residues were non-significantly changed in G4 compared to G1.ConclusionGreen synthesized AG-CuNPs are recommended as an effective antimicrobial alternative against APEC strains.

Dibutyl phthalate disrupts energy metabolism and morphology in the gills and induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish.

This study investigated the acute effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure on energy metabolism and gill histology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The in vitro incubation of gill tissue with 10 μM DBP for 60 min altered tissue energy supply, as shown by decreased lactate content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Higher concentrations of DBP (100 μM and 1 mM) increased lactate content and LDH activity; however, they blocked glucose uptake, depleted the glycogen content in cellular stores, and induced injury to the gills, as measured by LDH release to the extracellular medium. In addition, in vivo exposure of fish to 1 pM DBP for 12 h induced liver damage by increasing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Gill histology indicated hyperemia, lamellar fusion, lamellar telangiectasis, and necrosis. Data indicate that acute exposure of zebrafish gills to the higher DBP concentrations studied induces anaerobic cellular activity and high lactate production, causing gill damage, diminishing cell viability, and incurring liver dysfunction.

Effect of Parity, Body Condition Score at Calving, and Milk Yield on the Metabolic Profile of Gyr Cows in the Transition Period.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of parity, body condition score (BCS) at calving, and milk yield on the metabolic profile of Gyr (Zebu) cows. Healthy cows in late pregnancy were grouped according to parity (primiparous, biparous, and multiparous); to BCS scale at calving (high-HBCS and normal-NBCS); and to milk yield (high-HP and moderate-MP production). BCS was assessed, and blood samples were collected on -21, -7, 0, 7, 21, and 42 days relative to parturition. The concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, total calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg); and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The frequencies of high lipomobilization, subclinical ketosis, subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH), and the occurrence of diseases during early lactation were established. Regardless of grouping, NEFA, BHB, and cholesterol increased during early lactation; glucose showed higher values at calving; TP and albumin were higher at 21 and 42 DIM; and Ca, P, and Mg were lower at calving. Parity had little effect on the metabolic profile, HBCS did not differ from NBCS cows, and HP did not differ from MP cows in most metabolites. High lipomobilization in early lactation and SCH at calving were the most common imbalances but were not related to postpartum diseases. High-yielding Gyr cows have a balanced metabolic profile during the transition period, with few biologically relevant effects of parity, BCS at parturition, or milk yielded.

Evaluation of the Liver Function and Haematological Parameters of Wistar Rats Fed with Casein Protein

Casein is the major protein found in bovine milk. Universally used in human nutrition for all ages and in the dairy industry, milk is regarded as whole food which provides high quality protein and indispensable micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. The evaluation of the liver function test and haematological parameters of rats fed with casein protein was carried out. Graded levels of casein protein were incorporated into the diets of experimental rats at 20%, 30% and 50% concentrations. At the end of twenty-eight days, blood samples were collected and analyzed for liver function and haematological parameters. Statistically significant increases were observed in lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity levels when compared with the control. Also the granulocytes and platelets counts were significantly reduced. Consistent consumption of high concentrations of casein proteins may elevate liver enzyme activities and attenuate some haematological parameters.

P-008 Acetate ameliorates doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity by modulating Nrf2/NFkB pathway and apoptotic signaling

Abstract Study question Will acetate treatment ameliorate doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity when used concomitantly? Summary answer Acetate ameliorated doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity by modulating Nrf2/NFkB and apoptotic signaling. What is known already Doxorubicin is an antineoplastic agent that is effective in the management of several forms of cancers. However, a major limitation of this drug is its testicular toxicity. Studies have revealed that doxorubicin impairs male fertility by inducing testicular injury via downregulation of Nrf2 and upregulation of NFkB and apoptotic signaling. On the other hand, acetate upregulates Nrf2 and downregulates NFkB and apoptotic signaling. Yet, no study has reported the impact of acetate on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity. Study design, size, duration This is a prospective experimental study using animal model. Thirty two sexually mature litter-mate male Wistar rats of comparable weight were used for the study. The study lasted 8 weeks. Participants/materials, setting, methods Animals were acclimatized for two weeks, then randomized into four groups (n = 8). The control rats received 0.5mL of distilled water as vehicle p.o for 14 days, acetate-treated rats received 200 mg/kg/day of acetate p.o for 14 days, doxorubicin-treated rats received 7 mg/kg of doxorubicin i.p on day 8, while acetate + doxorubicin-treated rats received treatment as acetate-treated and doxorubicin-treated. The doses of drugs used were the Human Equivalent doses for rats. Main results and the role of chance Acetate ameliorated doxorubicin-induced rise in testicular activities of gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and lactate levels. Also, acetate ameliorated doxorubicin-induced decline in the activities of testicular superoxide dismutase and catalase, and glutathione and Nrf2 concentrations. Acetate also alleviated doxorubicin-induced rise in testicular MPO activities, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-kB levels. More so, acetate ameliorated doxorubicin-induced reduction in spermatogenic indices and sperm quality, circulatory levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone, and testicular concentrations of 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, and testosterone. These events were associated with dampening of doxorubicin-induced upregulation of Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities and doxorubicin-induced downregulation of BCl-2 by acetate. Limitations, reasons for caution This study was conducted in a rat model; therefore the results of the present study should be extrapolated to human with caution. Clinical trials are recommended to validate these findings. Wider implications of the findings The present study demonstrated the ameliorative effect of acetate treatment on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity. These findings provide substantive evidence of the possible protective role of acetate in doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity. Trial registration number Not applicable

Assessment of milk and blood enzymes in Holstein cows with subclinical mastitis

The objective of this study was to determine the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the milk and blood of lactating Holstein cows and investigate their association with subclinical mastitis (SCM). This study also aims to evaluate the impact of SCM and its severity based on California mastitis test (CMT) scores on the above mentioned enzymes, as well as to test the efficiency of their use as an early predictive diagnostic tool. Thirty multiparous, lactating dairy Holstein cows were examined using CMT and according to the obtained results classified into four groups; control group 1 (SCM-free = 10, score = 0), group 2 (weak positive = 8, score +1), group 3 (positive = 7, score +2) and group 4 (strong positive = 5, score +3). The milk LDH, ALP, and GGT activities were significantly higher in groups 3 and 4 compared to group 2 and the control group. LDH activity was significantly higher in group 2 compared to the control group. The mean blood LDH and ALP activities in SCM groups were significantly higher than in the control group. ALP blood activity was significantly higher in group 4 compared to group 2. The blood GGT activity was significantly higher in group 4 compared to other groups. There was a significant positive association between milk LDH, ALP, and GGT enzymes as well as the blood enzymes (ALP and GGT) in SCM cows. The results showed that subclinical mastitis causes considerable changes in the activities of enzymes in milk and blood of infected cows.

Investigations on some indicators in the blood of cattle with orosthenic activity tongue rolling.

Hematological studies were carried out in cattle with tongue-rolling hyperactivity in order to establish the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of this behavioral disorder. Cattle were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 12), control animals that did not demonstrate the tongue-rolling orosthenic activity, and Group 2 (n = 12), cattle that manifested this stereotyped behavior. Blood samples were collected from all cattle twice at 10-day intervals from Vena jugularis for analysis of red blood cell counts, hemoglobin (HGB) content, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular HGB (MCH), mean corpuscular HGB concentration (MCHC), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cell counts (WBC), and differential white cell counts [lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), and granulocytes (GRAs)]. Some blood biochemical constituents were assayed: calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, plasma total protein, blood glucose, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, chlorides, cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin, as well as the enzyme activities of aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK). Blood concentrations of the hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dopamine, serotonin, free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and trace elements manganese, copper, and iron were determined. It was found out that the cattle with tongue-rolling hyperactivity did not demonstrate changes in red blood picture (HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC), white blood picture (WBC, LYM, MON, GRA), blood biochemistry (Ca, P, Mg, TP, Glu, TB, urea, creatine, Cl, Chole, TG, and Alb), AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, LDH, and CK activities, Cu, and Fe levels. In the study, increased concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, ACTH, and serotonin were established. The data demonstrating increased levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and ACTH confirmed the etiological role of environmental stressors in the emergence of oral hyperactivity. Increased serotonin concentrations in the blood suggest that cattle with the stereotype are probably "happy" with tongue rolling. The lack of changes in blood trace elements manganese, copper, and iron allowed excluding their deficiency as a probable cause in the etiology of the disorder.

Toxicological assessment of crude oil vapour and the modulating effect of vitamin E on the heart of albino rats

This study investigates the effect of vapour of various concentrations of crude oil and oral co-administration of vitamin E on the heart of albino rats. Thirty (30) albino rats were randomly grouped into six (6) of five (5) rats each and designated A to E. Rats neither exposed to crude oil vapour nor oral administration of vitamin E, rats exposed to oral administration of 15 mg/kg bw vitamin E but not exposed to vapour of crude oil were designated groups A and B. Rats exposed to oral co-administration of vitamin E and vapour of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% crude oil were designated groups C, D, E and F respectively. Rats’ treatment was over a period of 28 days, after which the rats were euthanized for biochemical analyses. Serum total protein (TP), total cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TRIG) levels were determined. Standard enzyme assay was conducted for alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the heart. Generally, the concentration of TP of serum of other groups of rats, except group B, was significantly higher relative to the Control (p≤0.05). Serum CHOL and TRIG levels increased as the concentration of crude oil increased. Heart AST activities of rats in groups A, B and C were not significantly different (p≤0.05), similarly the AST activities of heart of rats in groups D, E and F were not significantly different (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity of Control rats not exposed to crude oil vapour and not given oral administration of vitamin E (A) and the Control in Group B (given oral administration of vitamin E but not exposed to crude oil vapour). The specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of heart of both control rats and those of rats exposed to the vapour of various concentrations of crude oil were not significantly different (p>0.05). Experimental evidence from this study revealed that vapour of crude oil can induce biochemical changes in the heart of rats while oral co-administration of vitamin E could reduce the risk posed by exposure to vapour of crude oil by 50%.

Effect of Oral Administration of Syzygium cumini Seed Powder on the Hepatic Function-related Enzymes of the Alcoholic Transport Laborers

Background: Syzygium cumini (locally known as Kalo Jam) seed powder is being used as folk medicine in various diseases since unknown times in Bangladesh. However, data on the systematic studies in human subjects are rare. Objective: To determine the effect of Syzygium cumini seed powder on the hepatic function-related enzymes of the alcoholic transport laborers. Methods: Here, we investigated the effects of oral administration of Syzygium cumini seed powder on hepaticfunction markers that included activities of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and renal-function markers such as creatinine and urea along with lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) upon chronic alcoholic human volunteers. Results: The levels of serum ALT, AST and GGT levels decreased, respectively, by 15.0, 8.5 and 23.0% after oral administration of the S. cumini powder in the alcoholic subjects. However, the levels of creatinine and urea were not altered significantly. In contrast, the effects of administration of S. cumini on the hepatic ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in the non-alcoholic control subjects were less prominent than those found in the alcoholic subjects. Blood pressure decreased only by 5-4 mmHg, while BMI was not altered in either the alcoholic or the non-alcoholic groups. Furthermore, there were significant reduction in the levels of TC (by 10%) and LDL-C (by >20%) and elevation of HDL-C (by 11%) in the S. cumini-prescribed alcoholic subjects. TC and LDL-C levels also decreased in the non-alcoholic subjects, but the rate was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that S. cumini seed extract ameliorated GGT, ALT and the atherosclerotic lipid parameters TC and LDL-C without having a significant side effect on the kidney functions, as indicated by the unaltered levels of serum creatinine levels in the alcoholic human subjects without any effect on BP and BMI of the same subjects. Thus, alcohol drinkers can be advised to intake S. cumini seed powder to protect against the oxidative hepatic damage. Bangladesh Medical Res Counc Bull 2022; 48: 97-104

Eulophia gracilis pseudobulb extract mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress on murine hepatic tissue

The reports over the years on chemotherapeutic regimen involving cyclophosphamide (CYP), a bifunctional alkylating agent, demonstrated hepatotoxic side effect. Eulophia gracilis (EG) is a medicinal plant with folkloric utility in the treatment of liver damage and blood related diseases. However, there is a knowledge gap on the impact of E. gracilis effectiveness on CYP-associated hepatic toxicity in the literature. We investigated on potency of aqueous methanolic extract of E. gracilis (AMEG) and CYP-mediated hepatic toxicity in rats. Experimental rats were administered with CYP (2 mg/kg) or co-treated with AMEG (200 or 400 mg/kg) for 7 days consecutively. The result showed that co-treatment with AMEG significantly reduces alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities compared to the CYP group. Moreover, AMEG abated CYP-induced decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in the liver homogenate. AMEG alleviated CYP-facilitated surges of hepatic concentration of advanced oxidized protein product (AOPPs) and lipid peroxidation in rats. Additionally, AMEG reduced pathological lesions in the liver of co-treated rats and elicited anti-genotoxic effect by mitigating CYP-mediated increases of frequency of formation of polychromatic erythrocyte in the bone marrow and hepatic percentage DNA fragmentation in CYP-exposed rats. Overall, AMEG protective effect improved liver dysfunction occasioned by CYP-mediated toxicities in rats by abating oxidative stress and alleviating genotoxic responses.

Prevalence of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in Crioula LAGEANA cattle

Cattle trypanosomiasis negatively impacts animal husbandry due to high morbidity, productivity losses, and mortality rates. Knowledge regarding Trypanosoma evansi infections in locally adapted breeds remains limited. Some cattle breeds exhibit trypanotolerance, requiring the determination of prevalence, as well as related tolerance and resistance characteristics, for disease control programs. This study aimed to determine T. evansi prevalence in Crioula Lageana cattle and associate clinical, hematological, and biochemical aspects with the infection to further research on tolerance in this population. Blood samples from 310 Crioula Lageana cattle were tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IIFR). T. evansi prevalence was 8% (24/310) using PCR and 4% (11/310) using IIFR. Positive animals showed increased ruminal movements, elevated eosinophil counts, and reduced monocyte numbers, but both latter within the reference range for the species. Albumin concentrations were low in positive cases and remained below the reference range limit for both groups. However, triglycerides exceeded the physiological range for the species in both positive and negative groups. Increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was observed in positive animals. In conclusion, Crioula Lageana cattle exhibited enzootic instability with a low T. evansi infection prevalence when assessed using PCR and IIFR techniques. Furthermore, the animals did not display clinical, hematological, or biochemical alterations attributable to the presence of hemoparasites.

Effects of ultrasound-induced stress on gut microbiota of mice.

Prolonged stress causes deleterious effects on both the organism and its microbiota. In this study, we examined the effects of exposure to variable frequency ultrasound (US) on the gut microbiota-liver-brain axis of mice. This study was conducted on 20 mature clinically healthy sexually naive C57BL/6J male mice (42-45 days old). Group 1 (Normal) consisted of healthy intact mice (n = 10). Group 2 (Stress) consisted of mice subjected to US-induced stress (n = 10) for 20 days with alternating frequencies (20-45 kHz). Stool samples were collected on days 0, 10, and 20, and the corresponding DNA was later subjected to 16SrRNA sequencing. After mice were sacrificed on day 21, the leukocyte count, blood serum biochemical parameters, and liver and brain antioxidant status were measured. Behavioral testing was performed on days 17, 18, and 19. Ultrasound lead to higher stress and anxiety levels; increase in creatinine by 8.29% and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity by 5 times, a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity by 38.23%, increase of de Ritis coefficient by 21.34%; increased liver and brain superoxide dismutase level by 20.8% and 21.5%, respectively; the stress-related changes in the gut microbiota composition - Bacteroidaceae and Firmicutes. Subjecting mice to 20 days of US-induced stress leads to systemic disorders due to oxidative stress and a decrease in the diversity of the gut microbiota.

Effect of monochrome light with different wavelengths on biochemical parameters of hens

Artificial light, as one of the environmental factors, plays a significant role in regulating the synthesis and secretion of hormones related to the coordination of parameters of life, growth, immunity, and reproductive functions of hens. The article aims to study the influence of monochrome light with different wavelengths on the biochemical parameters of hens` blood serum. Four groups of "Hy-Line W-36" crossbred hens were formed. Hens of the 1st group were kept using monochrome light with different wavelength lamps with a wavelength of ~ 460 nm, the 2nd group ~ 600 nm, the 3rd group ~ 630 nm, and the 4th group ~ 650 nm. It was found that the use of light with different wavelengths for keeping hens in cages of multilevel batteries affects hen' biochemical parameters, according to the research results. It was established that when using light with a wavelength of ~ 630 and ~ 650 nm, the indicators of clinical biochemistry of hens' blood serum were within the normal physiological values. Whereas, with the use of light with a wavelength of ~ 600 nm, an increase in the level of glucose, creatinine, total protein, total bilirubin, and phosphorus, a decrease in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, in the activity of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, were observed in the hens’ blood serum. The use of light with a wavelength of ~ 460 nm was accompanied by a further increase in the level of glucose, creatinine, total protein, urea, total bilirubin, phosphorus, the activity of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, a decrease in the ratio of calcium and phosphorus.

Assessment of Liver Enzymes Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Nineveh province

Aim of the study: to determine the effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) on liver enzymes level. Methods: 75 subjects were enrolled in this study (40 patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 35 healthy subjects as control group), at Mosul city, Northern of Iraq, aged 20-70 years. The biochemical parameters measured were some of liver function tests which include measurement of the liver enzymes activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Results: There was a significant increase in liver enzymes activity in patients when compared to control. There was also significant increase in serum AST level at age group 40-50 years when compared to other age group in patients, in addition, there was a significant increase in serum ALP in female patients when compared to male patients. There was non-significant change in liver enzymes activity when compared according to residence, according to family history, and according to rheumatoid factor in patients. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated no deterioration in liver functions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis regarding serum enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanin transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase), although subclinical alteration in liver functions could be expected in those patients, so that measurement of other early markers of liver dysfunction is occasionally recommended.

Effect of Exposure to Soot on Activities of Alanine Transaminase, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Lipase among Cooks in Nnewi

Exposure to soot can lead to hepatic and pancreatic dysfunction. This study determined serum alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and triacylglycerol lipase activities of cooks exposed to soot. Thirty (30) participants (cooks) were exposed to soot (test group), and thirty (30) participants not exposed to soot (control group) were recruited. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, and informed consent from the participants was obtained. Alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and triacylglycerol lipase activities were determined using the spectrophotometric method while the Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using weight (kg)/height2 (m2). An Independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean serum activities of alanine transaminase (14.69±1.84), of cooks exposed to soot, were significantly higher compared with the control(12.83±0.94)(p<0.05). The mean serum activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (7.81±4.08), of cooks exposed to soot, were significantly higher when compared with the control (3.54±2.00)(p<0.05). The mean serum activities of triacylglycerol lipase of cooks exposed to soot were significantly low compared with the control (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the BMI, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure levels respectively in the test group, compared to the control. This study observed higher serum activities of alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and low serum activity of triacylglycerol lipase among cooks exposed to soot, this suggests a predisposition to hepatic and pancreatic dysfunction in the cooks
 Keywords: Soot, alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lipase enzymes

Effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on the structural and functional parameters of the liver in acute toxic hepatitis in rats

Acute toxic hepatitis is a serious health problem for the working population. The currently widely used pharmacological preparations with claimed hepatoprotective properties for the treatment of liver diseases have dubious therapeutic efficacy and cannot restore functional and structural changes in the damaged organ. Thus, the search for new methods of treating liver diseases, including toxic etiology, is an urgent task. An experimental study was conducted on 134 nonlinear white outbred rats (35 months) weighing 250390 g. The animals were divided into four groups: group I, control group (n = 15); group II, single intragastric administration of an oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 1500 mg/kg (n = 41); group III, single intravenous administration of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells of the mouse (n = 20); group IV, single intragastric administration of an oil solution of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 1500 mg/kg and subsequent intravenous transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells of the mouse (2 106) (n = 58). On days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the experiment, blood sampling was performed for biochemical analysis, and organs and tissues were selected for histological and morphometric studies. The transplantation of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells reduced the mortality of animals after exposure to carbon tetrachloride and did not cause acute toxicity. According to a morphometric study, starting from day 3, the introduction of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells led to a statistically significant decrease in the infiltrative processes in the liver tissue. Statistically significant changes in the biochemical composition of the rat blood serum were noted against the transplantation of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells: a decrease in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, amylase, creatinine, uric acid, direct and total bilirubin, and cholesterol. The transplantation of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells was found to be an effective method of treating acute toxic hepatitis. The use of multipotent mouse mesenchymal stem cells contributed to an increase in the survival rate of laboratory animals and faster recovery of structural and functional disorders in liver tissue after its acute toxic damage.

Prevalence of portal vein and splanchnic venous thrombosis in dogs with chronic hepatitis.

Alterations in haemostasis have been described in dogs and humans with chronic hepatitis. Portal vein thrombosis is a recognised complication of chronic hepatitis in humans; however, its prevalence in dogs with chronic hepatitis has not been reported. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of, and describe clinical and laboratory data of dogs with chronic hepatitis and portal vein thrombosis and splanchnic venous thrombosis. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Medical records of dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital between 2009 and 2019 were reviewed. Dogs were included if chronic hepatitis was histopathologically confirmed, and if diagnostic imaging or necropsy indicated the presence of thrombosis. Clinical and laboratory data (i.e. haematology, biochemistry, coagulation panels) were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise dogs with and without thrombosis. Records from 136 dogs with chronic hepatitis were identified. Three of these dogs, 2.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.8 to 6.3%) all females, were diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis. Five dogs in total, (3.7%; 95% confidence interval: 1.6 to 8.3%), including three with portal vein thrombosis, all females, were diagnosed with splanchnic venous thrombosis. Dogs with portal vein and splanchnic venous thrombosis often had hyperbilirubinaemia, increased serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, and decreased plasma antithrombin 3 activity. They also had relatively high alternative Child-Pugh scores for dogs (median 6 out of 13). Portal vein and splanchnic venous thrombosis are potentially serious complications that were identified in a relatively low proportion of dogs with chronic hepatitis.

Evaluation of single and combined effects of mancozeb and metalaxyl on the transcriptional and biochemical response of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Mancozeb and metalaxyl are fungicidal agents frequently used in combination to control fungi in crops that may affect non-target organisms when entering ecosystems. This study aims to evaluate the environmental effects of Mancozeb (MAN) and Metalaxyl (MET), alone and in combination, on zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model. The oxidative stress biomarkers and the transcription of genes involved in detoxification in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assessed after co-exposure to MAN (0, 5.5, and 11 μg L−1) and MET (0, 6.5, and 13 mg L−1) for 21 days. Exposure to MAN and MET induced a significant increase in the expression of genes related to detoxification mechanisms (Ces2, Cyp1a, and Mt2). Although Mt1 gene expression increased in fish exposed to 11 μg L−1 of MAN combined with 13 mg L−1 of MET, Mt1 expression was down-regulated significantly in other experimental groups (p < 0.05). The combined exposure to both fungicides showed synergistic effects in the expression levels that are manifested mainly at the highest concentration. Although a significant (p < 0.05) increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and transaminases (AST and ALT), catalase activities, the total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the hepatocytes of fish exposed to MAN and MET alone and in combination was detected, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, and hepatic glycogen content decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Overall, these results emphasize that combined exposure to MET and MAN can synergistically affect the transcription of genes involved in detoxification (except Mt1 and Mt2) and biochemical indicators in zebrafish.