Free Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Comparison of Antioxidant Properties of Fruit from Some Cultivated Varieties and Hybrids of Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant potential in the fruits of different hybrids of Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis (four hybrids) against the fruit of known cultivars of both species (R. idaeus—three cultivars; R. occidentalis—five cultivars) and, using chemometric analysis, to select factors affecting the level of polyphenols and antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS, DPPH and FRAP tests. Chemometric analysis enabled the separation of R. idaeus and R. occidentalis cultivars and classified the hybrid R. idaeus/R. occidentalis R1314701 as belonging to the R. occidentalis species. Moreover, two hybrids, Rubus occidentalis/Rubus idaeus R1613411 and R. idaeus/R. occidentalis R1613409, can be classified as a purple raspberry. Crossbreeding species/cultivars of the Rubus genus may result in an increased content of anthocyanins, but on the other hand, it may lead to a reduction in free radical scavenging activity in the ABTS and DPPH. Spearman’s correlations confirm the correlations between the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, as well as the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in the ABTS and FRAP tests. Chemometric analysis can be an effective tool in determining the species affiliation of obtained hybrids and cultivars.

Investigation of biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesis from the root extract of endemic Onosma mutabilis (O. mutabilis) Plant

Plant-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis appears to be reliable and environmentally friendly, requiring less energy, and cost. Various components present in its natural products can function as strong reducing and capping substrates, ensuring the stability of the resulting NPs. This study synthesized AgNPs with root extracts of O. mutabilis. The effect of many different synthesis parameters (such as silver ion concentration, temperature and reaction pH) of the obtained root extract on the synthesis of AgNPs was also examined. Furthermore, AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size measurement (Malvern Mastersizer) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The surface plasmon resonance band features of AgNPs were determined in the ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectrum at 410 nm. Total phenolic compound (TPC) determination was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and TPC in AgNPs extracts was determined as 295 ± 0.02 mg GAEs/gr extract. The antioxidant activity of the AgNPs was examined using the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity method. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The antidiabetic activity was determined by measuring alpha-amylase inhibition by spectrophotometric method. α-amylase inhibition values were determined to be highest at 31%. The study was further elaborated for determining AgNPs antibacterial using MIC. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed effective antibacterial activity against the Acinetobacter baumannii (A.baumannii) bacteria.Suggests that green biosynthesized AgNPs can constitute an effective antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial agent.

Active biomonitoring of stream ecosystems: untargeted metabolomic and proteomic responses and free radical scavenging activities in mussels.

Many contaminants from scattered sources constantly endanger streams that flow through heavily inhabited areas, commercial districts, and industrial hubs. The responses of transplanted mussels in streams in active biomonitoring programs will reflect the dynamics of environmental stream conditions. This study evaluated the untargeted metabolomic and proteomic responses and free radical scavenging activities of transplanted mussels Sinanodonta woodiana in the Winongo Stream at three stations (S1, S2, S3) representing different pollution levels: low (S1), high (S2), and moderate (S3). The investigation examined untargeted metabolomic and proteomic responses in the gills and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activities in the gills, mantle, and digestive glands. Metabolomic analysis revealed a clear separation between mussel responses from the three stations after 28 days of exposure, with specific metabolites responding to different pollution levels. Proteomic analysis identified β-Actin protein in all stations. The β-Actin protein sequence of unexposed mussels had coverage of 17%, and increased to 23% at S1 on day 28 and 34% at S2 and S3 on day 28. All tissues showed increased DPPH and ABTS activities from day 3 to day 28, mainly in stations S2 and S3. These findings underscore the impact of pollution levels on the metabolomic and proteomic responses of S. woodiana and the importance of these discoveries as early indicators (biomarkers) of long-term aquatic environmental problems. In the face of current environmental challenges, this research raises concerns about the health of water bodies. It underscores the importance of developing robust, standardized, and dependable analytical techniques for monitoring the health of aquatic environments.

Anti-angiogenic and anti-oxidant effects of 2-NTI indole derivative vs. suramin in ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro studies.

Angiogenesis is an intricate pathway that involves the formation of new blood capillaries from old, functioning ones. Improper angiogenesis is a feature of numerous maladies, including malignancy and autoimmune disorders. Indole-related derivatives are believed to interfere with the mitotic spindle, inhibiting the multiplication, and invasion of cancerous human cells. 5-bromo-2-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1H-indole (2-NTI) is one of such compounds with outstanding anti-angiogenic, and anti-proliferative properties. To evaluate 2-NTI's antiangiogenic and anti-oxidant activities and potential mechanisms of action in comparison with the standard agent, suramin. The rat aortic ring (RAR) and Chick chorioallantois membrane (CAM) assays were employed to determine antiangiogenic efficacy and dose response, while the DPPH assay estimated free radical scavenging activity. Besides, an MTT test was performed to evaluate antiproliferative activity in HUVECs; however, RT-PCR assessed the gene expression level of VEGF in HCT116 cells. 2-NTI displayed a significant and dose-dependent suppression of angiogenesis (83.04%) at 100μg/mL concentration versus the negative controls in the RAR assay. 2-NTI also showed no toxicity in the HUVEC cell line, with an IC50 of 876.6μg/mL, but it significantly reduced the formation of free radicals (IC50 of 135.2µg/mL) and VEGF gene expression (at doses of 200 and 400µg/mL) versus the negative controls and suramin. In CAM model, 2-NTI generated considerable blood vessel regression as compared to the negative control. 2-NTI possesses potent anti-angiogenic actions, which might be explained by its profound anti-proliferative and free radical detoxifying activities.

Phytochemicals and Biological Properties of Azorean Camellia sinensis Black Tea Samples from Different Zones of Tea Plantation.

Camellia sinensis tea has received considerable attention due to its beneficial effects on health, particularly due to its antioxidant properties that are affected by several factors, which have a high influence on the final quality of black tea. The objective of this study was to investigate the biological properties of Azorean C. sinensis black tea from five different zones of tea plantation in order to select specific areas to cultivate tea rich in targeted compounds beneficial to human health. The free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) activities, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and tannins were determined by colorimetric methods, and catechin and theaflavin contents were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The results indicated that samples from Zone E (341 m above the sea level) presented higher values of FRSA (EC50 = 7.22 µg/mL), FRAP (EC50 = 9.06 µg/mL), and FIC activities (79.83%) and higher values of total phenolics (264.76 mg GAE/g DE) and almost all catechins. For TFC, the values were very similar between zones, and for theaflavins content, Zone A showed the best levels, followed by Zone E. In general, these results clearly highlight that altitude plays a significant role in enhancing certain compounds of tea, thereby influencing its quality.

Evaluation of Biological Activity of a Lepidium meyenii (Maca) Polysaccharide‐Zinc Complex

ABSTRACTZinc, an important metal element in the human body, fulfills multiple biological roles, such as influence on cell division and differentiation. In this paper, a Maca polysaccharide‐zinc (MPS‐Zn) complex was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation process. A granular MPS‐Zn complex with 0.2360 μg/mg Zn was obtained at 60°C and pH = 3.0 for 60 min. The antioxidant activities of this MPS‐Zn complex were evaluated by the free radical scavenging activity toward DPPH and ABTS. The rate of ABTS free radical scavenging of 4.0 mg/mL MPS‐Zn complex is equal to that of control group (vitamin C). The abilities of this complex against three cancer cell lines including breast cancer MCF‐7, colon cancer SW480, and liver cancer SMMC‐7721 were used to evaluate its antiproliferative activity by MTS assay. The results demonstrate that this complex has an inhibitory effect on the above cancer cell lines. Especially, the inhibitory effect of it on colon cancer SW480 is more effective than that of cisplatin. The toxicity of this complex on human normal pulmonary epithelial cell BEAS‐2B is lower than that of taxol and cisplatin. This complex has the potential use as the zinc‐containing nutritional food and/or anticancer drug.

Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii Ethanolic Extract Ameliorates Acetic Acid–Induced Rat Ulcerative Colitis Model by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

The search for new drugs to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) is ongoing, with the use of herbal extracts emerging as a current research focus in this field. This study primarily intended to investigate the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii (TLC) in vitro. Secondly, we aimed to perform an acetic acid (AA)–induced rat UC model and assess the effects of TLC extract (200 mg/kg/orally/day, during three days) using ELISA test in terms of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐17, IL‐10, Na+/K+‐ATPase, TLR‐9, MMP‐3 level, caspase‐3 and caspase‐9, luminol, lucigenin, and SOD. In addition, we accomplished macroscopic and histological evaluations. Our phytochemical investigation revealed TLC contained secondary metabolites including total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total triterpenes in quite concentrated amounts. The extract demonstrated anti‐2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity that was 2.3 times more potent than ascorbic acid, anti‐2,2‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity that was 3.28 times less potent than Trolox, and antilipoxygenase Type V (LOX‐5) activity that was 1.31 times more potent than indomethacin in vitro. Due to colitis, increased luminol and lucigenin CL, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐17, TLR‐9, caspase‐3, caspase‐9, MMP‐3, and macroscopic and microscopic scores and decreased IL‐10, Na+/K + ‐ATPase levels in colon ameliorated with TLC and sulfasalazine (as reference drug) treatments. As a result, it can be said that TLC improves UC in rats, mainly on account of its free radical scavenging activity, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.

Optimization of Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) Leaves’ Phenolic Compounds by Alginate Emulsion-gelation Approach using Response Surface Methodology

Background: The encapsulation technique is an effective method for coating bioactive molecules and protecting them against various technological treatment conditions during production processing. Objective: The aim of this study was to optimize the encapsulation conditions of phenolic compounds extracted from Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaves by alginate emulsion-gelation approach using response surface methodology Methods: The ionotropic gelation method was used to encapsulate the phenolic compounds of Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaves. The optimization of this phenolic compounds encapsulation was carried out using response surface methodology through Box˗Behnken design. Four parameters with three levels (-1, 0, +1) were chosen including sodium alginate concentration (2 – 3 - 4%), calcium chloride concentration (4 - 6 - 8%), plant extract-alginate solution ratio (0.02 – 0.11 - 0.2 mg/ml), and gelation time (5 – 12.5 - 20 min). of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents encapsulation efficiency was assessed. Likewise, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using ferric-reducing power (FRP) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Results: The results of response surface methodology analysis using Box˗Behnken design showed that the optimal encapsulation conditions were 3.11% for alginate concentration, 5.74% for calcium chloride concentration, 0.1 mg/ml for the plant extract-alginate solution ratio, and 10.80 min for gelation time. Under these conditions, the optimum values of total phenolic and flavonoid encapsulation efficiency were 86.17% and 75.69%, respectively, 126.75 mg AAE/100 g for ferric reducing power and 97.29% for DPPH. The experimental and prediction results have expressed a high significant level for all responses. Conclusion: The method revealed the validity of elaborated models through response surface methodology optimization processes for phenolic antioxidants encapsulation of Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaves extract.

Development of oats flour and bitter gourd fortified cookies: Effects on physicochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and sensory attributes.

The objective of this study was the develop of fortified cookies enriched with oats flour and bitter gourd powder and monitoring the effects of these enrichments on the physicochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and sensory attributes. This study was subjected to four treatments: control (0% oats flour and bitter gourd powder), T1 (10% oats flour), T2 (3% bitter gourd powder), and T3 (7% oats flour and 3% bitter gourd powder). Various physical properties of the cookies, including weight, thickness, diameter, spread ratio, baking loss, pH, and color values (L*, a*, and b*), were measured. Proximate analysis revealed moisture (4.23-4.70%), ash (1.17-1.67%), fat (13.62-15.09%), crude protein (7.02-7.36%), carbohydrate (71.78-72.97%), energy (442.62-452.40 kcal), and crude fiber (8.02-3.33%). Mineral contents included Na (787-754 mg/100g), Ca (873-435 mg/100g), and Zn (66.7-58.8 mg/100g). Additionally, DPPH free radical scavenging activity ranged from 13.14 to 75.51%, while TBARS activity varied from 0.78 to 1.33 mg MDA/kg. T2 cookies exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity, with control cookies showing the lowest. The 5-point hedonic scale indicated that T2 cookies had lower overall acceptability, while T3 cookies were better received. In conclusion, the study suggests that fortified cookies have a more significant impact than regular or control cookies.

Amino acid composition, antioxidant activity and mineral content of Achatina fulica snail slimes and edible bird’s nest

This study was performed to investigate whether the snail slimes which also well-known for their anti-aging properties, can be served as an alternative for edible bird’s nest (EBN) in our daily lives. The amino acid composition of samples was evaluated using a reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The four major amino acids detected in snail slimes were aspartic acid (3.80 µmol/mL), glutamic acid (2.87 µmol/mL), alanine (2.23 µmol/mL) and serine (1.80 µmol/mL), while for EBN, the top four amino acids were proline (5.31 µmol/mL), serine (5.27 µmol/mL), aspartic acid (4.78 µmol/mL) and threonine (3.97 µmol/mL). In overall, EBN possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher total amino acid content (42.63 µmol/mL) than the snail slimes (23.59 µmol/mL). Besides, the EBN was found to have significantly higher (p < 0.05) DPPH free radical scavenging activity (25.12 %) as compared to the snail slimes (16.02 %). The four major elements identified in snail slimes and EBN were sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Snail slimes contained higher levels of minerals compared to EBN. In conclusion, the snail slimes can potentially be served as an alternative of EBN to those people suffered from mineral deficiencies.

Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Ethanol Extract from Melandean Leaves (Bridelia micrantha) Using the DPPH Assay

The increasing global prevalence of oxidative stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders underscores the importance of developing effective antioxidant strategies. In this study, samples of ethanol extract from Bridelia micrantha (Melandean) leaves were used which were then evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, a method that is widely known for assessing free radical scavenging activity. The ethanol extract sample was obtained through maceration with a yield of 15.84%. Based on the DPPH test, it shows that the extract has dose-dependent inhibition of DPPH radicals, with a maximum inhibition of 66.13% at a concentration of 25 ppm. The IC50 value, calculated from regression analysis, confirmed the antioxidant potential of the extract, although it was less effective than that of vitamin C, which was used as a positive control. These findings suggest that Bridelia micrantha leaves, rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, have the potential as a source of natural antioxidants for managing oxidative stress-related health conditions.

Study of Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activity of Juniperus sabina L. Grown in Mongolia

In traditional Mongolian medicine, J. sabina L. fruits and leaves are used as medicinal raw materials to treat kidney, joint and respiratory diseases. The present study considers the phytochemical investigation of the plant. TLC test results identified gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, umbelliferone and 1,8-cineole in J. sabina L. Quantitative determination by UV spectrophotometry showed the content of polyphenolic compounds to be 127-195 mg GAE/g, total flavonoids 46-59.1 mg QE/g and total coumarins 14.8-20.5 mg UE/g. Plant antioxidant activity was assessed using the free radical reduction DPPH test and the 50% inhibitory concentration was determined at a 200 µg/mL concentration, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of J. sabina L. exhibited free radical scavenging activity of 83.15% ± 1.85 and 46.14% ± 1.08, respectively. The 50% free radical inhibition concentration values were 112.8 ± 1.99 µg/mL and 195.2 ± 1.57 µg/mL, both less than 200 µg/mL, indicating antioxidant activity.

Computer-aided design of caffeic acid derivatives: free radical scavenging activity and reaction force

ContextAntioxidants are known to play a beneficial role in human health. Caffeic acid has been previously recognized as efficient in this context. However, such a capability can be enhanced through structural modification. Thus, 3829 caffeic acid derivatives were computational designed to that purpose by adding functional groups (-OH, -SH, -OCH3, -COOCH3, -F, -CF3, and -N(CH3)(C2H5)) to its framework. Promising candidates were chosen considering drug-like behavior, toxicity, and synthetic accessibility. The best candidates, dCAF-2, dCAF-16, and dCAF-82, were identified by comparison with reference antioxidants. The thermochemistry and kinetics of their reaction with •OOH are provided. The global rate coefficients were estimated to be 1.76 × 109 M−1 s−1, 3.19 × 109 M−1 s−1, and 1.79 × 109 M−1 s−1 in aqueous solution for dCAF-2, dCAF-16, and dCAF-82, respectively. In lipid medium, their total rate coefficients were estimated to be 3.65 × 103 M−1 s−1, 3.73 × 103 M−1 s−1, and 8.63 × 104 M−1 s−1 for dCAF-2, dCAF-16, and dCAF-82, respectively. These values allow predicting the designed caffeic acid derivatives as excellent antioxidants in both environments. The reaction forces for the main reaction path of the dCAF-2, dCAF-16, and dCAF-82 reactions with •OOH were explored.MethodsThree protocols were used: (i) CADMA-Chem (computer-assisted design of multifunctional antioxidants, based on chemical properties) to quantify ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties, toxicity and synthetic accessibility; (ii) eH-DAMA (electron and hydrogen donating ability map) tool, to identify the derivatives expected to behave as the best antioxidants; (iii) QM-ORSA (quantum mechanics–based test for overall free radical scavenging activity), to calculate the rate constants. Electronic structure calculations were performed with Gaussian 09, at the M05-2X/6–311 + g(d,p) level of theory. Both aqueous and lipid environments were considered using the SMD continuous solvation model. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations, as implemented in Gaussian 09, were used to obtain the reaction force.

Optimization of Antioxidant Extraction from Avocado Peel and its Antibacterial Properties and Potentials in Food Products

Avocado peel, with a high proportion of bioactive compounds, is usually discarded as waste. Preliminary study was carried out to determine the most suitable solvent (out of acetones, water, ethanol and methanol) for extraction of antioxidants from avocado peel. Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant (FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC) were evaluated as responses. The oxidative stability of cooked ground beef, fish, oil samples (soybean, palm, groundnut) treated with optimum concentration of avocado peel ethanol extract (APE) was evaluated over time using standard procedures. Although methanol had a significantly higher (p<0.05) TPC and FRAP, it was not significantly different (p>0.05) in DPPH from ethanol; hence ethanol was selected based on its known low-toxicity. Results indicated that process variables with. Optimum solvent concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature with the highest desirability index of 0.868 was 80 %, 90 min and 60 օC respectively. Cooked ground beef and fish treated with > 0.3 % APE resulted in a more significant reduction (p<0.05) in pH values than the positive control (0.1 % BHT). However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in TBARS in both ground beef and fish samples treated with 0.5% APE and the positive control. Similarly, treatment with APE significantly reduced peroxide value (PV) in order groundnut oil>soybean oil> and palm oil and acid value (AV) in the order soybean oil> groundnut oil > palm oil used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration of APE was 20 mg/ml for S. aureus, 10 mg/mL for S. typhi and E. coli. The preservative effect of APE increased with increase in concentration of APE. Thus, its potentials in preservation of food products.

Improving Jelly Nutrient Profile with Bioactive Compounds from Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Extracts

This study aimed to enhance the nutritional value of jellies by fortification with polyphenol extracts derived from Pinus sylvestris L. shoots at various maturation stages. Pinus sylvestris L., a coniferous species, is widely used in traditional medicine and functional foods due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Its needles, bark, and shoots are commonly used to extract bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In the current study, extracts were derived from young shoots collected directly from natural forest environments and processed using a decoction method to preserve bioactive compounds. The novel jelly formulations were prepared using pine shoots harvested at three maturity stages: stage I (4 cm), stage II (8 cm), and stage III (12 cm). All determinations were conducted both on the pure decoction extracts and the jelly samples to ensure a comprehensive analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) allowed the identification of eight phenolic acids and six flavonoids in the samples. Significant differences were observed between the pine shoot extracts and jellies at different development stages. Notably, stage II exhibited optimal polyphenol content (312.2 mg GAE/100 g), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (94.9%), dry matter content (79.5%), and acidity (0.79% citric acid/g). A similar pattern emerged in the jelly samples (jelly2 (pine decoction stage II) > jelly1 (pine decoction stage I) > jelly3 (pine decoction stage III)). All extracts demonstrated antioxidant potential in DPPH free radical quenching assays. FTIR analysis evaluated structural changes in phenolic compounds during jelly formulation, focusing on key absorption bands at 1600 cm−1 (C=C stretching) and 3336 cm−1 (-OH stretching) using a Shimadzu IR Prestige-21 spectrophotometer. Compared to extracts, jellies showed diminished band intensities, indicating thermal degradation of phenolic compounds during processing. This aligns with observed reductions in antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, suggesting partial destabilization of these bioactive compounds. However, their integration into the jelly matrix highlights the potential for functional applications. The textural attributes of jellies were also assessed, and differences were attributed to the changes in acidity and moisture content of the pine shoots during maturation. Pine shoot extracts at specific maturation stages are valuable sources of antioxidant and polyphenol compounds and were successfully employed in functional applications belonging to the food or nutraceutical industry.

New Insights on Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B Surface-Active Biomolecules: Gordofactin Properties

Biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers (BSs/BEs) can be defined as surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms with a broad range of applications. In recent years, due to their unique properties like biodegradability, specificity, low toxicity, and relative ease of preparation, these biomolecules have attracted wide interest as an eco-friendly alternative for several industrial sectors, escalating global microbial BS/BE market growth. Recently, Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B, a bacterium with significant biotechnological potential, well known for its biodesulfurizing properties, carotenoid production, and broad catabolic range, was described as a BS/BE producer. This study focuses on the characterization of the properties of the lipoglycopeptide BSs/BEs produced by strain 1B, henceforth referred to as gordofactin, to better understand its potential and future applications. Strain 1B was cultivated in a chemostat using fructose as a carbon source to stimulate gordofactin production, and different purification methods were tested. The most purified sample, designated as extracted gordofactin, after lyophilization, presented a specific emulsifying activity of 9.5 U/mg and a critical micelle concentration of 13.5 mg/L. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of basic hydroxyl, carboxyl, ether, amine/amide functional groups, and alkyl aliphatic chains, which is consistent with its lipoglycopeptide nature (60% lipids, 19.6% carbohydrates, and 9% proteins). Gordofactin displayed remarkable stability and retained emulsifying activity across a broad range of temperatures (30 °C to 80 °C) and pH (pH 3–12). Moreover, a significant tolerance of gordofactin emulsifying activity (EA) to a wide range of NaCl concentrations (1 to 100 g/L) was demonstrated. Although with a great loss of EA in the presence of NaCl concentrations above 2.5%, gordofactin could still tolerate up to 100 g/L NaCl, maintaining about 16% of its initial EA for up to 7 days. Furthermore, gordofactin exhibited growth inhibition against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and it demonstrated concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (IC50 ≈ 1471 mg/L). These promising features emphasize the robustness and potential of gordofactin as an eco-friendly BS/BE alternative to conventional surfactants/emulsifiers for different industrial applications.

Chemistry Profile and Biological Activity of Campnosperma auriculatum Extracts

As our ongoing investigation for bioactive natural products from tropical plant, we performed preliminary study on one of important tropical plants in West Kalimantan, Terentang putih, Campnosperma auriculatum. The aims were to determine effective solvent used for extraction, chemistry profile, total phenolic content, free-radical scavenging, cytotoxicity, and anti-termite activities of leaves, stems, and roots extracts of C. auriculatum. Variation of solvent for extraction was selected based on its polarisation, namely, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. The effectiveness of solvent was determined by observing the rendemen of each extract, where amount of sample and solvent volume, duration of extraction, temperature, and maceration technique were controled. Determination of total phenolic content was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu method. IC50 value for free-radical scavenging activity was calculated by plotting standard concentration and absorption data observed through DPPH method. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed to each ethanolic extract against 4T1 cancer cell line using MTT assay. Anti-termite activity was conducted against Coptotermes curvignathus by calculating percentage of termite mortality and paper weight loss. This research showed that ethanol solvent was the most effective extraction solvent giving the highest yield in each part of plant. Phytochemically, all extracts showed that they contain phenolics and alkaloids. Ethanolic extract of stems showed the highest total phenolic content with 737.6 ± 0.56 ppm (GAE) and the most active as free-radical scavenger with IC50 value of 135.51 ± 0.91 ppm. Meanwhile, the roots extract exhibited pronounce cytotoxicity toward 4T1 cancer cell line with IC50 value of 1.55 ± 3.29 µg/ml and high selectivity index. Furthermore, the roots extract displayed most active as anti-termite as well as antifeedant. Hitherto, this study is the first report on phytochemistry and biological activity from leaves, stems, and roots of C. auriculatum. Moreover, this plant can be explored further for its potential on medicinal and agricultural industries.

New Indole Diketopiperazine Alkaloids from Endophytic Fungi Aspergillus sp. JXC-5.

Three previously undescribed indole diketopiperazine alkaloids and seventeen known compounds were characterized from Aspergillus sp. JXC-5 by solid fermentation. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and HRESIMS, and the absolute configurations were further confirmed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD), induced CD spectra and ML_J_DP4 methods. In the in vitro bioassays, Compound 5 exhibits potent DPPH and ABTS·+ free radicals radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 19.54 ± 0.39 μM and 26.39 ± 0.09 μM respectively. Compounds 10-12, 14 and 15 exhibited potent ABTS·+ free radicals radical scavenging activity.

Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet leaf extract supported nanosilver particles: Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized in numerous ways, due to their diverse applications, including green procedures that used an extract of plants for the reduction of metal ions. This study delineates the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaf extract of Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet (CJ) and assesses the antioxidant as well as antibacterial characteristics. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was accomplished by reacting the aqueous leaf extract of the plant with a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3). The creation of AgNPs was indicated by the visual colour change of the reaction concoction from golden to deep brown and the absorption peak at 442 nanometer (nm) in the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and the High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) images have revealed the generated AgNPs as spherical and oblate in shape which is 20-40 nm in size, whereas X-Ray power Diffraction evaluation revealed the crystalline feature. The existence of functional groups of synthesized AgNPs was detected by the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum. The synthesized AgNPs showed free radical scavenging activity using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl assay with IC50 value, 7.02±1 μg/mL. The antibacterial assay showed an effective activity towards E. Coli and S. aureus by developing a well-defined zone of inhibition. The results of this study accentuate the biomedical potential of the above-mentioned plant, though further research is needed to implement it in clinical practice.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION LEVEL AND NITROGEN DOSES ON THE SILAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SORGHUM × SUDAN GRASS HYBRID (Sorghum bicolor L. × Sorghum sudanese)

This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation levels (I30, I60, and I100) and nitrogen doses (N0, N50, N100, and N150 kg ha-1) on the silage yield and quality of sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids (Sorghum bicolor L. × Sorghum sudanese). The experiment was conducted via a split-plot trial design with three replicates over two years, 2021 and 2022. Silage yield was evaluated over two years, and quality traits were evaluated over one year. Silage yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), water use efficiency (WUE), dry matter, pH, organic acids (lactic and acetic), relative feed value (RFV), crude protein, potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total phenolic and total flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and condensed tannin content were determined in the silage samples. The highest silage yield was observed in the I100×N1000 (64.3 t ha-1) and I100×N150 (61.8 t ha-1) treatments. The highest WUE was obtained from the I30×N150 interaction, whereas the highest IWUE value was obtained from the I30×N150 interaction. The lactic acid and crude protein contents of the silages ranged from 2.29-4.38% and from 6.51-9.70%, respectively. As a result, the silage yield decreased, whereas the silage quality was not affected by stress conditions. Accordingly, the I100xN1000 interaction, which results in the highest silage yield, is recommended.