Activities In Cyberspace Research Articles

Non-War Activities in Cyberspace as a Factor Driving the Process of De-Bordering

Whereas war is the continuation of politics by other means, a new space between diplomacy and open conflict is now becoming available for state and non-state actors, tempting them with the promise of achieving a strategic advantage over an opponent without risking the escalation of the conflict to the level of kinetic aggression. From that perspective, the ongoing shift of states and societies into cyberspace is becoming extremely interesting. As it blurs national borders, it offers an excellent dimension in which to exercise non-war activities, enabling reduction of kinetic aggression in the three basic dimensions of warfare (land, air, and sea) and providing new means of reaching one’s political objectives. The aim of this article is twofold. Firstly, it discusses the changing nature of borders and examines the impact of non-war doctrine on the functions played by national borders. Secondly, it analyzes how states utilize these activities to achieve political goals and gain strategic advantage over opponents, as well as to what extent they foster de-bordering.

Cybersex and Religion: Intimacy, Resistance, and Negotiation of Islamic Students In Indonesia

This article focused on the teenage generation and religion as the dominant sources of truth in Indonesia, especially Islam. Religion rules become a norm that is upheld and fought for. This article explained how the generation of teenagers in Surabaya who have the same background at Islamic Universities. They used to apply virtual spaces related to sexual activities. Apart from that, this paper also tried to relate their practice to the religious teachings they profess. The informants of this study were students at several universities in Surabaya. Those who become informants were students, consisting of males and females, who openly admitted to having the habit of engaging in sexual activities in cyberspace. This research aimed to explain the practices of resistance and negotiation that occur on religious teachings. The data collection method used was in-depth interviews which focused on how they used virtual space relating to sexuality. There were various entrances to various forms of sexual simulacrums and sexuality within cyberspace, various sexual acts, and the scene that "offer" various sexual activities, such as voyeurism, role-playing, sexual game, cyber-fetishism, and long-distance sexual activity via the internet (teledildonics). In those various activities, men were more open in telling about their activities than women because of strong patriarchal tradition. Besides, they also tried to negotiate the concept of sin in religion. They considered the consequences of sin when they do sexual virtually were heavier than when they did it.

A PREDICTIVE USER BEHAVIOUR ANALYTIC MODEL FOR INSIDER THREATS IN CYBERSPACE

Insider threat in cyberspace is a recurring problem since the user activities in a cyber network are often unpredictable. Most existing solutions are not flexible and adaptable to detect sudden change in user’s behaviour in streaming data, which led to a high false alarm rates and low detection rates. In this study, a model that is capable of adapting to the changing pattern in structured cyberspace data streams in order to detect malicious insider activities in cyberspace was proposed. The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) dataset was used as the data source in this study. Extracted features from the dataset were normalized using Min-Max normalization. Standard scaler techniques and mutual information gain technique were used to determine the best features for classification. A hybrid detection model was formulated using the synergism of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models. Model simulation was performed using python programming language. Performance evaluation was carried out by assessing and comparing the performance of the proposed model with a selected existing model using accuracy, precision and sensitivity as performance metrics. The result of the simulation showed that the developed model has an increase of 1.48% of detection accuracy, 4.21% of precision and 1.25% sensitivity over the existing model. This indicated that the developed hybrid approach was able to learn from sequences of user actions in a time and frequency domain and improves the detection rate of insider threats in cyberspace.

Truecaller's Spam Call and SMS Blocking Solution for Surveillance on Social Media

The advancement of technology and communication has been impressively rapid. That are where emerging cybercrime technologies were born. Cyberspace activities involve the use of Internet users. One of them is a frequent social media user, which allows for communication interactions to take place without the need for face-to-face meetings. The Internet and social media, in addition to having a positive impact on users, also have a negative impact. One of them is a type of crime that is currently prevalent, namely digital cybercrime, which is a crime committed by varied individuals in order to deceive the target using data/information from the victim's social media account. Furthermore, in the current era of the Covid-19 pandemic, many victims have received fraud, such as spam calls and SMS, from people who use various methods to persuade, usually using the victim's family as tactic and overdue in loan payments as trap, and the number of these victims is growing. This study used a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of the Truecaller application in assisting smartphone users who are disturbed by continuous terror by using calls and Spam SMS, as well as overcoming victims' concerns.

The phenomenon of NFT (non-fungible tokens) as an accounting entity

The emergence of the digital economy and increased activity in cyberspace have led to the creation of new technologies and digital products such, as non-fungible tokens (NFT). The article presents the arguments that justify the need to study NFT as an object of legal relations and an object of accounting. A brief description of these items has been given; their types and market of circulation have been studied, and, also the current legal provisions, Russian accounting standards and international financial reporting standards have been analysed. To define NFT as an accounting object, the types of accounting objects enshrined in Federal Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting” have been considered and the criteria for their attribution in relation to NFT have been analysed. The legal and accounting problems associated with the emergence of a new object have been highlighted and the ways for further research in the field of creating an accounting methodology for NFT as a specific and highly promising digital product have been defined.

Международно-правовая характеристика регулирования онлайн-торговли в США и ЕС

This article reveals the main trends in the regulation of international trade in modern international law. The aim of the article is to analyze the current sources of international trade law aimed at regulating online commerce in cyberspace, which has become the object of regulation in many regional international agreements, as well as to compare the approaches of the US and the EU to the regulation of commercial activities in cyberspace, in particular on the issue of personal data protection. The authors explore the problem of online commerce regulation by using comparative and critical methods of analysis, i.e. comparing the legal regulation in the United States and the EU and their critical evaluation. The authors also analyze the problem of personal data protection in cyberspace in this kind of commercial activity, taking into account the existing risks. The material for the study is based on the international legal regulation of trade, the so-called “soft law” norms adopted in the framework of UNSTIRAL, the US legislation (for example, the provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), the Electronic Signatures in International and Internal Commerce Act) and the EU law, especially the EU Regulation 2016/679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and its free circulation. The article examines online commerce as an object of international law, types of online commerce and existing contracts of sale in cyberspace, then examines in detail the sources of regulation of online commerce in the US and EU, taking into account the legal development, then analyzes the problems of personal data protection and the difference between the US approach, expressed in minimal interference in the activities of entities involved in trade (the so-called “laissez-faire” approach), and the EU “paternalistic” approach, consisting in detailed regulation of rules of commercial activity To conclude, the authors have examined the issue related to the prospects of legal regulation of online commerce, taking into account the differences between the EU and its member states and the United States. A possible way out of this problem could be consistent cooperation based on bilateral agreements on specialized issues, adherence to the principles of international online trade set out in a New EU-U.S. Agenda for Global Change and the creation of a free trade area (FTA) between the EU and the U.S.

The Challenges of Civil-Military Cooperation in The Face of Cyber Threats in Indonesia

Non-military threats in the era of globalization are so complex, cybercrime is a threat that must be considered by all groups, including the government, military and society. The existence of cyber threats requires strengthening civil-military cooperation to deal with them. In this research, the writer wants to knowwhat are the challenges ahead for civil-military cooperation in dealing with cyber threats in Indonesia. Methods of data collection using literature review. The results of the research are cyber threats at the civilian level. The government has regulated matters relating to activities in cyberspace through laws and regulations. At the military level, cyber defense has been established to deal with cyber threats. It can be said that civil-military cooperation has been carried out by using their respective powers. And another form of cooperation is civilians supporting the military in defending the country’s sovereignty and participating in various threats.

Directions and Prospects of Interaction of the Security Service of Ukraine With the ember-Countries of the Guam Organization in the Sphere of Ensuring Cyber Security and Countering Cyber Threats

Analysis of cyberattacks on the critical information infrastructure of Ukraine, and the fact of its increased complexity and more sophisticated relevant tools show the engagement of unfriendly countries, especially such as the Russian Federation, in destructive activities in Ukrainian cyberspace: in fact, Ukraine has become a testing ground for new cyber weapons and malicious strategies. Considering the cross-border nature of modern cyber threats and the priority of the Euro-Atlantic course of our country, an important vector of the activities of the Security Service of Ukraine has been to establish effective cooperation with international partners in combating cyber terrorism and hybrid aggression in cyberspace. Having this in mind the Security Service of Ukraine has established and maintained a high level of cooperation with intelligence services and law enforcement agencies in Europe, Asia and North America, as well as with key international organizations such as NATO, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the UNO, the GUAM and others. At the same time, the Security Service of Ukraine has recently taken a proactive role as an initiator of innovations in the field of regional and international cybersecurity in relevant organizations. The issues of international cooperation of the Security Service of Ukraine in the field of cybersecurity within the framework of international and regional organizations were examined by such Ukrainian experts as V. Petrov, V. Khlevytsky, S. Bondarenko, O. Klimchuk, S. Petrov, N. Tkachuk, D. Melnyk and others. At the same time, these works, according to the authors’ opinion, do not reveal the features of international cooperation between the Security Service of Ukraine and the relevant special and law enforcement agencies of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development GUAM in the field of cybersecurity and countering cyber threats. Given that Ukraine has recently been the object of cyberattacks, the sources of which originate from the Russian Federation, the establishment of the GUAM Regional Cybersecurity Center in Ukraine will help to strengthen the cyber security capacity of GUAM member countries. Moreover, the operation of this centre in our country, taking into account existing strong international contacts of Ukraine with NATO, EU, Council of Europe, OSCE, will help to create additional mechanisms for GUAM member states to exchange best world practices in cybersecurity as well as combating cybercrime, to increase the level of expertise of GUAM member states’ experts in these fields and to help improve the Organization’s image on the international arena. In this regard the Security Service of Ukraine should support the possible deployment of the technological component of the Center on the basis of the GUAM Secretariat in Ukraine, with the purpose of establishing the educational processes, information exchange, as well as remote access of relevant state bodies of GUAM member states. The provision of core funding of the future Center should be worked out within the framework of GUAM’s international cooperation with the USA, Japan, the EU, etc.

The development of models of an analytical data processing system for monitoring information security of an informatization object using cloud infrastructure

The article is devoted to the problem of developing an analytical data processing system for monitoring information security within the information security management system of modern companies conducting their main activities in cyberspace and using cloud infrastructure. Based on the analysis of modern information technologies related to ensuring information security of cloud infrastructure and the most popular products for ensuring information security of cloud infrastructures, as well as existing scientific approaches, a formalized approach to the synthesis of an analytical data processing system for monitoring the information security of an informatization object using cloud infrastructure is proposed. This approach takes into account the usefulness of the used information technologies from the viewpoint of information security. A general model of the structure of information support of an analytical data processing system for monitoring information security, as well as a model of the dependence of the usefulness of information technology on time and the ratio of the skill level of an information security specialist and an attacker are presented. The quality of the information security monitoring system is used as a criterion in the first optimization model. The following limitations are suggested: limitation on the time of making a decision on an incident; limitation on the degree of quality of analysis of information security events by the analytical data processing system and limitation on the compatibility of data analysis functions with data types about information security events. The cited results of the study of the second model show a logically consistent dependence of the usefulness of information technology on time and the ratio of the skill level of an information security specialist to the skill level of an attacker. The particular models of the structure of the information support of ASOD are presented. They make it possible to determine the rational structure information support of ASOD according to particular criteria. The following particular criteria are used: the maximin criterion of the usefulness of the information support of ASOD for monitoring the information security of an informatization object in the cloud infrastructure; the criterion for the maximum relevance of information support distributed over the nodes of the cloud infrastructure for systems with a low degree of centralization of management.

RANet: Network intrusion detection with group-gating convolutional neural network

With the rapid increase of human activities in cyberspace, various network intrusions are tended to be frequent and hidden. Network intrusion detection (NID) has attracted more and more attention from industrial and academic fields. Over the years, researchers have developed artificial intelligence methods to tackle them. However, most existing methods are usually not feasible and sustainable when faced with the demands of current NID systems. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) named RANet for NID automatically. In RANet, we not only introduce a Group-Gating module but also apply the overlapping method to the last max-pooling layer. Based on the hyper-parameter settings of our RANet, a lot of performance comparison experiments are conducted. The results demonstrate that RANet achieves better NID performance than strong baselines and existing state-of-the-art methods on five publicly available NID benchmarks. For example, the RANet improves accuracy with approximately 5.3% on NSL-KDD Test−21 dataset through comparisons to state-of-the-art baselines. Moreover, the results of RANet also indicate that it has the great potential or use in current NID systems.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Cybertwin-Driven 6G: Architectures, Methods, and Applications

Internet of Everything (IoE) brings unprecedented challenges regarding scability, mobility, availability, and security to wireless communications. Cybertwin emerges as a promising paradigm for the next-generation mobile network, i.e., 6G. Basically, it serves as the communication anchor of a user at the edge and performs fundamental authentication and network resources control functionalities. Cybertwin is also an indispensable enabler of the cloud native network paradigm and can efficiently support the digital twin and metaverse. With cybertwin, heterogeneous access networks can be easily exploited in a synergic manner, such that advanced applications, such as multiscreen multistream rich media delivery, can be realized with guaranteed QoS. Furthermore, a user’s activities in cyberspace can be recorded naturally which becomes his/her/its digital asset. In the future, cybertwin may become the personal assistant and even an immortal second life of the user.

Political Mobilisation of Religious, Chauvinist, and Technocratic Populists in Indonesia and Their Activities in Cyberspace

Populism has been on the rise in many countries. As a result, studies on populism have proliferated. However, there are very few studies that investigate and compare different types of populisms in a single nation-state. Furthermore, how these different populists in the same political milieu use cyberspace has not been comparatively studied. This study addresses these gaps by looking at a variety of populist forces within Indonesia that have emerged as major actors and identifying the uses of cyberspace in populist political mobilisation. This paper argues that the three main types of populism that predominate in political rhetoric (religious, chauvinistic, and technocratic) do not exist in isolation but rather borrow from each other. This is reflected in their cyberspace activities.

Cyber Vaticinations: A Systematic Review of Schoolchildren's Activities in the Cyberspace in Thirty Years' Time

There are scholarly pieces of evidence attesting to the use of the Internet by children in a manner comparable to adult users. Many children now use mobile phones, laptop computers, and tablet PCs that are connected to the Internet to access the cyberspace and engage in any activity of interest. The Spatio-temporal communications by schoolchildren in cyberspace have reduced television viewing which in the analog era was subjected to parental control. Unfortunately, the technical nature of the Internet makes it difficult for parents to control the contents available to schoolchildren in the cyberspace. This article uses the space transition theory to examine and analyse schoolchildren's current cyberspace activities relating to cyber dating, cybersex, cyberbullying, and online gambling to infer the dimensions that these activities would take in the next thirty years. Current scholarly articles were explicated on popular engagements of schoolchildren in the cyberspace and analysed to predict the dimensions of these activities in thirty years. This paper is of scholarly value on the vogues that would be prevalent in the cyberspace in the next generation. The emerging trends in the scholarly articles analysed were used to recommend cyber-parenting related measures on training schoolchildren in the next thirty years.

Legal Acceptability of the Security Level of the Electronic Identification System

Cyberspace is becoming the dominant global arena for the exchange of goods and services. In addition, cyberspace is playing an increasing role in meeting the social needs of the modern human being. Services provided by public administrations are moving to the Internet and modern information and communication technologies. In such an environment, the need for reliable identification of an individual in cyberspace becomes increasingly demanding. E-commerce, as well as e-business in most cases implies the possession of bancing cards as an instrument of non-cash payment transactions. Therefore, a banking card is recognized as an instrument that confirms the identity of an individual within electronic interactions, and the bank can also be seen as a provider of trust services in electronic identification procedures. In a large number of electronic transactions in cyberspace, there is often no need for identity verification via credit cards, because no financial transaction. At the same time, there is a need to reliably determine the identity of an individual in cyberspace. The intensive development of the Internet, the transfer of a large number of business and social activities in cyberspace has led to the need to adapt legal solutions that regulate some activities on the Internet, or the mentioned cyberspace. Thus, a system of reliable digital authentication of transactions and recognition of an individual’s identity when appearing in cyberspace has been developed. In the Republic of Srpska, but also in Bosnia and Herzegovina, legislation has been adopted that recognizes electronic signatures, as well as trust and electronic identification services. Back in 1999, the European Union adopted a regulation for digital signatures, which was replaced by the Regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market number 910/14, popularly called eIDAS. eIDAS regulations legally regulate the methods of digital identification, as well as the legal validity of electronic documents and electronic business with traditional documents and business. The paper studies the levels of electronic identifications, possible solutions in legislation and practice in the Republic of Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina and presents examples from neighboring countries.

Discursos de poder y nuevas tecnologías: reflexiones críticas en torno a la biopolítica y psicopolítica

The discourses of around Foucaultian biopolitics (1976) and psychopolitics in Han (2014) have evolved thanks to the mass media and the appearance of new technologies. At present, various forms of systemic coercion configure a panorama in the process of mutation, towards new modes of establishment defined as kind power and intelligent. Therefore, these technologies promise to provide the dominant sectors with much more effective and less coercive tools in terms of social control, thanks to the formation of growing virtual communities, the use of smart devices, activities in cyberspace and permanent surveillance mechanisms. The implicit methodology used is situated in the field of hermeneutics, in order to contribute with a theoretical interpretive contribution of a social nature.

Advanced computing and endogenous security

Computing is the foundation of cyberspace, and all activities in cyberspace are built on the basis of computing. At the same time, cyberspace and its underlying infrastructure are vulnerable to a wide range of risks stemming from both physical and cyber threats and hazards. With the further expansion of the scope of cyberspace, e.g., information technology being increasingly integrated with physical infrastructure operations, computing and security still considered as one of the least investigated and exploited regions. In the past years, significant progress has been made with respect to advanced computing and endogenous security theories and technologies, and commercial advanced computing and endogenous security devices and systems are anticipated to become a reality in the near future.

THE REASON TO AMANDMENT OF ARTICLE 27 PARAGRAPH (1), ARTICLE 28 PARAGRAPH (1) AND (2) OF THE ITE LAW THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE MULTIPLE INTERPRETATION OF THE ITE LAW IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC FOR LEGAL CERTAINTY

Indonesian Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions as amended by Law No. 19 of 2016 (ITE Law) provides benefits for the community and the business world on justice, legal certainty, and legal protection for activities in cyberspace using electronic media. However, there is an assumption that several articles in the ITE Law have multiple interpretations so that it is potentially to criminalize someone and make law enforcers have different perceptions. The formulation of the problem that the author raises are, first, what is the urgency of changing articles that are considered to have multiple interpretations in the ITE Law during the Covid-19 pandemic? Second, what is the ideal legal product to deal with articles that are considered to have multiple interpretations? The method used is a normative juridical method, the authors use secondary data and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the first research shows that the interpretation of the ITE Law alone is not sufficient and must be revised to support the amendment of the ITE Law. The second research result is that an appropriate legal product is a legally binding legal product for law enforcement officials in conducting investigations, prosecutions, and judicial process, namely Supreme Court Regulations and Attorney General Circulars.

Deep transfer learning framework for the identification of malicious activities to combat cyberattack

The people having a perpetrating mind and the facilitation in advanced technologies cause the criminogenic activities in cyberspace, thereby creating societal problems. Darknet is an internet-based technology that builds on an encrypted network. Darknet networks can be accessed using a specific software with a specific network configuration; its content does not index by any search engines. Since its beginning, Darknet has been used for criminogenic tasks and applauded primarily for cybercrime promotion, including arms and drug dealing. Few countries have control over digital media and are ruled by a suppressive government. They have formulated strict policies for freedom fighters and journalism, using the Darknet anonymously. Also, many people use it for illegal purposes. Therefore, we have both positive and negative impacts of the darknet on human society and just cannot be discarded. However, in this paper, our prime concern emanates from the darknet network detection from the network traffic data through the deep transfer learning model. To provide a more accurate result, we transform time-based features into a three-dimensional image and then feed it into a pre-trained model for the extraction of promising features. In this study, we considered the DeepInsight method to transform the numerical features into image data. These features were then used in a proposed bi-level classification system to classify the input data into malicious activities. To identify the optimized pretrained network this paper utilized 10 pre-trained models: AlexNet, ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, DenseNet, GoogLeNet, VGG16, VGG19, Inceptionv3, and SqueezeNet with three different baseline classifiers, namely support vector machine, decision tree, and random forest. In addition to malicious activity prediction, the proposed model could also predict the type of traffic. The experiment results illustrate that the VGG19 based features along with random forest can classify the traffic data with 96% of accuracy.

A study on the legislative trend of cybersecurity legislation - Focusing on changes in legislation according to the amended 「NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE KOREA ACT」 -

Since the late 2000s, as the importance of political, social, and cultural activities in cyberspace has been emphasized, interest in cyberspace safety and security has expanded. Therefore, in order to take systematic and prompt action in case of an accident while preparing measures against the threat, the role of intelligence agency is important. Cyberattacks taking place in cyberspace are technical and information security issues that need to be addressed at the individual or organizational level, and it is a problem that requires an immediate and comprehensive response at the national level, and the need for international cooperation is growing. Korea, a divided country, has a strong dependence on ICT and a high vulnerability to cyber safety, but it is criticized that the legal system in the field of cyber security to prepare for this is still insufficient. In this situation, it was pointed out that it is difficult to respond systematically and efficiently in the event of a cybersecurity crisis, and the legal basis for performing the mission is insufficient. Various types of cyber security related bills have been submitted according to the need to enact the Cyber Security Act, but they have not been enacted due to opposition from the opposition parties and civil society for privacy violations. While sympathizing with the importance of cybersecurity and the need for related laws, the lack of trust in the National Intelligence Service, which will obtain authority through the law, is acting as a stumbling block to the establishment of the legal system. It should be remembered that there cannot be a distinction between the public and private sectors in national security and that protection of all constitutional institutions, including the executive branch as well as the legislative and judicial branches, is important. Currently, there is no cybersecurity-related law that regulates both the public and private sectors and encompasses all other constitutional institutions such as the judiciary and legislative branch. In the meantime, the recent revision of「NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE KOREA ACT」as an opportunity to clearly stipulate the cyber security mission of the National Intelligence Service and to enact the first presidential decree-related cyber security-related norms is an encouraging change. Therefore, this paper analyzes the recently reorganized Legislative Trends and Future Tasks for Cybersecurity Legislation- Focusing on changes in legislation according to the amended「National Intelligence Service Act」, 「Cyber Security Work Regulations」 and「Cyber Security Act Bill」 from the perspective of establishing an effective response system for cyber security, and analyzes the problems of current regulations and future cyber security A legal task was proposed to strengthen the legal system.

Self-Escapism Motivation: A Determinant of E-Cart Use and Abandonment

E-shopping engagement has become a significant user activity in cyberspace. Prior scholarship has found self-escapism a crucial user motivation to engage in e-shopping. The current research identifies dimensions of self-escapism motivation to engage in e-shopping and their influence on shoppers’ attitude, e-cart use, and abandonment. Data were collected from 305 shoppers in Pakistan via an offline survey. Results reveal self-suppression and self-expansion as dimensions of shoppers’ self-escapism motivation to engage in e-shopping. These dimensions of self-escapism motivation determine shoppers’ positive affective attitude towards e-shopping. Nonetheless, they have a differing influence on shoppers’ e-cart use and abandonment. Keywords: Self-Escapism Motivation, E-Shopping, Affective Attitude, E-Cart Use; E-Cart Abandonment.