Hepatic Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Research Articles

Metal accumulation and antioxidant defenses in the freshwater fish Carassius auratus in response to single and combined exposure to cadmium and hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The effects of cadmium, hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and their mixture on metal accumulation and antioxidant defenses were studied using the goldfish Carassius auratus as the test organism. The fish were exposed to 0.1mg/L Cd, 0.5mg/L OH-MWCNTs, or 0.1mg/L Cd+0.5mg/L OH-MWCNTs for 3 and 12 days. Then, the Cd concentration was determined in the gill, liver and muscle. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), glutathione level and malondialdehyde content were also measured. A continuous accumulation of Cd was observed throughout the experimental period. Cd accumulation in tissues occurred in the following order: gill>liver>muscle at 3 days and liver>gill>muscle at 12 days. The concentrations of Cd in the livers of fish exposed to the combination of Cd+OH-MWCNTs were significantly higher than those in fish exposed to either single chemical after 12 d of exposure. Meanwhile, the mixture evoked severe oxidative stress in the exposed fish, as indicated by significant inhibition of SOD, CAT and GPx activity, a remarkable decrease in GSH level, and simultaneous elevation of MDA content. These results suggested that the effect of the combined factors on metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers was more obvious than that of single factors at longer exposure durations.

A comparison of the effect of long-term starvation on responses to low-temperature stress by juvenile rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown (Salmo trutta) trout reveal different responses in the two species

Biometric parameters and oxidative stress indicators were measured in liver and muscle samples from rainbow trout and brown trout juveniles exposed to a 45-day starvation period at low water temperature. As a general tendency, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities in both species increased with fasting to eliminate the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the metabolic response to food deprivation in the muscle of each species was different. Lipid peroxidation levels in both species increased with starvation. We concluded that (1) low water temperature enhances ROS production in salmonids because of increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the cell membrane; (2) starvation significantly impaired the growth parameters of brown trout, yet the reverse was found for rainbow trout; and (3) despite this negative interaction, brown trout juveniles can physiologically tolerate oxidative stress caused by starvation and can therefore be cultivated under stressful conditions even in their early life stages.

Terminalia paniculata bark extract attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver via down regulation of fatty acid synthase in high fat diet-fed obese rats

BackgroundThis study was performed to understand the possible therapeutic activity of Terminalia paniculata ethanolic extract (TPEE) on non alcoholic fatty liver in rats fed with high fat diet.MethodsThirty six SD rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6): Normal control (NC), high fat diet (HFD), remaining four groups were fed on HFD along with different doses of TPEE (100,150 and 200 mg/kg b.wt) or orlistat, for ten weeks. Liver tissue was homogenized and analyzed for lipid profiles, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Further, the expression levels of FAS and AMPK-1α were also studied in addition to histopathology examination of liver tissue in all the groups.ResultsHFD significantly increased hepatic liver total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and MDA but decreased the activities of SOD and CAT which were subsequently reversed by supplementation with TPEE in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TPEE administration significantly down regulated hepatic mRNA expression of FAS but up regulated AMPK-1α compared to HFD alone fed group. Furthermore, western blot analysis of FAS has clearly demonstrated decreased expression of FAS in HFD + TPEE (200 mg/kg b.wt) treated group when compared to HFD group at protein level.ConclusionsOur biochemical studies on hepatic lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities supported by histological and expression studies suggest a potential therapeutic role for TPEE in regulating obesity through FAS.

Effect ofPunica Granatum(Pomegranate) Juice Extract on Healthy Liver and Hepatotoxicity Induced by Diethylnitrosamine and Phenobarbital in Male Rats

The effect of pomegranate juice (PJ) on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation (DNAF), and caspase-3 activity in rats both treated and not treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and phenobarbital (PB) was studied. Administration of rats with DEN and PB caused an elevation in the levels of malondialde-hyde (MDA), DNAF, and activities of glutathione reductase (GSR) and caspase-3, while the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, total glutathione peroxidase (t-GPx), and glutathione (GSH) level were decreased in hepatocytes compared to the control. Treatment of rats with PJ pre, during, and post DEN and PB administration improved liver function and decreased the levels of MDA, DNAF, t-GPx, GSR, and caspase-3 activities, but the GSH level did not change compared to the D-P group. This indicates that PJ reduced the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by DEN and PB. Administration of healthy rats with PJ only for a long period induced oxidative stress and apoptosis for hepatocytes.

English

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of taurine on biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each. The distilled water (DW) group received distilled water and the soya oil (SO) group received soya oil (1 ml/kg). Other groups were treated sequentially with taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD50) and lead (233.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD50), and the last group received taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg) and lead (233.25 mg/kg). The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected after 16 weeks. The serum samples were analyzed for proteins, enzymes, urea and creatinine concentration. The hepatic and renal malondialdehyde concentration and activities of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The results indicated that chronic co-administration of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lead acetate (LA) induced biochemical alterations in the rats. It is proposed that taurine antioxidant (TA) decreased the alterations in the biochemical parameters partly through its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. It is concluded that taurine is a useful prophylactic agent against biochemical toxicity in individuals that are constantly co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead in the environment.   Key words: Taurine, chlorpyrifos, lead, oxidative stress, biochemical effects.

Metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of freshwater fish Carassius auratus following in vivo exposure to waterborne zinc under different pH values

In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the combined effect of zinc and pH on metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Carassius auratus. Fish were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0mg Zn/L at three pH values (5.0, 7.25, 9.0) for 3, 12, and 30d. After each exposure, the contents of three trace elements (Zn, Fe and Cu) were determined in liver. Generally, longer exposure to zinc (12d and 30d) increased hepatic Zn and Cu deposition, but decreased Fe content. Increasing accumulation of Zn in the tissue was also observed with increasing zinc concentration in the exposure medium. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), together with the level of glutathione (GSH) were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress status. The decreases in the four measured biochemical parameters after 3d exposure might reflect the failure of the antioxidant defense system in neutralizing the ROS generated during the metabolic process, while the recovery of the antioxidants at days 12 and 30 suggested a possible shift toward a detoxification mechanism. With regard to the influence of pH on zinc toxicity, the general observation was that the living environment became more stressful when the water conditions changed from an acidic state toward a near-neutral or alkaline state.

Antioxidative and ACE inhibitory activities of protein hydrolysates from zebra blenny (Salaria basilisca) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The present study investigated the antioxidant properties and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of zebra blenny protein hydrolysates (ZBPHs), obtained by treatment with three different crude enzyme extracts, in alloxan induced diabetic rats (AIDR). The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were examined. The hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased in AIDR. Interestingly, the administration of ZBPHs to diabetic rats reduced the MDA concentration and increased the antioxidant enzyme activities. Further, ZBPHs were found to modulate ACE activity. In addition, ZBPHs were observed to protect the kidney function efficiently, which were evidenced by the significant decrease in the creatinine, uric acid and urea contents. These results suggest a strong antioxidant and antihypertensive effect of ZBPHs which can delay the occurrence of diabetic complications and be considered as functional food ingredients in nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals.

Schisandra Chinensis Baillon regulates the gene expression of phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes in hepatic damage induced rats.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThis study investigated the antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects of Schisandra chinensis Baillon extract (SCE) against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative hepatic damage in rats.MATERIALS/METHODSSprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated with SCE (300, 600, and 1,200 mg/kg BW) or saline once daily for 14 consecutive days. On day 14, each animal, except those belonging to the normal control group, were injected with t-BHP (0.8 mmol/kg BW/i.p.), and all of the rats were sacrificed 16 h after t-BHP injection.RESULTSAlthough no significant differences in AST and ALT levels were observed among the TC and SCE groups, the high-dose SCE group showed a decreasing tendency compared to the TC group. However, erythrocyte SOD activity showed a significant increase in the low-dose SCE group compared with the TC group. On the other hand, no significant differences in hepatic total glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were observed among the TC and SCE groups. Hepatic histopathological evaluation revealed that pretreatment with SCE resulted in reduced t-BHP-induced incidence of lesions, such as neutrophil infiltration, swelling of liver cells, and necrosis. In particular, treatment with a high dose of SCE resulted in induction of phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme expression, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC).CONCLUSIONSBased on these results, we conclude that SCE exerts protective effects against t-BHP induced oxidative hepatic damage through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration, swelling of liver cells, and necrosis. In addition, SCE regulates the gene expression of phase II antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes independent of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity.

Camel Milk Regulates Gene Expression and Activities of Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats Intoxicated with Carbon Tetrachloride

Camel Milk Regulates Gene Expression and Activities of Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats Intoxicated with Carbon Tetrachloride

Effects of chlorpyrifos on the transcription of CYP3A cDNA, activity of acetylcholinesterase, and oxidative stress response of goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the widely used organophosphate pesticide in agriculture throughout the world. It has been found that CPF is relatively safe to human but highly toxic to fish. In this study, acute toxicity of CPF on goldfish was determined and then the transcription of goldfish cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A was evaluated after 96 h of CPF exposure at concentrations of 15.3 [1/10 50% lethal concentration (LC50 )] or 51 μg L(-1) (1/3 LC50 ) of CPF. Meanwhile, the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver or brain of goldfish were also determined. The results of acute toxicity testing showed that the 96-h LC50 of CPF to the goldfish was 153 μg L(-1) . Moreover, a length sequence of 1243 bp CYP3A cDNA encoding for 413 amino acids from goldfish liver was cloned. Polymerase chain reaction results reveal that CPF exposure downregulates CYP 3A transcription in goldfish liver, suggesting that goldfish CYP 3A may be not involved in CPF bioactivation. Finally, the results of biochemical assays indicate that 96 h of CPF exposure remarkably inhibits AChE activity in fish liver or brain, alters hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, decreases brain T-AOC, and causes lipid peroxidation in fish liver. These results suggest that oxidative stress might be involved in CPF toxicity on goldfish.

Investigation on flavonoid composition and anti free radical potential of Sida cordata.

BackgroundSida cordata, a member of Family Malvaceae is used in folk medicine for various ailments including liver diseases. In this study we investigated, its flavonoid constituents, in vitro antioxidant potential against different free radicals and hepatoprotection against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rat.MethodsDried powder of S. cordata whole plant was extracted with methanol and the resultant (SCME) obtained was fractionated with escalating polarity to obtain n-hexane fraction (SCHE), ethyl acetate fraction (SCEE), n-butanol fraction (SCBE) and the remaining soluble portion as aqueous fraction (SCAE). Diverse in vitro antioxidants assays such as DPPH, H2O2, •OH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching assay, superoxide radical, lipid peroxidation, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity were studied to assess scavenging potential of methanol extract and its derived fractions. On account of marked scavenging activity SCEE was selected to investigate the hepatoprotective potential against CCl4 induced toxicity in Sprague–Dawley male rats by assessing the level of serum markers (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, and γ-glutamyltransferase) and of liver antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione-S-transfers (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Histology of the liver was performed to study alteration in histoarchitecture. Existence of active flavonoids was established by thin layer chromatographic studies.ResultsConsiderable amount of flavonoid and phenolic contents were recorded in the methanol extract and its derived fractions. Although the extract and all its derived fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities however, the most distinguished scavenging potential was observed for SCEE. Treatment of SCEE decreased the elevated level of serum marker enzymes induced with CCl4 administration whereas increased the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GST, GSR and GSH-Px). Hepatic concentration of GSH was increased while lipid peroxidation was decreased with SCEE administration in CCl4 intoxicated rats. Presence of apigenin with some unknown compounds was observed in SCEE by using thin layer chromatography.ConclusionsThese results revealed the presence of some bioactive compound in the ethyl acetate fraction, confirming the utility of S. cordata against liver diseases in folk medicine.

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C8mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L−1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C8mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L−1. [C8mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C8mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L−1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.

Effects of Different Dietary Lipid Sources on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Composition, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Juvenile Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

AbstractThis study was carried out to investigate and compare the effects of various dietary lipid sources on growth performance, body composition, fatty acid profiles, and hepatic and plasma antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight, 1.7 ± 0.04 g) were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing either fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), or a mixture of SO and LO (SO + LO) for 8 wk. There were no significant differences in survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the diets containing different lipid sources (P &gt; 0.05). The fatty acids compositions of the liver and muscle tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid compositions. Liver and muscle of fish fed the SO diet had high concentration of linoleic acid, whereas those of fish fed the LO diet were rich in linolenic acid. Liver and muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than those of fish fed the SO and LO diets. Dietary lipid source had no significant effect on the hepatic and plasma enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The results of this study suggest that SO and LO can be used as a replacement for FO in the diets of juvenile rockfish without incurring any negative effects on growth, feed utilization, and antioxidant enzyme activity, when the dietary essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied for rockfish.

The Influence of Parasitic Infection on the Black Sea Whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Gadidae), Morphophysiological and Biochemical Parameters

Abstract Complex influence of infection by myxosporeans Myxidium gadi Georgevitsch, 1916; Ceratomyxa merlangi Zaika, 1966 and nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) on the morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of the Black sea whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1840) were studied. Significant decrease of spleenosomatic index and increase of hepatosomatic index in fish with average and high intensity of infection were found. The dependence of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities on intensity of infection was observed. Increase of superoxidismutase, catalase, glutation-S-transferase activities in fish with average and high intensity of infection and decrease of peroxidase activity in specimens with average intensity of infection were shown.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high fructose-fed rats.

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, is the most common form of diabetes. Probiotics are live micro-organisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer delaying effect on DM development. In this study, the effects Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 (Lr263), a new probiotic strain developed by our laboratory, on insulin resistance and the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose fed rats were explored. Furthermore, the relevant regulatory pathways involved were also investigated.MethodMale Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fructose diet with or without Lr263 administration for 14 weeks. The composition of fecal microbiota, oral glucose tolerance, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, leptin, C-peptide, and incretins were measured. The markers of liver injury, serum and hepatic lipids profile, activity of hepatic antioxidant enzyme, and proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue were investigated. Additionally, the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes and insulin signaling related genes in adipose tissue were also studied. Liver sections were examined for hepatic steatosis using hematoxylin-eosin staining.ResultsThe levels of serum glucose, insulin, leptin, C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin, GLP-1, liver injury markers, lipid profile in serum and liver were significantly increased in high-fructose-fed rats. However, after Lr263 administration, the elevation of these parameters was significantly suppressed. Feeding of Lr263 reversed the decreased number of bifidobacterium species and lactobacillus species and increased number of clostridium species induced by high fructose treatment. The decreased activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in HFD rats were dramatically reversed by Lr263 treatment. Concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipose tissue which were elevated in high fructose treatment were markedly decreased after Lr263 feeding. Decreased levels of PPAR-γ and GLUT4 mRNA after high fructose treatment were significantly enhanced by Lr263 administration. Lr263 consumption normalized the increased lipogenic gene (Srebp-1c, FAS, and Elvol6) expressions stimulated by high fructose. Administration of Lr263 significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis observed in high fructose treated rats.ConclusionOur study provided evidences clarifying the effectiveness of Lr263 on reducing insulin resistance as well as hepatic steatosis formation in high-fructose-fed rats and suggested that Lr263 may be a promising therapeutic agent in treating type 2 diabetes.

Alteration of lipid status and lipid metabolism, induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat liver

This study aims to investigate the effects of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide (2,4-D) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins concentrations, hepatic lipid peroxidation, fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each: control group and three 2,4-D-treated groups G1, G2 and G3 were administered 15, 75 and 150 mg/kg/BW/d 2,4-D by gavage for 28 d, respectively. Results showed that 2,4-D caused significant negative changes in the biochemical parameters investigated. The malondialdehyde level was significantly increased in 2,4-D-treated groups. Fatty acid composition of the liver was also significantly changed with 2,4-D exposure. Furthermore, the hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly affected. Finally, 2,4-D at the studied doses modifies lipidic status, disrupt lipid metabolism and induce hepatic oxidative stress. In conclusion, at higher doses, 2,4-D may play an important role in the development of vascular disease via metabolic disorder of lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.

Antioxidant effect of myricetin in animal model of type 2 diabetes

Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress which contributes to the development of diabetic complications. Myricetin has been reported to show antioxidant activity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of myricetin in animal model of type 2 diabetes. Four‐week‐old male db/db mice were fed AIN‐93G diet or diet containing myricetin (150 mg/kg) for 7 weeks after one week of adaptation. The animals were sacrificed after an overnight‐fast. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels of the liver were measured. Activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes were measured. Hepatic TBARS levels were significantly reduced by consumption of myricetin in db/db mice. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase of myricetin group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p&lt;0.05). Consumption of myricetin significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities compared with the control group. These results indicate that myricetin exerts antioxidant effect in db/db mice, suggesting it could be useful in preventing diabetic complications. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012015763).

SJSZ Glycoprotein (38 kDa) Inhibits Cell Cycle and Oxidative Stress in N-Methyl-N`- nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced ICR Mice

The initiation stage of liver cancer is closely related to abnormal cell proliferation as observed for other types of carcinogenesis. Recently, we isolated a glycoprotein from Styrax japonica Siebold et al Zuccarini (SJSZ glycoprotein), which consists of a carbohydrate moiety (52.64%) and a protein moiety (47.36%). In this study, the antitumoric mechanism of SJSZ glycoprotein during the initiation stage in N-Methyl-N`-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; 40 mg/kg, BW)-induced ICR was investigated. First, we evaluated the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and activities of antioxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT)] in mouse liver tissue and serum. The alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cell cycle-related factors [cyclin D1/ cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4], cell cycle inhibitors (CKIs; p53, p21, and p27), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were then assessed using Western Blot analysis. The results of this analysis showed that the SJSZ glycoprotein (10 mg/kg, BW) decreased the levels of LDH, ALT, TBARS, and the expression of AFP but it increased the activity of hepatic anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx and CAT). In addition, the SJSZ glycoprotein (10 mg/kg, BW)was shown to decrease the expression of cyclin D1/CDK4 and PCNA and increase the expression of CKIs (p53, p21, and p27). The results in this study indicate that the SJSZ glycoprotein displays anti-oxidative stress and anti-cell proliferation activity in MNNG induced ICR.

홍마늘 복합물이 고지방-콜레스테롤 식이성 흰쥐의 분변 지질 함량 및 간 조직의 항산화 효소 활성에 미치는 영향

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the hot water extract of red garlic (RG) and RG-composites on fecal lipid levels and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet. Three different types of RG-composites prepared: RG and green tea (RGT), RG and dietary fiber (RGF), and RG, green tea, and dietary fiber (RGTF). Rats were divided into six groups: the control, the group fed a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFC), the RG-supplemented group (HRG), the RGT supplemented group (HRGT), the RGF supplemented group (HRGF), and the RGTF supplemented with HFC group (HRGTF). The antioxidant activity of these composites was tested, in vitro. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher RGT and RGTF than RG. ABTs radical scavenging activity of RGT was similar to RGTF. Their activities were significantly higher than RG. The reducing power was similar to their radical scavenging activities. Total lipid levels in the liver and triglyceride levels in the heart were lower in the groups fed RG-composites than the HRG group. Fecal total lipid level was higher in the HRGF and HRGTF groups than the HRG group after 4 weeks diet supplementation during 4 weeks. Lipid peroxide content was reduced to anywhere between 6.2% and 12.1% in the groups fed RG-composites, compared to the HFC group. Antioxidant activity was significantly higher in the groups fed RG-composites than the HFC group. Hepatic SOD activity was higher in the groups fed RG-composites than the HRG group. The HRGT group in catalase activity, and the HRGT and HRGTF groups in GSH-px activity were increased significantly compared to the HFC group. Hepatic UDPGT activity was increased significantly in the HRGT and HRGTF groups to the HFC group, as well. These results indicate that antioxidant activities of the RG-composites were related to the decrease of lipid levels by increasing the fecal excretion and enhancement of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet.

Hepatoprotective effect of peptic hydrolysate from salmon pectoral fin protein byproducts on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Sprague–Dawley rats

Bioactive peptides were generated by pepsin hydrolysis from salmon pectoral fin protein byproduct, and the hepatoprotective effect of the peptic hydrolysate (PH) on ethanol-induced oxidative stress was investigated in Sprague–Dawley rats. Administration of ethanol for 4weeks significantly (p<0.05) increased serum markers of liver damage, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase; however, these activities decreased significantly (p<0.05) after PH administration. Elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in liver tissue and serum decreased significantly (p<0.05) following administration of PH. Ethanol exposure significantly (p<0.05) decreased glutathione contents in liver and serum, and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, while the PH treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased these altered parameters. These results indicate that the PH had a protective effect against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity that was comparable to that of silymarin, which was supported by evaluating liver histopathology in the rats.