Activity Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

English

This study was made to investigate in-vitro membrane stabilizing, thrombolytic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia indica. Different extractives showed significant membrane stabilizing activity. The ethanol soluble fraction showed (45.36±0.45 % and 64.05±0.22 %) of Red blood cells haemolysis inhibition under heat and hypotonic solution induced conditions, respectively. Mention worthy that carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. indica exhibited highest thrombolytic activity 57.94±0.23% in a comparison with standard streptokinase (SK) (68.89±0.35 %). The antioxidant activities were determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. In this case, ethanol soluble fraction (ESF) of crude extract showed fairly significant scavenging (with IC50 value of 2.52 μg/ml) as opposed to a well-known antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 value of 3.99 μg/ml). Pet ether soluble fraction (PESF) and ESF showed mild inhibitory effects against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (zone of inhibition was 12 and 13 mm). The overall findings of the studies demonstrated that the leaves of C. indica has fairly significant membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activity, mild to moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Thus, may indicated the scientific basis of C. indica leaves as a remedy for traditional uses against fever, pain, oxidative stress, inflammation, infectious diseases, diabetes, etc. Key words: Coccinia indica, in vitro, thrombolytic, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, antimicrobial activities. &nbsp

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activities of ethanol leaf extract of <i>Hymenocardia acida</i> Tul (euphorbiaceae) in mice and chicks

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activities of ethanol leaf extract of <i>Hymenocardia acida</i> Tul (euphorbiaceae) in mice and chicks

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND MUSCLE RELAXANT ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF MIRABILIS JALAPA

Objective: The aim and objectives of the present work is to determine pharmacological activity upon ethnopharmacological survey. The present study deals with phytochemical screening and analgesic as well as muscle relaxant activity of leaves of Mirabilis jalapa.Methods: The present study is aimed at phytochemical screening and evaluating the analgesic and muscle relaxant activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Mirabilis jalapa by using hot plate method and rota rod method respectively [1, 2]. The Phytochemical screening of the extract was done according to the standard procedures to reveal the presence of the active constituents like Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates etc [3-5].Results: The analgesic and muscle relaxant activity study were dose dependent. The EEMJ extracts (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) and the standard drug Diclofenac sodium (25 mg/kg) shows significant increase in the reaction time when compared with control at 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min and the effect of standard was found to be highest during the study. Another study was designed to evaluate the skeletal muscle relaxant properties of ethanolic extract of leaves of Mirabilis jalapa. Linn by taking the EEMJ extracts (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) and standard drug Lorzepam (10 mg/kg). Both the extracts and standard drug show decrease in the fall of time in a dose dependent manner when compared with control at 15 min, 30 min, 45 min respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above study it is revealed that Mirabilis jalapa showing better pharmacological activities (Analgesic and Muscle relaxant) in dose dependent manner.

Laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of leaf and roots from Amaranthus viridis L. on wistar albino rats

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of leaf and root of Amaranthus viridis L. The laxative activity of ethanolic leaf extract of A. viridis was studied using six groups of wistar albino rats; Group I which served as the negative control received 0.5ml/kg of normal saline, Group II received 10mg/kg of Dulcolax and the rest of the groups (III-VI) received 400, 200, 100 and 50mg/kg of the extract respectively. The laxative activity of the ethanolic leaf extract was expressed as the mean of total weight of faecal output in each group. A significant (p<0.05) dose dependent increase in the faecal output was observed at the 200mg/kg (3.00 ±1.41gm) and 400mg/kg (3.50 ±2.12gm) doses compared with the negative control. The antimicrobial activity was expressed as the diameter of the zone of inhibition hence the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. The antimicrobial activity of the A. viridis leaf and root extracts had dose dependent increases in all the tested organisms from their various minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The result confirmed that the leaves and root of A. viridis possess laxative and antimicrobial activity.

Evaluation of antiulcer and antioxidant potential of Ipomoea Reniformis leaf extract against experimentally induced ulcer in rats

Background: Ulcer is a major disease of gastrointestinal system which affects about 10% of the world’s population. As conventional drugs can produce undesirable side effects on long term use it can be replaced by herbal medicines more safely. The study was designed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea reniformis against pyloric ligated ulcer and cold restraint stress induced ulcer models in rats.Methods: Male Wistar albino rats were used. 0.1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) was used as vehicle. Ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea reniformis was employed at two dose levels (200 and 400mg/kg). Omeprazole (10mg/kg) was used as reference control in both the models. The test drugs were administered by suspending in CMC, through oral route. In pyloric ligated ulcer model, gastric volume, ulcer index and percentage protection were measured. In cold restraint stress induced ulcer model, ulcer index and percentage protection was measured. The stomach homogenate was subjected to antioxidant profiles.Results: Ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea reniformis dose dependently decreased the gastric volume in pyloric ligated ulcer model and significantly reduced the ulcer index in both the models. Ipomoea reniformis in both the doses significantly protected the animals against stress-induced free radical damage due to decrease in LPO and reversal of changes induced by stress on SOD and CAT.Conclusions: From the result, it was concluded that the Ipomoea reniformis leaf extract exhibited antiulcer activity in both the tested models were due to its antisecretary and antioxidant property.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Dalbergia Sissoo In Vitro and In Vivo

The anti inflammatory activity of Dalbergia sissoo ethanolic leaf extract DSELE was evaluated from the tests of HRBC human red blood cell membrane stabilization in vitro and cotton pellet granuloma test in mice Inhibition of protein denaturation by DSELE was studied to assess anti arthritic activity Extract of D sissoo in different solvents were evaluated for presence of phytoconstituents in the plant From the results DSELE showed appreciable HRBC membrane stabilization activity DSELE at and g ml concentration inhibited protein denaturation and per cent respectively In cotton pellet granuloma test in mice DSELE showed dose dependant and significant P

Evaluation of CNS Depressant, Antidiarrheal and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Calophyllum inophyllum L. on Swiss Albino Mice

Evaluation of CNS Depressant, Antidiarrheal and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Calophyllum inophyllum L. on Swiss Albino Mice

Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Maesobotrya barteri and Effects on Some Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Mice

Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Maesobotrya barteri and Effects on Some Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Mice

Antidiarrheal Activity of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana (Melastomataceae) Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats and Subacute Toxicity Evaluation.

The present work was undertaken to evaluate antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana (D. multiflora) on Shigella flexneri-induced diarrhea in Wistar rats and its subacute toxicity. Diarrhea was induced by oral administration of 1.2 × 109 cells/mL S. flexneri to rats. Antidiarrheal activity was investigated in rats with the doses of 111.42 mg/kg, 222.84 mg/kg, and 445.68 mg/kg. The level of biochemical parameters was assessed and organs histology examined by 14 days' subacute toxicity. S. flexneri stool load decreased significantly in dose-dependent manner. The level of ALT increased (p < 0.05) in male rats treated with the dose of 445.68 mg/kg while creatinine level increased in rats treated with both doses. In female rats, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) of the level of AST and creatinine was noted in rats treated with the dose of 222.84 mg/kg of D. multiflora. Histological exams of kidney and liver of treated rats showed architectural modifications at the dose of 445.68 mg/kg. This finding suggests that D. multiflora leaf extract is efficient against diarrhea caused by S. flexneri but the treatment with doses lower than 222.84 mg/kg is recommended while further study is required to define the exact efficient nontoxic dose.

NEPHROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MENTHA LONGIFOLIA AGAINST CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS: A BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY

The study was designed to investigate the n ephro protective activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Mentha longifolia ( ML ) against cyclopho sphamide induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats . The Albino Wistar rats of either sex were divided in to five groups of six animals each . Group 1 and group 2 served as normal and toxic control group respectively . Other groups treated with Men tha longifolia leaf extract ( 500mg / kg, p . o ) alone, low ( 250mg / kg, p . o ) and high ( 500mg / kg, p . o ) dose of Mentha longifolia . Nephro toxicity was induced by administering cyclophosphamide ( 200 mg / kg, i . p .) single injection on first day of experimental period followed by administration of Mentha longifolia ( 250 and 500 mg / kg, p . o .) continuously for 10 days . The general observations and mortality were measured . Cyclophosphamide administration significantly ( p < 0 . 05 ) decreased the levels of antioxidant markers suc h as superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) and increased lipid peroxidation ( LPO ) . Cyclophosphamide elevated the levels of biomarker enzymes like Albumin ( ALB ) , Creatinine ( CTN ) and Total protein ( TP ) . Treatment with Mentha longifolia significantly ( p < 0 . 05 ) reversed the sta tus of serum biomarkers and oxidative enzymes in cyclophosphamide induced nephro toxicity . Potential nephro protective effect of Mentha longifolia was supported by histopathological examination that reduced severity of cellular damage of the renal epithelial cell . The biochemical and histopathology reports support the nephro protective effect of Mentha longifolia which could be attributed to antioxid ant activity .

CNS Depressant, Antidiarrheal and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. on Swiss Albino Mice

Aims: The study was to evaluate the CNS depressant, antidiarrheal and antipyretic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. Methodology: The ethanolic extract of P. acidus leaves was divided into two concentrations 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight. CNS depressant activity of P. acidus was investigated in swiss albino mice using hole-cross, hole-board and open-field models. Castor-oil induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility test with barium sulfate milk was used to assess antidiarrheal activity whereas Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice was used to investigate the antipyretic activity respectively. Results: P. acidus significantly (P = 0.05) reduce the CNS depression of the studied animals in different tested models and the effects were found to be dose-dependent which were comparable to the standard drug diazepam. In castor oil induced diarrheal model the plant extract reduced the time of onset and severity of diarrhea with significant (P = 0.05) inhibition of 42.86% and 64.29% for 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w extracts respectively whereas the standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg) showed 71.43% diarrheal inhibitory activity. Distance of gastrointestinal motility was significantly (P = 0.05) reduced to 62.05±1.74% from control distance 79.06±2.93% in barium sulfate milk model by the highest dose 500 mg/kg. In yeast induced pyrexia, the plant extract demonstrated dose dependent protection at 250 and 500 mg/kg, similar to standard drug, paracetamol at 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: In this study, we found that P. acidus possess significant CNS depressant, antidiarrheal and antipyretic activities and therefore it could be an excellent source for natural CNS depressant, antidiarrheal and antipyretic agents for medical applications.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. on Swiss Albino Mice

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. on Swiss Albino Mice

In vivo Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Stevia rebaudiana in Albino Rats

In vivo Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Stevia rebaudiana in Albino Rats

Antiurolithiatic activity of ethanol leaf extract of Ipomoea eriocarpa against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in male Wistar rats.

Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the prophylactic and curative effect of the ethanol leaf extract of Ipomoea eriocarpa (Convolvulaceae) (IEE) in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats.Materials and Methods:Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). All the groups received stone-inducing treatment till 28th day, comprising 1% ethylene glycol (v/v) with 1% ammonium chloride (w/v) for 4 days, followed by 1% ethylene glycol alone in water, except Group I (Control). Group II received only stone-inducing treatment till 28th day. Group III (Standard) received cystone (500 mg/kg) from 15th day till 28th day. Group IV (Prophylactic) received IEE (200 mg/kg) from 1st day till 28th day and Group V (Curative) received IEE (200 mg/kg) from 15th day till 28th day. Various biochemical parameters such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, urea, and creatinine levels were evaluated using urine, serum, and kidney homogenate. The kidneys were also sectioned and examined histopathologically under light microscope to study the kidney architecture and calcium oxalate deposits.Results:The IEE treatment (prophylactic and curative) significantly (P < 0.001) restored the parameters in urine, serum, and kidney homogenate to near-normal level. The histopathological examinations revealed that calcium oxalate crystal deposits in the renal tubules and congestion and dilation of the parenchymal blood vessels were significantly reverted after IEE treatment.Conclusions:The leaf extract of I. eriocarpa reduces and inhibits the growth of urinary stones showing its effect as an antiurolithiatic agent.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Manihot esculenta Crantz in wistar rats.

Aims:The study aimed to explore the antioxidant activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves (MEC) in wistar rats.Materials and Methods:Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves in the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg were used in wistar rats of either sex. The oxidative stress was produced by overdose of acetaminophen and estimation of serum concentration of various enzymes such as malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were measured by standard biochemical methods. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug for assessment of antioxidant status.Statistical Analysis Used:Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Student's unpaired t-test.Results:When compared with the standard antioxidant silymarin, MEC extract did not exhibit antioxidant activity in terms of MDA level reduction. However, it significantly increased serum levels of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT) exerting a potent antioxidant effect in a graded manner.Conclusions:The observed results suggest that MEC could be a potential source of antioxidants. However, further studies are required to explore this therapeutic property of plant.

Scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory and diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of ethanol leaves extract of &lt;i&gt;Phoenyx dactylifera&lt;/i&gt;

In this study we investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of ethanolic leaf extracts of three selected varieties of Phoenyx dactylifera L. namely: “Ghars”, “Deglet Nour” and “Hamraya”. The assessment of the antioxidant potential of crude leaf extracts, using superoxide anions inhibition, radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity essays, was carried out. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production. Moreover, the antidiabetic effect was evaluated by inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The total phenolic content measured by Folin-ciocalteu method. The raw leaf extracts of the selected varieties were found to contain a high content of total phenolic content (342.45 mg GAE/ gDW for GE) and therefore exhibited a higher antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of radicals scavenging activity against DPPH and superoxide anion (IC 50 =7.44 μg / mL and 39.11 μg / mL respectively). Keywords: Phoenyx dactyliferaL; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; antidiabetic activities.

Antioxidant and in vivo Wound Healing Activities of Clausena anisata

Leaves of Clausena anisata are used in many parts of West Africa including Ghana for management of wounds and other skin infections. The study was to evaluate the in vivo wound healing and antioxidant properties of ethanol leaf extract of C. anisata. The wound healing activity of ethanol leaf extract of the C. anisata was investigated using excision wound model. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. For wound healing activity, concentrations of 7 and 10% w/w aqueous cream of the extract were used. The progression of wound healing was determined by the periodic assessment of the contraction of excision wounds and histological studies. The leaf extract cream (7% w/w) was found to significantly increase the rate of wound contraction (p<0.001) at days 13 to 19 compared to the untreated. The n-propyl gallate used as the reference antioxidant agent had IC50 of 4.19 μg/mL and that of the ethanol extract was 32.9 μg/mL. These findings may justify the medicinal uses of C. anisata for the management of wounds. Original Research Article Agyepong et al.; EJMP, 10(2): 1-8, 2015; Article no.EJMP.19792 2

Free Radicals Scavenging and Neuroprotective Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Combretum zenkeri Leaf

Combretum zenkeri is a small tree found in the tropical West Africa that has been applied by locals in the treatment of arthritic and other inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the free radical scavenging activities of ethanolic leaf extract of C. zenkeri against nitric oxide NO and hydroxyl OH radicals and reducing power (Fe 3+ –Fe 2+ transformation ability). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation through determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in brain homogenates (neuro-protective potentials) was also studied. The plant extract demonstrated the ability to scavenge nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-response manner. In the reducing power assay, the ethanolic extracts gave the optical density in a logistic dose response curve with the concentration of 581.46 μg/ml at optical density of 0.5. The neuroprotective ability of the plant extract indicated good antioxidant capacity. These results provide basis to regard C. zenkeri as an asset in the quest to ameliorate oxidative diseases with naturally occuring secondary metabolites in plants. Original Research Article Ujowundu et al; ARRB, 6(2): 133-141, 2015; Article no.ARRB.2015.071 134

Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves in Wistar rats.

Background:Use of Manihot esculenta Crantz (MEC) plant has been mentioned in literature of Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute and many others. It is also known commonly as tapioca, continues to be a crop of food security for the millions of people, especially in the developing countries of the globe including India. Medicinal uses of this plant including diarrhea have been mentioned in literature, but scientific evidence is lacking.Objective:The objective was to study antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of MEC in Wistar rats.Materials and Methods:Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves in the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were used in Wistar rats of either sex. Experimental models used were castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and charcoal passage test. Loperamide and atropine sulfate were the standard drugs used in these models respectively.Results:MEC extracts decreased intestinal fluid volume in dose dependent manner no extract group was comparable with standard drug loperamide (5 mg/kg). MEC extracts also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility in dose dependent manner. MEC (100 mg/kg) and MEC (200 mg/kg) were comparable with standard drug atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg) in this aspect. <0.05 were considered to be significant.Conclusions:Ethanolic extract of MEC leaves exhibited significant antidiarrheal activity by decreasing intestinal fluid accumulation and the gastrointestinal motility in Wistar rats.

Antioxidant Activities of Ethanoilc Extracts of Spilanthes uliginosa, Ocimum basilicum, Hyptis spicigera and Cymbopogon citratus against Swiss Mice Exposed to Plasmodium berghei Anka 65

Malaria infection is associated with increased generation of free radicals. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Spilanthes uliginosa, Ocimum basilicum, Hyptis spicigera and Cymbopogon citratus. Seventy two (72) swiss mice of both sexes were used. All the mice were treated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml parasitized blood suspension and parasitemia assessed by thin blood films stained with Geimsa stain after seventy two hours. The mice were divided into six groups namely; A, B, C, D, E, and F of twelve mice each. Groups B, C, D and E were subdivided into three (3): B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, D1, D2, D3, E1, E2 and E3, four in each subgroup. The subgroups were treated with the extracts of Spilanthes uliginosa (Sw), Ocimum basilicum, Hyptis spiligera and Cymbopogon citratus each for five (5) consecutive days with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively via oral intubation. Two control groups, A and F were used. The negative control (A) was treated daily with 5 ml/kg normal saline while positive control group (F) was treated with 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine. The results indicated a general significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the lipid peroxidation concentrations of the parasitized treated mice when compared to parasitized untreated mice on the last day. A general significant dose dependent increase (P < 0.05) was observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione perioxidase activities as well as reduced glutathione concentrations in the treated mice except at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight for all the plants. The effects of the extracts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of chloroquine. These results suggest that the ethanolic extracts of these plants may contribute to the protection of malaria infected mice against oxidative damage by improving antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner.