Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase Activity Research Articles

Vitamins C and E alone and in combination partly protect against chronic ethanol-induced toxicity in rat erythrocytes.

Oxidative stress is part of the mechanisms involved in ethanol toxicity. We investigated effects of vitamins C (VC), E (VE) and the combination of VC+VE on chronic ethanol-induced toxicity in rat erythrocytes. The following groups were treated for 30 days: control (C), VC (200 mg/kg), VE (200 mg/kg), VC (200 mg/kg) + VE (200 mg/kg), ethanol 4 g/kg, ethanol + VC, ethanol + VE and ethanol + VC + VE. The doses of vitamins and ethanol were selected for per kilogram of animal's body weight. Blood samples collected at the end of treatments were analyzed for erythrocyte osmotic fragility and plasma scavenging activity. The washed erythrocytes were used to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdeyde (MDA). Ethanol induced erythrocyte fragility (p < 0.001) and increased lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) in rat erythrocytes. Furthermore, there were significant decreases in plasma scavenging (p < 0.001), SOD (p < 0.001), CAT (p < 0.01) and GPx (p < 0.001) activities in erythrocytes of ethanol-treated animals. Although VC or VE alone restored all of ethanol-induced disturbances to near normal (p > 0.05) but there were still significant differences compared to control animals. Combination therapy completely corrected ethanol-induced erythrocyte fragility, lipid peroxidation and prooxidant/antioxidant imbalance. We showed the beneficial effects of VC and VE combination in decreasing erythrocyte fragility and lipid peroxidation in both ethanol and control groups. Therefore this combination treatment may provide a new potential alternative for prevention of ethanol toxicity which deserves consideration and further examination.

Correlation of lipid peroxidation and ATP enzyme on erythrocyte membrane with fetal distress in the uterus in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

This paper aims to investigate the correlation of lipid peroxide in erythrocytes and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) enzyme activity of erythrocyte membrane with fetal distress in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Forty-three patients with ICP treated at Jining No. 1 People's Hospital were enrolled as a study group, and another forty healthy parturient women in the same period were enrolled as a control group, to extract their elbow venous blood and fetal umbilical cord blood. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was used to detect superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of erythrocytes, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in plasma, Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme activity of erythrocytes, which were compared between the study and control groups. The correlation of MDA, Na+-K+-ATP enzyme and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme activities with fetal distress in the study group was analyzed, and the correlation of MDA with Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity was investigated. SOD and MDA activities of erythrocytes in maternal blood of the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively), but MDA activity in umbilical cord blood of the study group was markedly higher than that in the control group (p<0.001). Na+-K+-ATP enzyme and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme activities of maternal and fetal erythrocytes of the study group were remarkably lower than those of the control group (p<0.001). MDA in the fetal distress group was significantly higher than that in the no fetal distress group in the study group (p<0.001). Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity was negatively correlated with MDA concentration in maternal and fetal erythrocytes of patients with ICP (both p<0.001). Lipid peroxidation in patients with ICP will affect ATP enzyme activity of erythrocyte membrane, and the down-regulation of ATP enzyme activity in umbilical cord blood of patients with ICP may cause fetal distress in the uterus.

Decreased Na+/K+-ATPase Activity and Altered Susceptibility to Peroxidation and Lipid Composition in the Erythrocytes of Metabolic Syndrome Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background: The increased generation of reactive oxygen species that occurs in the case of a metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be responsible for the increased oxidative injury to erythrocyte membranes in coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we studied the effects of MetS on both indexes of oxidative damage and biochemical properties of erythrocyte membranes in CAD patients. Methods: We analyzed the markers of oxidative stress, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, total cholesterol content of erythrocyte membranes (CEM), and fatty acid compositions of the erythrocyte membrane in 82 patients with stable CAD and 39 non-CAD subjects. Results: The CAD patients had higher levels of CEM, membrane lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity compared with non-CAD subjects. The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was correlated negatively with membrane lipid peroxidation, and positively with the CEM. In CAD patients with MetS compared with those without MetS, we found that the membrane lipid peroxidation and CEM were increased, whereas the n-3 fatty acids content, SOD activity, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity were decreased. Conclusion: These findings suggest an impairment of erythrocyte membrane biochemical properties in stable CAD patients as a consequence of oxidative injury that may contribute to the development of CAD. In addition, MetS may be related to increased oxidative injury to erythrocyte membranes.

The Effects of Swimming Training in Cold Water on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Erythrocytes of Male and Female Aged Rats.

The aim of this study was to verify whether eight-week-long swimming exercise training would evaluate the level of selected indicators of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant status in response to cold water in comparison with swimming under thermoneutral conditions in sedentary male and female elderly rats. The exercise-trained groups swam four min/day and five days a week during eight weeks of housing. Exercise was performed by swimming in glass tanks containing tap water maintained according to group at 5 °C and 36 °C. At the end of treatment (48 h after the last session), all rats were anaesthetized. The level of chosen biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity was determined in the red blood cells and plasma. The results of study show that female rats seem to be better adapted to changing thermal conditions of the environment, developing not only morphological, but also antioxidant, defense mechanisms, mainly in the form of increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration to restore the pro-oxidant/oxidant balance of the organism. Significantly higher concentrations of GSH were observed in the female rats of the group swimming in cold water (by 15.4% compared to the control group and by 20.5% in relation to the group of female rats swimming at 36 °C). In the group exposed to swimming training exercise in cold water, a significantly higher activity of SOD1 (by 13.4%) was found compared to the control group. On the other hand, the organs of ageing male rats show a reduced capacity to increase the metabolic response to low temperatures compared to female ones. In addition, it was demonstrated that cold exposure leads to an increase in lipid peroxidation in tissues. On the other hand, the repeated exposure to low levels of oxidative stress may result in some adaptive changes in organisms that help them to resist stress-induced damage.

Glycolytic Inhibitor 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose at Chronic Low Dose Mimics Calorie Restriction in Rats Through Mitohormetic Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species.

Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) provide an exciting antiaging intervention strategy. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolytic inhibitor, is known to work as a CRM at high doses; however, at chronic high dose it has been linked to increased mortality in rats. We have investigated chronic low-dose dietary administration of 2-DG on age-related stress protection in young and old male Wistar rats by evaluating age-dependent biomarkers in plasma and erythrocytes. Significant increase was observed in reactive oxygen species levels in 2-DG-treated rats (both young and old), concomitant with increase in activities of erythrocyte plasma membrane redox system (PMRS), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). 2-DG treatment also decreased plasma sialic acid and advanced glycation end products. We propose that 2-DG induces a mitohormetic response resulting in augmentation of defense mechanism(s) manifested by higher activity of PMRS, CAT, and SOD. Our findings provide evidence that at chronic low dose 2-DG could be a potential CRM.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕНЗИМНОЇ ЛАНКИ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ В ЩУРІВ ЗА УМОВИ ДІЇ ТЮТЮНОВОГО ДИМУ НА ТЛІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ НАТРІЙ ГЛУТАМАТУ В СТАТЕВОМУ І ВІКОВОМУ АСПЕКТАХ

Вступ. Значна розповсюдженість тютюнокуріння – глобальна проблема людства, на вирішення якої спрямовані зусилля багатьох учених і фахівців. Водночас відмітною особливістю сучасних харчових технологій є використання харчових добавок. До найпоширеніших харчових добавок як в Україні, так і в Європі належить натрій глутамат (Е621), який не завжди безпечний для здоров’я людини.&#x0D; Мета дослідження – вивчити стан ензимної ланки антиоксидантної системи в щурів за умови дії тютюнового диму на тлі застосування натрій глутамату в статевому і віковому аспектах.&#x0D; Методи дослідження. Досліди проведено на 96 білих нелінійних статевозрілих і статевонезрілих щурах обох статей. Кожну групу тварин було поділено на 4 підгрупи: 1-ша – контроль; 2-га – щури, яким моделювали “пасивне тютюнокуріння”; 3-тя – щури, яким вводили натрій глутамат; 4-та – щури, яким моделювали “пасивне тютюнокуріння” на тлі введення натрій глутамату.&#x0D; Результати й обговорення. Надмірне утворення продуктів вільнорадикального окиснення за умови ізольованої дії тютюнового диму викликало виснаження антиоксидантного потенціалу крові та тканин легень, що проявлялося достовірним зменшенням супероксиддисмутазної активності в гемолізатах еритроцитів на 28,8 % відносно контрольної групи, а в супернатанті гомогенату легень – на 53,1 % (р&lt;0,001) відповідно. “Пасивне тютюнокуріння” на тлі застосування натрій глутамату супроводжувалося більшим її зниженням (на 41,0 %, р&lt;0,001) відносно контрольної групи, що на 17,1 % (р&lt;0,02) менше від даного показника при ізольованій дії тютюнового диму в гемолізатах еритроцитів та на 58,7 % – у супернатанті гомогенату легень, що на 12,0 % (р&lt;0,02) нижче від цього показника за умови ізольованої дії тютюнового диму. Однонаправлені зміни спостерігали і щодо каталазної активності.&#x0D; Висновки. За умови дії тютюнового диму спостерігають виснаження антиоксидантного потенціалу (зниження супероксиддисмутазної і каталазної активності) крові та тканин легень, більш виражене при “пасивному тютюнокурінні” на тлі застосування натрій глутамату. В статевому аспекті показники антиоксидантного захисту за умови “пасивного тютюнокуріння” на тлі застосування натрій глутамату більш виражено знижуються в самок, а при віковому зіставленні змін активності даних ензимів встановлено їх інтенсивніше зменшення у статевонезрілих щурів.

Redox status parameters in adolescent-mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity and fatty hepatosis

It is assumed that in the progression of obesity, complicated by fatty hepatosis in adolescents, a significant role is given to the reactions of oxidative stress with deficiency of antioxidant factors. However, an important factor that remains outside the field of view of researchers is the ethnicity of the patient, which is an important element in the development of a personalized approach in the treatment and prevention of diseases. In connection with this, the purpose of this study was to study the changes in the lipid peroxidation-antioxidant defense processes in adolescent Mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity complicated by fatty hepatosis. 18 adolescent boys with fatty hepatosis were examined on the background of exogenous-constitutional obesity of the first degree; 38 adolescent boys with exogenously constitutional obesity without changes in the liver and 37 practically healthy adolescents (control group). All subjects surveyed for ethnicity belonged to the Mongoloids. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used in the research. The results of the study indicated a high intensity of lipid peroxidation reactions in Mongoloid boys with obesity and fatty hepatosis relative to control values: an increase in blood plasma content of compounds with unsaturated double bonds (p<0.001), diene conjugates (p=0.0012), ketodienes and conjugated trienes (p<0.0001), in the absence of significant differences in the level of TBA-active products. Increased values of total antioxidant activity in blood plasma (p=0.0023) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (p=0.0072), decreased levels of fat-soluble vitamins in blood plasma [α-tocopherol (p<0.0001) and retinol (p=0.0011)] and oxidized form of glutathione in erythrocytes (p=0.0083) have been found. The pronounced insufficiency of fatsoluble vitamins - α-tocopherol and retinol in patients of the main group was also noted in comparison with patients without morphological changes in the liver. Thus, in teenage Mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity and fatty hepatosis, it is possible to recommend antioxidant drugs in addition to basic metabolic therapy.

Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant status, serum trace mineral levels and cholinesterases activity in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale

This study was undertaken to assess the influence of an Anaplasma marginale infection on oxidative stress and antioxidant status, trace elements and cholinesterase as markers of the inflammatory process and biomarkers of oxidative imbalance. An infected group comprised of 35 crossbred Holstein cattle, about 2–3 years old, naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale, were divided into 4 subgroups according to their parasitemia rates (<1%, 1–10%, 10–20%, >20%) and also 10 healthy cattle as control were selected. Blood samples were taken and hematological parameters, activities of antioxidant enzymes including erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), median corpuscularfragility (MCF) as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and serum concentrations of antioxidant trace minerals (copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were determined. In addition, as an index of lipid peroxidation, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. The results revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in RBC count, packed cell volume (PCV) and Hb concentration as well as the activities of erythrocyte GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, G6PD, TAC, MCF and AChE and serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se and BchE in the infected cattle. In contrast, significantly increased (P < 0.05) levels of MDA and erythrocyte osmotic fragility as well as serum concentration of iron were recorded in the infected animals. The significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and substantial elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte osmotic fragility associated with the notable increase in parasitemia indicate increased exposure of RBCs to oxidative damage. Furthermore, decrease of cholinesterase in infection by A. marginale can and directly or indirectly lead to increase acetylcholine levels potent anti-inflammatory molecules, thereby inhibiting inflammation.

Weight loss program is associated with decrease α-tocopherol status in obese adults

Studies on changes in plasma α-tocopherol levels during body fat reduction in obese persons are not clear. The aim of the present study was to assess factors associated with α-tocopherol status in obese people and to examine changes in α-tocopherol status after a 6-week AntioxObesity weight loss program. The study was conducted in 60 overweight or obese adults, aged 18-54 years old. Food intake data were collected using the 3-day record method and a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements included: height (H), body weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC), body composition: fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM), subcutaneous fat (SF) and visceral fat (VF). Lipid profile, α-tocopherol concentration, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes were determined. Energy, fat, and carbohydrate intakes decreased significantly in all subjects (P<0.001). Body weight, WC, body mass index (BMI), waist-to height ratio (WHtR), and FM, VF and SF decreased significantly during the 6 weeks in all subjects. Plasma α-tocopherol significantly decreased during the program (P=0.006). No changes were observed for SOD activity, but GPx activity and TAC decreased significantly (P=0.001; P=0,023, respectively). Plasma α-tocopherol concentration after 6 weeks of the AntioxObesity program was strongly associated with baseline plasma α-tocopherol, changes in TC, VF and FM. Low α-tocopherol status (<20μmol/L) was found in 78% of the women and 68% of the men, after 6 weeks of the AntioxObesity program. Men were characterized by a greater decrease in weight, BMI, WC, FM, VF, SF and TAC compared to women. A 6-week weight loss program lowered α-tocopherol status in overweight and obese people. Low baseline α-tocopherol status and adiposity in obese adults negatively affected α-tocopherol status after 6 weeks weight loss program. These results, coupled with excessive weight and low α-tocopherol intake, led to the finding that there was an increased risk of oxidative stress diseases in adults on a reduced diet. Long-term dietary restriction program for obese patients should be monitored to avoid α-tocopherol deficiency, and take into account higher dietary α-tocopherol requirements for obese people.

Effects of Pharmacologic Dose of Resveratrol Supplementation on Oxidative/Antioxidative Status Biomarkers in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Purpose: Despite a proposed role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), antioxidant approaches have not been sufficiently investigated in human NAFLD management. Resveratrol has been reported to possess a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol supplementation on oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD.Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with NAFLD (males and females) aged 20 to 60 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 25-35 kg/m2. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 600 mg resveratrol (2×300 mg pure trans-resveratrol capsules; n=30) or placebo capsules (n=30) for 12 wk. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and dietary intakes were collected for all patients at baseline and at the end of the trial. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measurement of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Changes in the outcomes were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: Resveratrol supplementation did not significantly affect neither serum MDA, ox-LDL, and TAC levels, nor erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px activities, compared to placebo group (All P>0.05). Moreover, changes in serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP) were not significant in neither of the study groups (All P>0.05).Conclusion: Resveratrol supplementation did not modify oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD.

Investigation of Serum, Leukocyte and Erythrocyte Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Defence Systems in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

AbstractBackground &amp;amp; objectives: In the present study, to evaluate oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM), serum, leukocyte and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and and erythrocyte and leukocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and serum and leukocyte vitamin C levels of patients and healthy controls were investigated in order to determine the effect of free radicals in these patients. Lipid peroxidation was measured in terms of malondialdehyde which is an end product of peroxidation.Methods: Patients consisted of 34 cases (20 female,14 male) aged 3-27 years and controls consisted of 29 subjects (13 female, 16 male) aged 3-18 years.Results: There was at least, a tentency toward an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in antioxidant systems in children and adolescents with IDDM which is corrected by insülin treatment. Additionally, there was no correlation between the above parameters and HbA1c and glucose levels.Conclusions: These disturbances were concluded to be due to some other factors rather then diabetes itself.

Assessment of micronucleus and oxidative stress in peripheral blood from malnourished children.

malnutrition is one of the most common health problems among children in underdeveloped countries, including Mexico. Previous studies have indicated increased genetic damage in malnourished humans and animal models, but the essential mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we assessed the effects of malnutrition on the frequency of micronucleus (MN) in reticulocytes (RET) from the peripheral blood of well-nourished uninfected (WN), well-nourished infected (WNI), moderately malnourished infected (UNM) and severely malnourished infected (UNS) children. Moreover, lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant status were evaluated to investigate the role of oxidative processes in malnutrition-associated genotoxicity. the antioxidant status of the study population was determined by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the red blood cells and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in whole blood. the UNS and UNM groups have increased percentages of MN-RET compared to the WNI group. Moreover, the data showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in erythrocyte SOD activity and GPX activity in the malnourished group compared to the well-nourished infected children. the data suggest that the antioxidant system was impaired in the cells of malnourished children and that oxidative stress causes a significant increase in DNA damage, as evaluated by the MN-RET frequency.

KATEKIN DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camelia sinensis) TERHADAP MALONDIALDEHYDE DAN SUPER OXIDE DISMUTASE

Recent studies have shown that Plumbum could disrupt tissue prooxidant/antioxidant balance. The green tea leaves (Camelliasinensis) is an antioxidant scavenger of free radicals and chelator of heavy metals. This study was designed to know and investigate theefficacy of Katekin from green tea leaves malondialdehid (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes caused by oralPb administration in Wistar rats. Thirty adult male rats were divided into six (6) groups (each groups: 5 rats): K+ group (oral 33.75mg/bw Katekin), K group as a normal control, K- group (oral 15.82 mg/day lead acetate), P1 group (oral 22.5 mg/bw Katekin and 15.82mg/day lead acetate, P2 group (oral 33.75 mg/bw Katekin and 15.82 mg/day lead acetate for), and P3 group (oral 45 mg/bw/Katekinand 15.82 mg/day lead acetate) for 4 weeks. The results showed that Pb exposure induced the raised of MDA levels and decrease SODactivity in erythrocytes of rats. The administration of Katekin from green tea leaves significantly reduced MDA levels and increased SODactivity in Pb exposed erythrocytes of rats. The optimal dose of Katekin from green tea leaves as a scavenger of free radicals and chelatorof heavy metals was 22.5 mg/bw/day (P1). These results indicated that the administration of Katekin from green tea leaves may havean important role in modulating oxidative stress in Pb exposed erythrocytes, but at a higher concentration of Katekin from green tealeaves showed prooxidant activity.

Correlation of trans fatty acids with the severity of coronary artery disease lesions

BackgroundNutritional choices, which include the source of dietary fatty acids (FA), have an important significant impact on coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to determine on patients with CAD the relationships between Trans fatty acids (Trans FA) and different CAD associated parameters such as inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in addition to Gensini score as a vascular severity index.MethodsFatty acid profiles were established by gas chromatography from 111 CAD patients compared to 120 age-matched control group. Lipid peroxidation biomarkers, oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters and Gensini score were studied.ResultsOur study showed a significant decrease of the antioxidant parameters levels such as erythrocyte glutathione peroxydase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, plasma antioxidant status (FRAP) and thiol (SH) groups in CAD patients. On the other hand, catalase activity, conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde were increased. Plasmatic and erythrocyte Trans FA were also increased in CAD patients compared to controls. Furthermore, divergent associations of these Trans FA accumulations were observed with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/ high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipid peroxidation parameters, high-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Gensini score. Especially, elaidic acid (C18:1 trans 9), trans C18:2 isomers and trans 11 eicosanoic acid are correlated with these parameters. Trans FA are also associated with oxidative stress, confirmed by a positive correlation between C20:1 trans 11 and GPx in erythrocytes.ConclusionsHigh level of Trans FA was highly associated with the induction of inflammation, oxidative stress and lipoperoxidation which appear to be based on the vascular severity and might be of interest to assess the stage and progression of atherosclerosis. The measurement of these Trans FA would be of great value for the screening of lipid metabolism disorders in CAD patients.

The evaluation of oxidative stress in lambs with Pestivirus infection

This study was carried out to measure the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in lambs with Pestivirus. Sixty lambs aged between 2.5-3 months old were included in the study. Blood and faeces samples were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, using pan-Pestivirus primers. Clinical and virological examinations revealed that the numbers of non-infected and Pestivirus -infected animals were 20 (Group 1) and 40 (Group 2), respectively. Plasma MDA levels were found significantly higher in lambs with Pestivirus than that of controls (p&lt;0.05) whilst the erythrocyte GSH-Px, CAT and SOD activities were significantly lower in lambs with Pestivirus (p&lt;0.05) than in the controls. The determination of increased plasma MDA levels and decreased erythrocyte GSH-Px, CAT and SOD activities in the infected lambs confirms that oxidative stress is observed in Pestivirus. The presence of oxidative stress in Pestivirus indicates that the equilibrium between oxidants and antioxidants is shifted towards oxidants in lambs with Pestivirus.

Oxidative Stress and Erythrocyte Glutathione Defense System in Smokers and Non-smokers Gastric Carcinoma Patients

The oxidative stress and the status of erythrocyte glutathione defense system were studied in male patients with gastric carcinoma in order to elucidate their clinical importance in the diagnosis. The study included 60 male patients with gastric cancer (30 non-smokers and 30 smokers) and an equal number of age-matched healthy control subjects. The incidence of oxidative stress was determined by measurement of the oxidative stress marker-malondialdehyde (MDA) in the plasma. The status of glutathione defense system was determined by measuring the level of reduced glutathione, as well as the activity of the enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the erythrocytes. After data analysis the following observations were obtained: plasma MDA level was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers gastric cancer patients. The activities of erythrocyte SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GST and reduced GSH levels were decreased in gastric cancer patients who were smokers as compared to non-smokers gastric cancer patients. In conclusion, smokers with gastric carcinoma are at high risk of oxidative stress, which in turn may result in initiating the promotion phase of carcinogenesis and generation of more cancerous cells. Moreover; plasma MDA and erythrocyte glutathione defense system may serve as a good auxiliary biochemical index in the diagnosis of patients with gastric carcinoma

The Oxidant-Antioxidant Equilibrium and Inflammatory Process Indicators after an Exercise Test on the AlterG Antigravity Treadmill in Young Amateur Female Athletes.

The AlterG antigravity treadmill allows running with a considerable weight reduction. Physical exercise practiced on this treadmill is an innovative method supporting the treatment of injuries in sports and rehabilitation of patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 30 min run on the AlterG treadmill with 80% body weight reduction comparing the effect to the similar effort on the classic treadmill on the redox equilibrium and the activity of selected lysosomal enzymes and a serine protease inhibitor in the blood of amateur minor female volleyball players. Venous blood samples were taken before the exercise and 30 minutes and 24 hours after its completion. The obtained results were analysed using Tukey's test and Pearson's linear correlations were calculated. 24 h after the running test on classic treadmill, the erythrocytic superoxide dismutase activity was higher than before and 30 min after it, as well as compared to the run on AlterG treadmill (p < 0.001). The erythrocytic-conjugated diene concentration 24 h after the exercise on the classic treadmill was meaningly higher compared to that after the exercise on the AlterG treadmill (p < 0.001). The cathepsin D activity was significantly lower after the exercise in AlterG conditions compared to the baseline value and that measured after the exercise on classic treadmill (p < 0.001). It seems that the exercise on the AlterG treadmill keeps the oxidant–antioxidant equilibrium and stabilizes lysosomal membranes in young, physically active women in contrast to the exercise on the classic treadmill. This trial is registered with CTRI/2018/01/011344.

Modification of Blood Redox Homeostasis by High-Intensity Interval Training

Sprint interval training, a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) modality, is associated with improved plasma antioxidant capacity, which suggests that sprint interval training may have potential positive effects on health promotion. However, because its strenuous nature, sprint interval training may intimidate sedentary individuals. This study investigated the acute and chronic effects of HIIT on blood redox homeostasis, using a training protocol based on a higher number of bouts, of increased duration, performed at 90‒110% of aerobic peak power. Seventeen healthy physically active young men performed a single HIIT session, in cycle ergometer, composed of eight bouts of 1 min at 90% of peak power, intercalated with 75 s-intervals of active recovery at 30 W. The plasma total antioxidant capacity was lower immediately after exercise (p = 0.05), an indicative of increased generation of reactive species in response to HIIT, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was increased (p = 0.03). No effect of acute HIIT session on blood thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was observed. Nine of the initial seventeen volunteers engaged in a four-week progressive HIIT program, 3 days per week, totaling 12 training sessions. Each training session involved 8–12 cycling exercise bouts, at 90‒110 % peak power for 60 s with active recovery intervals of 75 s at 30 W. The plasma total antioxidant capacity as well as erythrocyte catalase activity were increased in response to training (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively), which may have contributed to the reduced TBARS content observed with erythrocytes (p = 0.05). Because HIIT improves blood redox homeostasis, it may have a potential therapeutic effect on the treatment of diseases related to redox imbalance, besides its health promotion effects.

The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Salvia officinalis on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Rats.

Salvia officinalis, which has a high phenolic acid and flavonoid content, is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herb. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases and could cause damage by means of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of S. officinalis formed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental inflammation model. Four- to five-month-old 42 female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Three groups were administered intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg LPS. Twenty-four hours after injection of LPS, 10 and 30 mg/kg S. officinalis extract were given orally to treatment groups. Pulmonary and hepatic 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake was calculated to determine the status of inflammation by 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) scan. Antioxidant enzyme activities and nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were also detected in serum. As a result, lung and liver 18F-FDG uptake was found to be higher in the inflammation group than control group. MDA levels in erythrocyte and all tissue samples (liver, lung, and kidney) were found to be significantly higher compared to treatment groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase activities of the inflammation group in the liver, lung, kidney tissues, and erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were determined to significantly lower than groups treated with S. officinalis. Increased NO, NF-κB, and TNF-α levels were found in the inflammation group. S. officinalis has been observed to have useful effects on LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in rats.

Evaluation of chlorpyrifos toxicity through a 28-day study: Cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress responses, parent compound/metabolite levels, and primary DNA damage in blood and brain tissue of adult male Wistar rats

In this 28 day-study, we evaluated the effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos orally administered to Wistar rats at doses 0.160, 0.015, and 0.010 mg/kg b. w./day. Following treatment, total cholinesterase activity and activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were measured. Oxidative stress responses were evaluated using a battery of endpoints to establish lipid peroxidation, changes in total antioxidant capacity, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) level and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Using HPLC-UV DAD analysis, levels of the parent compound and its main metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in plasma and brain tissue were measured. The genotoxic effect was estimated using alkaline comet assay in leukocytes and brain tissue. The exposure did not result in significant effects on total cholinesterase, AChE and BChE activity in plasma and brain tissue. Lipid peroxidation slightly increased both in plasma and brain tissue. Total antioxidant capacity, ROS and GSH levels were marginally influenced by the exposure. Treatment led to significant increases of GSH-Px activity in blood, SOD activity in erythrocytes and a slight increase of catalase activity in plasma. HPLC-UV DAD analysis revealed the presence of both the parent compound and its main metabolite in the plasma of all of the experimental animals and brain tissue of the animals treated at the two higher doses. All of the tested doses of chlorpyrifos were slightly genotoxic, both to leukocytes and brain tissue. Our results call for further research using other sensitive biomarkers of effect, along with different exposure scenarios.